Civil Rights



|Reconstruction |Plessy |19th Amendment |Civil Rights Act |Affirmative Action/Post 65 Civil Rights | |

|Key Preceding Events |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |

| |1) Mustered Out |2) Freedmen |3) Women’s Bible |4) Ballad of Booker T. |5) Congress |

| | | | |Washington | |

|Fighting Against |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |

| |6) Bureau |7) Jim Crow |8) Suffrage Parade |9) Dark Laughter |10) One Nation |

|Leaders |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |

| |11) Heroes |12) Booker T. |13) Alice Paul |14) Marchers |15) Jesse Jackson |

|Methods |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |

| |16) Emancipation |17) Landmark Briefs |18) Suffrage Envoys |19) Voting Rights |21) Boycott |

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| | | | |20) Overcome | |

|Results and Consequences|[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |

| |22) Ku Klux Klan |23) Water Cooler |25) ERA Map |27) Decree |28) Brown v Board |

| | |[pic] |[pic] | | |

| | |24) School Building |26) Casting Votes | | |

Civil Rights

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African American Odyssey

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Item 2 of 76

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#4

"Ballad of Booker T."

Langston Hughes.

RELATED NAMES

Miscellaneous Manuscript Collection

MEDIUM

10 p.

SPECIAL TERMS OF USE

Courtesy of Harold Ober Associates, New York, NY.

PART OF

African American Odyssey

REPOSITORY

Library of Congress Manuscript Division Washington, D.C. 20540

DIGITAL ID

(Harlem Renaissance--The Quest for Artistic Freedom) aaohtml 0708

Item 1 of 1

Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party

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[Rights and Reproductions]

[pic] #18

Item Title

[Suffrage envoys from San Francisco greeted in New Jersey on their way to Washington to present a petition to Congress Suffrage envoys from San Francisco greeted containing more than 500,000 signatures.]

Created/Published

[1915 Nov.-Dec.]

Notes

Summary: Photograph of group of smiling women and two children standing with banners on sidewalk. Banner on left: "We demand an amendment to the United States Constitution enfranchising women." Banner on right: "Welcome Suffrage Envoys."

Title derived by Library of Congress staff.

Subjects

United States--New Jersey--

Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (U.S.)

Women--Suffrage--New Jersey

Suffragists--United States--1910-1920

Photographs

Object Type

still image

Medium

1 photograph: print; 7.25 x 9.5 in.

Call Number

Location: National Woman's Party Records, Group I, Container I:159, Folder: Envoys from San Francisco

Part of

Records of the National Woman's Party

Repository

Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

Digital ID

mnwp 159032



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"Signing the Voting Rights Act," August 6, 1965.

U.S. News and World Report, August 16, 1965.

Humanities and Social Sciences Division, General Collections. (9-20)

Copyright, August 16, 1965, U.S. News and World Report ().

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

The 1965 Voting Rights Act created a significant change in the status of African Americans throughout the South. The Voting Rights Act prohibited the states from using literacy tests, interpreting the Constitution, and other methods of excluding Afric an Americans from voting. Prior to this, only an estimated twenty-three percent of voting-age blacks were registered nationally, but by 1969 the number had jumped to sixty-one percent.

In the Southern states, the numbers were more dramatic. During this same period in Mississippi, for example, African American registration jumped from 6.7 to 66.5 percent. This increase in registration led to the election of African Americans to federal, state, and local office.

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America from the Great Depression to World War II: Black-and-White Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945

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Display Images with Neighboring Call Numbers

Negro drinking at "Colored" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Lee, Russell, 1903- photographer.

CREATED/PUBLISHED

1939 July.

NOTES

Title and other information from caption card.

Additional information on caption card: For M5 use copy negative in series LC-USF331.

Transfer; United States. Office of War Information. Overseas Picture Division. Washington Division; 1944.

SUBJECTS

Oklahoma City--Oklahoma

Nitrate negatives.

United States--Oklahoma--Oklahoma City.

MEDIUM

1 negative : nitrate ; 35 mm.

CALL NUMBER

LC-USF33- 012327-M5

REPRODUCTION NUMBER

LC-DIG-fsa-8a26761 DLC (digital file from original neg.)

LC-USZ62-80126 DLC (b&w film copy neg. from file print)

LC-USF3301-012327-M5 DLC (b&w film dup. neg.)

PART OF

Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Photograph Collection (Library of Congress)

REPOSITORY

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA

DIGITAL ID

(digital file from original neg.) fsa 8a26761

[pic] #17

Phillip B. Kurland.

Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States: Constitutional Law. Volume 13.

Arlington, Virginia: University Publications

of America, Inc., 1975.

Law Library (3)

Available from LexisNexis®,

a division of Reed Elsevier Inc

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

By the time Homer A. Plessy, an octoroon (one-eighth Negro blood), who lived in New Orleans, challenged that city's right to segregate public transportation by riding in a Whites Only rail car, the constitutional amendments, passed after the Civil War and written to provide protections and rights for Negro citizens, had been eroded. The Louisiana state courts ruled against Plessy, and his subsequent appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court was denied in 1896. The impact of Plessy was to relegate blacks to second-class citizenship. They were separated from whites by law and by private action in transportation, public accommodations, recreational facilities, churches, cemeteries and school in both Northern and Southern states.

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School building in

Louisa County, Virginia (20.4)

[Digital ID# ppmsca-#05513]

Gelatin silver prints, ca. 1935.

Visual Materials from the NAACP Records,

Prints and Photographs Division

Courtesy of the NAACP

Separate and Unequal

The 1896 court ruling in Plessy v Ferguson ushered in an era of "separate but equal" facilities and treatment for blacks and whites. In the area of education, it was felt that the children of former slaves would be better served if they attended their own schools and in their own communities. These images of schools for black students show that facilities were separate but never equal.

Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party

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[Rights and Reproductions]

[pic] #8

Item Title

[Women, including those representing the states of Wisconsin and Oregon, and delegations from Womans' clubs, assemble in first national suffrage parade, Washington, D.C.]

Created/Published

1913

Notes

Summary: Photograph of contingents of suffragists marching with banners on street. Banners read: "Delegations From Womans Clubs", "Wisconsin," and "Oregon."

Title derived by Library of Congress staff.

Subjects

United States--District of Columbia--

National Woman's Party

Women--Suffrage--United States

Suffragists--United States--1910-1920

Photographs

Object Type

still image

Medium

1 photograph: 5 x 7 in.

Call Number

Location: National Woman's Party Records, Group I, Container I:159, Folder: Campaign of 1913

Part of

Records of the National Woman's Party

Repository

Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

Digital ID

mnwp 159007



#3

Words and Deeds in American History: Selected Documents Celebrating the Manuscript Division's First 100 Years

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Draft of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's The Woman's Bible, ca. 1895.

(Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers)

Although most often identified as a suffragist, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) participated in a variety of reform initiatives during her lifetime. Setting her sights on women's emancipation and equality in all arenas--political, economic, religious, and social--Stanton viewed suffrage as an important but not paramount goal. Since childhood, Stanton had rebelled against the role assigned to women and chafed at being denied a university education because of her sex. As a young woman, she became involved in the temperance and antislavery movements, through which she met Henry Brewster Stanton (1805-1887), an abolitionist reformer and journalist, whom she married in May 1840. While honeymooning in England, Elizabeth became outraged when she and other women were barred from a major antislavery convention. She discussed her feelings with Lucretia Mott (1793-1880), a Quaker minister from Pennsylvania and one of the American delegates to the meeting, and together they resolved to hold a women's rights convention to discuss women's secondary status when they returned to the United States.

concerned about the increased influence of conservative evangelical suffragists, Stanton published the second part of her Bible in 1898. This volume, like the first, was an attempt to promote a radical liberating theology that stressed self-development and challenged the ideological basis for women's subordination. Until her death in 1902, Stanton continued to write on religious themes and to condemn canon law for restricting women's freedom and retarding their progress.

1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mary Ann McClintock, "Letter to the Editor," Semi-Weekly Courier (Seneca Falls, New York), [1848], The Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, microfilm edition, reel 6:779-81.

Janice E. Ruth, Manuscript Division

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For Additional Information

For additional information on the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Papers, you can leave this site and read a summary catalog record for the collection.

Reproduction Number:

A114 (color slide; Chapter II, page 3)

Related Terms:

Anthony, Susan B. (Susan Brownell) (1820-1906) | Declaration of Rights and Sentiments | Mott, Lucretia (1793-1880) | National American Woman Suffrage Association | Religion | Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815-1902) | Stanton, Henry B. (Henry Brewster) (1805-1887) | Suffragists | The Woman's Bible | Women | Women's rights

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Women's History | Women's History Items List | Chronological List | Words and Deeds

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Map Collections

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[ERA map : United States] / St. Petersburg Times--Frank Peters.

Peters, Frank.

CREATED/PUBLISHED

[St. Petersburg, Fla.] : St Petersburg Times, 1979.

NOTES

"October 17, 1979."

Scale not given.

SUBJECTS

Constitutional amendments--United States--Maps.

Equal rights amendments--United States--Maps.

United States.

RELATED TITLES

[ACSM Map Design Competition Collection ; 1979-20]

MEDIUM

1 map : col. ; on sheet 58 x 35 cm.

CALL NUMBER

G3701.F8 1979 .P4 MLC ACSM 79-20

REPOSITORY

Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA

DIGITAL ID

g3701f awh00001

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Save Brown v. Board of Education, 2003.

Poster.

Prints and Photographs Division (220)

The New Civil Rights Movement

On April 1, 2003, several thousands gathered for a new March on Washington sponsored by The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration & Immigrant Rights, and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary. BAMN, the organization's acronym, were co-defendants in Grutter v. Bollinger, the case which disputed the University of Michigan's admissions policy. They felt many of the gains made by minorities would be lost if the case did not uphold the Brown decision. Many of the protesters carried these signs with the phrase "Save Affirmative Action" and "Save Brown v. Board of Education."

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"It says here Congress is anxious to get out of town"

Since his move to Washington, D.C., in 1946, Herb Block has been an impassioned advocate for the social, political, and economic welfare of the city's inhabitants. In early October 1966 members of Congress openly expressed their desire to end the current session and leave Washington to campaign for re-election in November. This cartoon depicts the poor who were unable to escape the dismal living conditions found in many of the city's neighborhoods.

"It says here Congress is anxious to get out of town," October 12, 1966

Ink, graphite, and opaque white over graphite underdrawing on layered paper

Published in the Washington Post (64)

LC-USZ62-127091

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How to obtain copies of this item

TITLE:  The Freedman's Bureau! An agency to keep the Negro in idleness at the expense of the white man. Twice vetoed by the President, and made a lawy by Congress. Support Congress & you support the Negro Sustain the President & you protect the white man

CALL NUMBER:  Broadside Collection, portfolio 159, no. 9a c-Rare Bk Coll

REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-40764 (b&w film copy neg.)

SUMMARY:  One in a series of racist posters attacking Radical Republicans on the issue of black suffrage, issued during the Pennsylvania gubernatorial election of 1866. (See also "The Constitutional Amendment!," no. 1866-5.) The series advocates the election of Hiester Clymer, who ran for governor on a white-supremacy platform, supporting President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies. In this poster a black man lounges idly in the foreground as one white man ploughs his field and another chops wood. Accompanying labels are: "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread," and "The white man must work to keep his children and pay his taxes." The black man wonders, "Whar is de use for me to work as long as dey make dese appropriations." Above in a cloud is an image of the "Freedman's Bureau! Negro Estimate of Freedom!" The bureau is pictured as a large domed building resembling the U.S. Capitol and is inscribed "Freedom and No Work." Its columns and walls are labeled, "Candy," "Rum, Gin, Whiskey," "Sugar Plums," "Indolence," "White Women," "Apathy," "White Sugar," "Idleness," "Fish Balls," "Clams," "Stews," and "Pies." At right is a table giving figures for the funds appropriated by Congress to support the bureau and information on the inequity of the bounties received by black and white veterans of the Civil War.

MEDIUM:  1 print : woodcut on wove paper ; 45.5 x 58.1 cm. (image)

CREATED/PUBLISHED:  1866.

FORMAT:

Political posters.

Woodcuts.

REPOSITORY:  Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party

Click on picture for larger image, full item, or more versions

[Rights and Reproductions]

[pic] #13

Item Title

[Alice Paul]

Author/Creator

Photographer: Harris & Ewing, Washington, D.C.

Created/Published

[ca. 1913 June]

Notes

Summary: Photograph of Alice Paul, seated at desk, in profile, speaking on telephone.

Title derived by Library of Congress staff. Date derived from June calendar visible on desktop in image.

Photograph published in The Suffragist, 3, no. 52 (Dec. 25, 1915): 6.

Subjects

United States--New Jersey--

United States--District of Columbia--

Paul, Alice, 1885-1977

National Woman's Party

Suffragists--United States--1910-1920

Women--Suffrage--United States

Photographs

Object Type

still image

Medium

1 photograph: print; 5 x 7 in.

Call Number

Location: National Woman's Party Records, Group I, Container I:155, Folder: Paul, Alice

Part of

Records of the National Woman's Party

Repository

Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

Digital ID

mnwp 155018



African-American Sheet Music, 1850-1920

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[Rights and Reproductions]

[pic]    #16

Item Title

On emancipation day / words by Paul Laurence Dunbar ; music by Will Marion Cook.

Cook, Will Marion.

Other Titles

First line of text: Streets are gay.

First line of chorus: On emancipation day.

Notes

For voice and piano.

Caption title.

Professional copy.

Originally published: New York : Harry von Tilzer Music Pub. Co., c1902.

Related Names

Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 1872-1906.

Harry Von Tilzer Music Pub. Co. (Boston, Mass.)

Part of

Sheet Music Collection, The John Hay Library

Repository

Brown University Library Box A, Providence, RI, 02912

Digital ID

rpbaasm 0314

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|Oliver W. Harrington (1912-1995). |

|Dark laughter. Now I aint so sure I wanna get educated, 1963. |

|Crayon, ink, blue pencil, and pencil on paper. |

|Published in the Pittsburgh Courier, September 21, 1963. |

|Prints and Photographs Division (172) |

|Courtesy of Dr. Helma Harrington |

|Digital ID # ppmsca-05518 |

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|Oliver Harrington's Dark Laughter |

|This cartoon appeared as President Kennedy announced integration of 157 city school districts, not as a milestone, but as |

|progress "slow step by step." Meanwhile some black children continued to live in areas without a public school system as |

|officials attempted to bypass integration. Oliver Harrington, an influential African American cartoonist, published this image |

|during a year of heightened interracial tension in the United States, from his home in East Berlin, Germany. This cartoon |

|appeared in the African American newspaper, the Pittsburgh Courier. |

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The African-American Experience in Ohio, 1850-1920

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View this item.   [Rights and Reproductions]

"Old Dominion's Jim Crow" Law [from newspaper]

SOURCE

Cleveland Gazette 18, no. 30 (03/02/1901): 01

SUBJECTS

Afro-Americans--Segregation

MEDIUM

Newspaper

CALL NUMBER

Newspaper Roll#4432

REPOSITORY

Ohio Historical Center Archives Library

|We Shall Overcome |

|"We Shall Overcome" seems to have first been sung by striking tobacco workers in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1945. In the |

|1960s the song became the all-but-official anthem of the civil rights movement. |

|anthem of the civil rights movement. |

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|Silphia Horton, Frank Hamilton, Guy Carawan, and Pete Seeger. "We Shall Overcome." |

|New York: Ludlow Music, Inc., 1963. |

|Music Division. (9-19) |

|Courtesy of Ludlow Music, Inc., 11 West 19th Street New York, NY 10011 |

|Its first separate publication, on exhibit here, gives credit of authorship to, among others, Silphia Horton of the Highlander|

|Folk School, who learned the song from the tobacco workers, and Pete Seeger, who helped to popularize the song and gentrified |

|its title from "We Will Overcome." |

|President Lyndon Johnson stunned many of his listeners when during a speech urging the passage of the Voting Rights Act of |

|1965, he closed with the words, "And we shall overcome." |

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"... One nation ... indivisible ..."

On February 22, 1977, newly-elected President Jimmy Carter submitted his budget to Congress. It included an additional $350 million in school aid for poor children; extra millions in grants and work-study programs for college students; and sought a reduction in congressional funds for school districts with large numbers of federal employees. Herb Block's cartoon is a reminder of the divisions in one nation.

"... One nation ... indivisible ...," February 22, 1977 Ink, graphite, and opaque white, with tonal film overlay and porous point pen over graphite underdrawing on paper

Published in the Washington Post (83)

LC-USZ62-126888

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How to obtain copies of this item

TITLE:  [Three suffragists casting votes in New York City(?)]

CALL NUMBER:  LOT 12351-10 [P&P]

  Check for an online group record (may link to related items)

REPRODUCTION NUMBER:  LC-USZ62-75334 (b&w film copy neg.)

RIGHTS INFORMATION:  No known restrictions on publication.

MEDIUM:  1 photographic print.

CREATED/PUBLISHED:  [ca. 1917]

NOTES:

Caption: "Calm about it. At Fifty-sixth and Lexington Avenue, the women voters showed no ignorance or trepidation, but cast their ballots in a businesslike way that bespoke study of suffrage."

National Photo Company Collection (Library of Congress).

SUBJECTS:

Suffragists--1910-1920.

Women's suffrage--New York (State)--New York--1910-1920.

Voting--New York (State)--New York--1910-1920.

FORMAT:

Photographic prints 1910-1920.

REPOSITORY:  Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

DIGITAL ID:  (digital file from original) ppmsc 00037

(b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b22537

VIDEO FRAME ID:  LCPP003B-22537 (from b&w film copy neg.)

CONTROL #:  97510725

Booker T. Washington--Up From Slavery

[pic] #12

Booker T. Washington (three-quarter length portrait, seated and facing slightly left, holding newspaper)

ca. 1890.

Prints and Photographs Division.

Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-25624 (6-2)

Born a slave in Virginia in 1856, Booker T. Washington managed to get a primary education that allowed his probationary admittance to Hampton Institute. There he proved such an exemplary student, teacher, and speaker that the principal of Hampton recommended Washington to Alabamans who were trying to establish a school for African Americans in their state.

Washington and his students built the school, named Tuskegee Institute after its location, from the ground up. As a result of his work as an educator and public speaker, Washington became influential in business and politics. His vast collection of personal papers, as well as many early records of Tuskegee Institute, are housed in the Manuscript Division.

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|[pic]Activists & Reformers [pic]Cesar Chavez |

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|This poster calls for Americans to stop buying lettuce and grapes in support of the United Farm Workers |

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|Cesar Chavez Organizes Agricultural Workers |

|In 1965, Chavez and Huerta agreed to honor a walkout by farm workers in Delano, California, who were in another union, the |

|Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee. Workers in the NFWA (formed by Chavez and Huerta) were asked not to work for the Delano |

|grape growers. This strike was called a huelga (pronounced WELL-guh) in Spanish. In 1966, the National Farm Workers Association |

|joined with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), later renamed|

|the United Farm Workers. How long do you think the 1965 strike lasted? |

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#27

Words and Deeds in American History: Selected Documents Celebrating the Manuscript Division's First 100 Years

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Felix Frankfurter's draft decree to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision, [8 April 1955].

(Felix Frankfurter Papers)

On 17 May 1954 Chief Justice Earl Warren (1891-1974) delivered the Supreme Court's unanimous opinion in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, which declared school segregation in the United States unconstitutional. After the Brown opinion was announced, the Court heard additional arguments during the following term on the decree for implementing the ruling. When Warren announced the remedy in Brown II in 1955, he utilized an equitable conception that originated years earlier with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1841-1935)--"with all deliberate speed." In this draft of the decree prepared by Justice Felix Frankfurter (1882-1965) on 8 April 1955, which Warren subsequently adopted, Frankfurter used the phrase "with all deliberate speed" to replace "forthwith," the word proposed by National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) lawyers to achieve an accelerated desegregation timetable. This draft decree, along with related unique documents in the Frankfurter Papers, has helped scholars analyze the evolution of Brown.

For Additional Information

For additional information on the Felix Frankfurter Papers, you can leave this site and read a summary catalog record for the collection.

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|[pic]Modern Era (1946 - present) |

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|Martin Luther King, Jr. led the civil rights marchers from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama |

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|The First March From Selma |

|March 7, 1965 |

|The images sickened, outraged, and electrified people throughout the country. Within 48 hours, demonstrations in support of the |

|marchers were held in 80 cities. Many of the nation's religious and lay leaders, including Martin Luther King, flew to Selma. After |

|one more failed attempt, King led a peaceful march from Selma to Montgomery. Congress responded to these events by enacting the |

|Voting Rights Act of 1965. |

|John Lewis went on to serve as Director of the Voter Education Project (VEP), a program which added nearly four million minorities to|

|the voter rolls. Today he is a U.S. Congressman. |

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#14

Freedmen Navigate Legislative Shoals

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Laws in Relation to Freedmen, U.S. Sen. 39th Congress, 2nd Sess. Senate Executive Doc. No. 6.

Washington: War Department, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1866-67.

Pamphlet.

Law Library. (5-17)

In order to regulate the activities of newly freed African Americans, national, state, and local governments developed a body of laws relating to them. Some laws were for their protection, particularly those relating to labor contracts, but others circumscribed their citizenship rights. This volume, compiled by the staff of General Oliver O. Howard, the director of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands--usually called the Freedmen's Bureau--provides a digest of these laws in ten of the former Confederate states up to 1867.

Nineteenth Century Leaders

[pic] #11

J. Hoover.

Heroes of the Colored Race.

Philadelphia, 1881.

Color lithograph with portraits of Blanche Kelso Bruce, Frederick Douglass, and Hiram Revels.

Prints and Photographs Division.

Reproduction Number: LC-USZC2-10180 (5-7)

The only two African Americans to serve as United States Senators in the nineteenth century were Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels, both of Mississippi. Frederick Douglass was appointed to several important governmental positions in the years after the Civil War, including Minister Resident and Counsel General to Haiti, Recorder of Deeds, and U. S. Marshall.

Victorious Soldiers Return

[pic] #1

Alfred R. Waud.

Mustered Out.

Little Rock, Arkansas, April 20, 1865.

Drawing. Chinese white on green paper.

Published in Harper's Weekly, May 19, 1866.

Prints and Photographs Division.

Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-175

Alfred Waud's drawing captures the exuberance of the Little Rock, Arkansas, African American community as the U. S. Colored Troops returned home at the end of the Civil War. The victorious soldiers are joyously greeted by women and children.

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The African-American Experience in Ohio, 1850-1920

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[pic] #22

View this item.   [Rights and Reproductions]

Infamous Ku Klux Klan Resurrected in South [from newspaper]

SOURCE

Cleveland Advocate 07, no. 22 (10/02/1920): 01 [2 pages]

SUBJECTS

Ku Klux Klan

MEDIUM

Newspaper

CALL NUMBER

Newspaper Roll#4156

REPOSITORY

Ohio Historical Center Archives Library

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[pic] #15

The Rev. Jesse Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, [People United to Save Humanity] at its annual convention. July 1973 (NWDNS-412-DA-13800)

"The Rev. Jesse Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, [People United to Save Humanity] at its annual convention. One of the aims of the organization is to open the world of business to small black owned businesses. Rev. Jackson is credited for helping to make Chicago the black banking capital in the country. He helped persuade white companies to stop taking profits they earned from black consumers to the white suburbs."

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