APHG Chapter 8 Political Geography Reader’s Notes



#How is Space Politically Organized into States and Nations? 249-2641Which continent contained the majority of states that gained their independence from their European colonizers after 1940?Answer: 2At the global scale, political geographers study the spatial manifestations of political processes expressed in the organization of territories with permanent population, defined territory and a government. What are these spatial units are called?Answer:3What is the current number of countries and territories in the world, according to the text?Answer:4How does Robert Stack define territoriality in the text?Answer:5Robert Sack’s view of human territorial behavior implies an expression of control over space and time. What other concept is the idea of territorial control closely related to?Answer:6What is the term for the promotion of the acquisition of wealth through plunder, colonization, and the protection of home industries and foreign markets during the “rebirth” of Europe?Answer: 7According to your text, what event marked the beginning of the modern state of Europe?Answer:8What was the source of the growing economic power that ultimately proved to be the undoing of monarchical absolutism and its system of patronage during Europe’s period of “rebirth?”Answer:9When did the rise of the modern state idea, where territory defined society rather than society defining territory sweep through Europe?Answer:10How does Benedict Anderson define the concept of nation? Why does he define it this way?Answer:Answer:11Define nation-state according to your text.Answer:12Why is Yugoslavia a prime example of a multi-nation state?Answer:13How would you describe Kurdistan politically?Answer:The book discusses the long-term impacts of colonization. What do they cite as one of the most powerful impacts of colonialism?Answer: 14The colonizing parties met and arbitrarily laid out the colonial map of Africa at a now famous meeting. What was the meeting called and when did it take place?Answer: Answer: 15What caused the highly uneven distribution of economic and political power that developed from colonialism?Answer: 16According to the map, what country was the dominating colonial influence in Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia?Answer: 17List Wallerstein’s 3 basic tenets of his world-systems theory;1.2.3.18What does Wallerstein’s world’s system’s theory believe has been a global integrating force, economically?Answer: 19When did the emergence of a global capitalistic economy begin to develop?Answer: 20According to world system’s theorist the world economy is a three-tiered structure. What are the 3 tiers?1. 2. 3. 21Define the 3 tiers from your answer above1. 2. 3. 22What are the three 3 countries, from your text, that have significant global clout even though they were never classic colonial powers?1. 2. 3.How do States Spatially Organize Their Governments? p. 264-27223What are the two forces described by Richard Hartshorne that can cause a state to fail if they are not in balance?1. 2. 24What is the major characteristic and long-term impact of unitary governments, such as those identified with the Bretons in France and the Basques in Spain?Answer: 25How does the federal form of government play out in Nigeria in regards to the adoption of laws?Answer: 26What is the term for the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within a state?Answer: 27In the past two decades, what two eastern European countries succumbed to devolutionary pressures?1. 2. 28How did devolution play out in the actions of Scotland in 1997? Answer: 29Devolutionary events have one feature in common according to the text. What is that feature?Answer: 30What are the 3 factors that strengthen devolutionary tendencies, according to the text?1. 2. 3. 31Where does the US face its most serious devolutionary pressures?Answer: 32In the US, a voter’s most direct contact with government is at the local level aided by the establishment of what constitutionally mandated system?Answer: 33What is the term for the process of adjustment of the number of representatives in the US House of Representatives that reflect shifts in population patterns?Answer: 34Explain the concept of Majority-minority districts in reference to the House of Representatives.Answer: How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur? p. 272-27535What constitutes a boundary between states?Answer: 36According to Figure 8.19, what demarcates the northern boundary of Kuwait with Iraq?Answer:37Fill in the blank for this sentence: Cartographers _________ the boundary by drawing on a map?Answer: 38Why aren’t all boundaries on the world map demarcated?Answer: 39What are geometric boundaries?Answer: 40What are physical-political boundaries? Give an example of one from the textbook?Answer: Example: How Does the Study of Geopolitics Help us Understand the World? p. 275-27841What is the boundary term for disputes over the rights to resources (e.g. oil, water) crossed by international boundaries?Answer: 42Explain “locational boundary disputes” and give an example from the text.Answer:Example:43What are “definitional boundary disputes” and give an example from the text.Answer:Example: 44Explain “operational boundary disputes” and give an example from the text.Answer:Example: 45Who was the first political geographer who studied the state in detail?Answer: 46What is lebensraum?Answer: 47Ratzel’s organic theory was converted into a subfield of political geography. What is the term for this? Answer: 48Which European country used geopolitics as a philosophy of expansion?Answer: 49Who was the developer of the “heartland theory?”Answer: 50The “heartland theory” suggested that interior Eurasia contained a critical “pivot area” that would generate a state capable of challenging for world domination. What area was Mackinder referring to?Answer: 51In 1943 Mackinder wrote about his concerns over the potential of Stalin’s control of the countries of Eastern Europe. His views led to the development of the United States’ containment policy and to the establishment of what supranational organization?Answer: 52Recent geopolitical theory emphasizes the “deconstruction” of spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of leading western politicians and analysis of the way their ideas are used to manipulate public opinion. What is this field of research called?Answer: 53Following the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, what country was the only surviving superpower?Answer:What are Supranational Organizations and What are Their Implications for the State? p. 278-28654What is the term that describes the efforts by 3 or more stats to forge associations for a common advantage and in pursuit of common goals?Answer:55The League of Nations was created in 1919 as the first international organization that would include all nations of the world. What country refused to join the League of Nations, even though it was their president who proposed the organization?Answer: 56What are maritime boundaries?Answer:57Complete this sentence: By participating in the United Nations, states commit to _____________.58The first major experiment in regional supranationalism was undertaken in Europe before World War II and involved what three countries?Answer: 59What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?Answer: 60What is the single currency used by some members of the European Union called?Answer: 61Why is Greece opposed to the entry of Turkey into the European Union? What is the unspoken reason for the unspoken opposition of some EU countries to the entrance of Turkey into the EU? Answer: Answer: 62What are some of the challenges to the states in the 21st century? Your text lists five of them.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ................
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