Social Studies 30-1



Social Studies 30-1 Name: _____________

Perspectives on Ideology

Key Issue: To what extent should we embrace an ideology?

Related Issue #2: To what extent is resistance to liberalism

justified?

Chapter 3: Uncovering 19th-Century Liberalism

Chapter Issue: To what extent can classical liberalism impact a society?

Chapter Overview:

Chapters 3 to 8 will address Related Issue #2: To what extent is resistance to liberalism justified?

Chapter 3 examines when and where the ideas of classical liberalism originated, how they evolved into the principles of liberalism, and impacts of liberalism on 19th-century society. You will consider the ideas of philosophers: Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Smith and Mill. Yow will examine the French and American Revolutions as well as the Industrial Revolution as a way to conceptualize the influences of liberalism on 19th-century society. This exploration of the origins, principles, and influences of liberalism provide a necessary historical background for understanding the role that liberal ideology has played in Canada and the world.

Three questions for inquiry will guide your investigations. They include:

• What factors were most important in bringing about the emergence of classical liberalism?

• How did classical liberal thought evolve into the principles of liberalism?

• How did classical liberalism influence 19th-century society?

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|Key Terms |capital, class structure, Inclosure Acts, Enlightenment/Age of Reason, humanist, mercantilist, nouveau |

| |riche, Physiocrats, Reign of Terror, Republican, urbanization, industrialization |

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|Key Concepts |traditional economy, free market system, human accomplishments/belief in the individual, invisible |

| |hand, laissez-faire capitalism, limited government, limits of power, reason over faith, separation of |

| |power, social contract |

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|Key People |Charles Dickens, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Adam Smith, John|

| |Stuart Mill |

The timeline below outlines the historical development of the ideas and events that eventually combined to form classical liberalism, a dynamic force for the creation of wealth, industry, new values, and the shaping of the modern western world. It is included for your reference.

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Introduction:

Read carefully the three quotes by Charles Dickens and the single quote by David Ricardo on pages 102 and 103 and then answer the questions that follow.

Each quote contains a point of view that reflects a specific perspective about classical liberalism and early capitalism.

1. What do these perspectives have in common?

2. Where do they differ?

3. Summarize the message of David Ricardo’s quotation.

4. Do either of these perspectives reflect or contradict contemporary beliefs and values?

Part One: History of Classical Liberalism (Pages 105-113)

In the first section of Chapter 3, you are asked to consider the contributions of such individuals as Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Smith, and Mill who all exemplified some of the factors that brought about classical liberal ideals. While many of these ideas are common-place in present day society, during their historical era they were radical ideas that met with great resistance.

1. From your glossary, define the term “Enlightenment”.

2. How did the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation contribute to what was to become known as classical liberalism?

3. A group of thinkers that emerged during the late 14th century were known as humanists.

Describe two beliefs held by humanists that helped develop the liberalist principle of individualism.

4. How did the Protestant Reformation alter the political, economic, and social belief of Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries?

5. Our current understandings of liberalism evolved from classical liberalism as it emerged during the turbulent times of the 17th century. Describe fully the defining characteristics of classical liberalism during this historical period.

6. Classical liberalism is an ideology that embraces the principles of individualism.

You were introduced to the principles of individualism in Chapter 2. As a review, list the six principles of individualism.

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7. What five principles are encouraged by the philosophy of classical liberalism?

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

8. Philosophers and writers such as Thomas Hobbes; John Locke; Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu; John Stuart Mill; and Adam Smith all contributed to the ideology of classical liberalism.

Identify the beliefs held by each philosopher and indicate how their ideas are related to the principles of classical liberalism. Also list any literary works authored by each individual.

| | | |How Their Ideas Are Related to Classical |

|Philosopher |Literary Work |Beliefs |Liberalism |

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|Montesquieu | | | |

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|Mill | | | |

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9. What did Montesquieu mean when he mentioned the concepts of separation of powers and checks and balances? Give examples of each concept from either the American or Canadian perspective.

For examples, refer to the handout The Government of Canada.

Separation of Powers:

Checks and Balances:

10. Arguably, one of the most influential transformations of human culture took place during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution began around 1750 in Great Britain.

Describe three reasons that allowed Great Britain to commence the Industrial Revolution.

a)

b)

c)

11. From your glossary, define the term Laissez-faire.

12. Explain who the physiocrats were and how they promoted the concept of

Laissez-faire.

Part Two: The Evolution of Classical Liberal Thought (Pages 114-118)

The examination of the French Revolution and the American Revolution will provide you with the opportunity to consider the applications of classic liberal theory to societies of the 18th century, and how these ideas evolved into the ideology of modern liberalism. Responses to classical liberalism resulted in new social, economic, and specifically political constructions that were to significantly change French, American and many other societies throughout the world.

1. Based on the readings from the textbook what were the six main causes of the French Revolution?

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

2. What part did the following play in the promotion of the French Revolution?

a) The Estates General:

b) The Storming of the Bastille:

c) The Reign of Terror:

d) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen:

3. For this question, you will need to read and highlight the following supplementary handouts:

• Why Do Canadians Have A Charter

• Rights Guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Once you have read the handouts above, complete the retrieval chart below by:

• Studying the excerpts as taken from the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” (page 115 and page 118).

• Identifying which classic liberal thinker (Locke, Mill, or Montesquieu) would have influenced the writers of the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” resulting in each part of the Declaration.

• Indicate which section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms would best exemplify the excerpt.

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| | |Section of Canada’s Charter of |

| | |Rights and Freedoms that best |

|Excerpt taken from the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the |Liberal Thinker |exemplifies the excerpt. |

|Citizen” | | |

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|1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions | | |

|may be founded only upon the general good. | | |

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|2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the | | |

|natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, | | |

|property, security, and resistance to oppression. | | |

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|4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one | | |

|else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits | | |

|except those which assure to the other members of the society the | | |

|enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.| | |

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|6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right | | |

|to participate personally, or through his representative, in its | | |

|foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes.| | |

|All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to| | |

|all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to | | |

|their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and| | |

|talents. | | |

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|11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most | | |

|precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, | | |

|write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses | | |

|of this freedom as shall be defined by law. | | |

4. How did the philosophy of John Locke contribute to the American Revolution?

5. Review the principles of liberalism (question #7 from Part One) and identify which principle was adapted by the following individuals as they prepared the “American Declaration of Independence”.

a) Thomas Paine:

b) Benjamin Franklin:

c) Thomas Jefferson:

Part Three: Liberal Principles in Action (Pages 119-124)

The third section of Chapter 3 explores the Industrial Revolution as a way to contextualize the influences of liberalism on 19th century society, in terms of laissez-faire capitalism, the class system, and limited government. While the conditions of the working classes during the Industrial Revolution were deplorable, enormous economic benefits were accrued to the middle and upper middle classes who favored laissez-faire capitalist practices drawn from classical liberal ideas (such as limited government and economic freedom).

1. According to the textbook, what conditions eventually led to the evolution of classical liberalism into modern liberalism?

2. How did industrialization help advance liberalism as an economic ideology?

3. As you should recall from Chapter 2, private property is an important principle of Individualism and that classical liberalism is an ideology that embraces the principles of Individualism.

How did the Inclosure (Consolidation) Act of 1801 reflect the ideology of Classical Liberalism?

4. Find four pieces of evidence that supports the fact that the Commercial and Industrial Revolutions provided the foundation for a “capitalist society”.

5. a) The Nouveau Riche had a profound effect on changing the British class structure during the Industrial Revolution. How were they able to do this?

b) The Nouveau Riche also contributed to one very negative consequence. Explain what this consequence was.

6. Read the excerpt on page 122 by Emile Zola, a French novelist of the 19th century. Why did Zola describe the working conditions is such detail? Do you think that Zola’s work was very influential in bringing about changes to working conditions?

7. Explain how urbanization changed how people lived and worked?

8. Who was Jacob Riis and what contribution did he make to improve the lives of the working poor?

9. Examine the two views contained in the Voices Feature: Women and the Industrial Revolution on page 123 and answer the questions that follow.

a) What might explain the different views provided by each source? Do you think women were better off during the Industrial Revolution, based on these two sources?

b) To what extent do these sources reveal the impact of liberalism on society? What other kinds of sources would be useful in more fully exploring this impact?

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