Hydrates of Natural Gas: A Review of Their Geologic Occurrence

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 825

Hydrates of Natural Gas: A Review of Their Geologic Occurrence

Hydrates of Natural Gas: A Review of Their Geologic Occurrence

By Keith A. Kvenvolden and Mark A. McMenamin

GEOLOGICAL

SURVEY CIRCULAR

825

1980

United States Department of the Interior

CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary

Geological Survey

H. William Menard, Director

Free on application to Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, VA 22202

CONTENTS

Page

Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 Gas hydrates in permafrost regions ------------------------------------- 2 Gas hydrates in oceanic sediments -------------------------------------- 4

Bottom-simulating reflectors -------------------------------------- ~ Other seismic evidence for gas hydrates in oceanic sediments ------ 7 Selected bibliography -------------------------------------------------- 8

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Page Phase boundary diagram showing free methane gas and methane

hydrate --------------------------------------------------2 Map showing location of known and inferred occurrences of gas

hydrates in permafrost regions and in oceanic sediment ---3 Graph of gas hydrate zone shown as intersection of geothermal

gradient with hydrate-gas phase boundary -----------------4 Diagram showing idealized section of methane gas hydrate zone

in sediments of outer continental margins ----------------5 Diagrammatic seismic profile of Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge

showing bottom-simulating reflector ----------------------6

TABLES

Table 1. 2.

Page

Geologic, geophysical, and geochemical evidence for gas hydrates beneath permafrost ---------------------------------3

Geologic, geophysical, and geochemical evidence for gas hydrates in the seafloor ------------------------------------5

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