ADVISORY VOC Source ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS - California

ADVISORY ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS

VOC Source

California Environmental Protection Agency Department of Toxic Substances Control

Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board

July 2015

ADVISORY ? ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS FOREWORD

In a coordinated effort, the Department of Toxic Substances Control, the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, and the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board have jointly developed the Advisory ? Active Soil Gas Investigations. This document attempts to ensure that high quality data used for regulatory decision making are collected during active soil gas investigations using consistent methodologies. The document was reviewed by other government organizations and the regulated community. Their comments were considered and the Advisory changed in response to those comments. The Advisory also addresses recent developments in the field of soil gas collection. As additional information and experience are obtained, this Advisory may be modified as appropriate. The information in the Advisory should not be considered as regulations. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute the agency endorsement or recommendation. If you have any questions or comments regarding this document, please contact Theodore Johnson of DTSC at via email at tjohnson@dtsc..

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ADVISORY ? ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

April 2012 Version

Preparation of this Advisory was achieved through the efforts of the following individuals at the California Environmental Protection Agency:

Rafat Abbasi Elizabeth Allen Bill Bosan Phil Chandler Craig Christmann Dan Gallagher Joe Hwong Theo Johnson Dot Lofstrom Lynn Nakashima Yue Rong Thizar Williams Peter Wong

Department of Toxic Substances Control San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board1 Department of Toxic Substances Control Department of Toxic Substances Control Department of Toxic Substances Control Department of Toxic Substances Control Department of Toxic Substances Control Department of Toxic Substances Control Department of Toxic Substances Control Department of Toxic Substances Control Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board Department of Toxic Substances Control2

Also, David Berry, Ken Chiang, Rebecca Chou, Bryan Eya, Jeffrey Hu, and Christine Papagni provided invaluable assistance in the revision of this document. The California Environmental Protection Agency thanks them for their efforts.

This document was developed jointly under the direction of Debbie Raphael, Director, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Samuel Unger, Executive Officer, Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, and Bruce Wolfe, Executive Officer, San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board. Without their support, completion of this document would not have been possible.

July 2015 Version

The Advisory was revised to address recent developments in the field of soil gas collection. The Soil Gas Workgroup thanks all contributors for their efforts which improved the Advisory through their thoughtful observations.

1 Currently with United States Environmental Protection Agency Region X. 2 Currently with California Air Resources Board.

July 2015

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ADVISORY ? ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. iii ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................vii

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

INITIAL PROJECT PLANNING AND WORKPLAN DEVELOPMENT .................. 2 2.1 Study Purpose and Data Quality Objectives .............................................. 2 2.2 Technical Documents ................................................................................ 3 2.3 Workplan.................................................................................................... 3

Elements of the Workplan ............................................................... 3 Conceptual Site Model .................................................................... 4 Sampling and Analysis Plan............................................................ 5 2.4 Soil Gas Investigation Reports................................................................... 6

SOIL GAS INVESTIGATION DESIGN ................................................................. 7 3.1 Location, Spacing and Depth ..................................................................... 7

Lithology.......................................................................................... 7 Sample Spacing .............................................................................. 8 Sample Depth ................................................................................. 8 3.2 Installation Procedures .............................................................................. 9 Installation Methods and Design ..................................................... 9 Sampling Tubing ........................................................................... 11 Drive Point Method........................................................................ 13 3.3 Soil Gas Well Completion ........................................................................ 13 3.4 Decommissioning .................................................................................... 14 3.5 Decontamination ...................................................................................... 15 3.6 Sub-Slab Investigation Methods .............................................................. 15 High Purge Volume Sub-Slab Sampling ....................................... 17

SOIL GAS SAMPLE COLLECTION ................................................................... 20 4.1 Equilibration Time .................................................................................... 20 4.2 Soil Gas Assembly Tests ......................................................................... 21

Shut-In Test .................................................................................. 21 Leak Test ...................................................................................... 21

4.2.2.1 Leak Check Compounds (Liquid)............................... 21 4.2.2.2 Leak Check Compounds (Gaseous) .......................... 22 4.2.2.3 Leak Check Considerations ....................................... 22 Purging.......................................................................................... 23 4.3 Purge/Sample Flow Rate and Applied Vacuum ....................................... 24 Vacuum Pump............................................................................... 24

SAMPLE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT .......................................................... 24 5.1 Sample Containers .................................................................................. 24

Syringes ........................................................................................ 25

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ADVISORY ? ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS

Passivated Stainless Steel Canisters ............................................ 25 Polymer Gas Sampling Bags or Glass Bulbs ................................ 25 Sorbent Tubes............................................................................... 26 Alternate Sample Containers ........................................................ 26 5.2 Field Conditions ....................................................................................... 26 Rainfall and Barometric Pressure (See Appendix G) .................... 26 Wet Conditions.............................................................................. 27 Soil Gas Sampling in Low-Permeability Soil ................................. 27 Drilling Refusal .............................................................................. 28 5.3 Sample Container Handling ..................................................................... 28 Syringes and Glass Bulbs ............................................................. 28 Sorbent Tubes............................................................................... 29 Polymer Gas Sampling Bags ........................................................ 29 Passivated Stainless Steel Canisters ............................................ 29 5.4 Sample Container Cleanliness and Decontamination .............................. 29 5.5 Chain of Custody Records ....................................................................... 30

ANALYSIS OF SOIL GAS SAMPLES ................................................................ 30 6.1 Target Compounds .................................................................................. 30

Common Organic Compounds...................................................... 30 6.2 Reporting Limits for Target Compounds .................................................. 32 6.3 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ........................................................... 32

Sample Blanks .............................................................................. 33 Field Duplicate/Replicate Samples................................................ 33 Laboratory Control Samples ......................................................... 34 Split Samples ................................................................................ 34 Holding Times ............................................................................... 34 6.4 Analytical Methods................................................................................... 34 6.5 Soil Gas Sample Analysis and Laboratory Reporting .............................. 39 Analytical Methods ........................................................................ 39 Contaminant Reporting ................................................................. 39 Leak Check Compounds ............................................................... 39 Auto Samplers............................................................................... 39

METHANE AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE SAMPLING PROGRAMS .................. 40 7.1 Methane................................................................................................... 40

Methane Field Collection............................................................... 40 Methane Laboratory Analysis........................................................ 40 7.2 Hydrogen Sulfide ..................................................................................... 40 Sample Containers........................................................................ 41 Hydrogen Sulfide Field Collection ................................................. 41 Precautions Particular to Hydrogen Sulfide................................... 41

LABORATORY CERTIFICATION....................................................................... 42

REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 43

July 2015

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ADVISORY ? ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS

FIGURES

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure C-1 Figure C-2 Figure G-1 Figure G-2

Typical Single and Multiple Soil Gas Probe Design ................................. 11 Sub-Slab Vapor Probe Typical Diagram .................................................. 19 Shroud Components .............................................................................. C-3 Shroud Components-Purge Conditions ................................................. C-4 Soil Drainage Curves (Gardner et al., 1970)........................................ G-23 Soil Drainage Curves (Sisson et al., 1980) .......................................... G-24

TABLES

Table 1 Table 2 Table B-1 Table E-1 Table F-1 Table F-2 Table F-3 Table F-4

Soil Gas Sample Holding Time ................................................................ 34 Preferred Analytical Methods and Modifications ...................................... 36 Tubing Type Study Results.....................................................................B-2 Comparison of Methodologies ................................................................E-6 USEPA Soil Gas Testing Methods.......................................................... F-3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sample Introduction Techniques ..... F-5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Modifications to TO-15 .................... F-9 Reporting Limits .................................................................................... F-19

APPENDICES

Appendix A Passive Soil Gas Method Appendix B Polymer Gas Sampling Bags and Tubing Types Appendix C Quantitative Leak Testing Using a Tracer Gas Appendix D Soil Gas Sampling in Low Permeability Soil Appendix E Naphthalene Soil Gas Collection Appendix F Soil Gas Analytical Method Review Appendix G Barometric Pressure, Rainfall, and Soil Drainage Appendix H Reporting Format and Parameters

July 2015

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ADVISORY ? ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS

ACRONYMS

AGSI AST ASTM BFB bgs Cal/EPA COPC CSM DQO DTSC ECD ELAP EPA FID Freon 11 Freon 12 Freon 113 GC GC/MS CRWQCB ITRC LARWQCB LCS L-D PE

g/L g/m3 MS MS/MSD MTBE mL/min NELAP NIST PAHs PEEK ppmv ppbv PID PRT RL %RPD %RSD PVC QA/QC QAPP SAP SIM

Active Soil Gas Investigation Aboveground Storage Tank American Society of Testing and Materials Bromofluorobenzene below ground surface California Environmental Protection Agency Chemical of Potential Concern Conceptual Site Model Data Quality Objective Department of Toxic Substances Control Electron Capture Detector Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program Environmental Protection Agency Flame Ionization Detector Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane Gas Chromatograph Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer California Regional Water Quality Control Board Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board Laboratory Control Samples Low Density Polyethylene

Microgram per Liter

Microgram per Cubic Meter Mass Spectrometer Matrix Spike/Matrix Spike Duplicate Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Milliliters per Minute National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program National Institute of Standard and Technology Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Polyetheretherketone Parts per Million by Volume Parts per Billion by Volume Photoionization Detector Post-Run Tubing Reporting Limit Percent Relative Percent Difference Percent Relative Standard Deviation Polyvinyl Chloride Quality Assurance/Quality Control Quality Assurance Project Plan Sampling and Analysis Plan Selected Ion Monitoring

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ADVISORY ? ACTIVE SOIL GAS INVESTIGATIONS

SOP SVOCs SW-846

TCE TICs TO-15

TO-17

TPH USEPA UST VOA VOCs

ACRONYMS (continued)

Standard Operating Procedure Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Solid Waste-846; USEPA Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods Trichloroethylene or Trichloroethene Tentatively Identified Compounds Toxic Organic-15 Analytical Method (USEPA, Compendium Method TO-15 for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air) Toxic Organic-17 Analytical Method (USEPA, Compendium Method TO-17 for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air) Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons United States Environmental Protection Agency Underground Storage Tank Volatile Organic Analysis Volatile Organic Compounds

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