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APUSH Dr. I. Ibokette

Unit 4: Industrial Revolution and Reforms – Late 18th to Mid-19th Century

➢ Industrial Revolution

➢ Social Reforms

➢ Artistic/Literary Endeavors

As usual, please use the 4-step guidelines below in reading and taking notes on this unit.

Step 1: Pay attention to the “the large picture” or the central theme of the chapter and write down the titles of each unit, chapter and sub-headings/sections;

Step 2: Take notes on key points on the assigned chapters’ sub-sections; and pay particular attention to the key terms and names from the ID list (highlight/underline them).

Step 3: Briefly answer the “study questions” listed at the end of each sub-section.

Step 4: Draw up a timeline of about 7-10 key events/developments from the assigned reading

Essential Questions

1. To what extent did sectionalism and industrialization shape the nation during the period 1840-1860?

2. How did the Second Great Awakening spur antebellum reform movements?

3. How do you account for the terrific growth of American industry prior to the Civil War?

4. What were the social factors that motivated the many reform movements in the North before the Civil War?

The Industrial Revolution: An Overview:

➢ The Ind. Rev. began in England in the late 18th century and subsequently spread into continental Western Europe and North America.

➢ It was characterized by a change in the “mode of production”; that is, in the way goods were produced.

➢ It had two major phases. The first lasted until the 1850’s; and the second from then until the early 20th century.

➢ Presently, the world’s economy and generally the way we live are largely based on the industrial mode of production.

➢ In the last few decades, the computer technology has increasingly added new and more radical dimensions to this mode of production.

Key Characteristics & Features of the IR

1. Technological Changes and the Factory System:

2. The Commoditization of Labor: The buying and selling of human labor:

3. Urbanization:

4. New means of Communication/Infrastructural Changes:

5. Capital & Financial Institutions:

Sub-Sections, Key Names and Terms (From selected sections of chapters 7 & 8; and all of chapter 10)

Chapter 7:

“Stirrings of Industrialism” 191

1. Samuel Slater

2. Eli Whitney—cotton gin, interchangeable parts

3. Robert Fulton

4. “turnpike era”

Questions

1. What evidence supports the claim that American technology underwent a “revolution” between 1790 and 1820?

2. What was the significance of Eli Whitney to the development of the American economy during the first decades of the nineteenth century?

Chapter 8:

“Building a National Market” 219

1. 2nd Bank of the U.S.

2. Francis Cabot Lowell

3. internal improvements

Questions:

4. What was the “turnpike era” and what were its strengths and weaknesses in transportation?

5. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, what role did the federal government play in “internal improvements” of transportation?

“Expanding Westward” 221

1. the “factor” system

2. the Black Belt

3. John Jacob Astor

4. Stephen H. Long

5. the “Great American Desert”

Question:

1. How successful was Jefferson’s effort to create a “republican” society dominated by sturdy independent farmers?

2. What factors motivated Americans to engage in a westward migration in the early nineteenth century? What type of American was more likely to move into the West?

3. Describe life in the Far West and compare its realities with the popular image of western life held by eastern Americans.

Chapter 10: America’s Economic Revolution

Sub-headings:

a. Setting the Stage: 261

b. The Changing American Population 262

1. 19th c. trends in population growth, immigration, and urbanization

2. nativism

3. Know-Nothings

Questions:

1. How did the US population change between 1820 and 1840, and how did that change affect the nation’s economy, society and politics?

2. What were the political responses to immigration in mid-19th century America? Do you see any parallels to responses to immigration today?

3. Describe the immigrant experience in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s.

c. Transportation, Communication and Technology 269

1. steamboats, canals

2. Erie Canal

3. railroad expansion and consolidation

4. telegraph

Questions:

1. Why did the rail system supplant the canal system as the nation’s major transportation network?

2. What were the advances in new technology that had the greatest effect on the emerging American factory system during the first half of the nineteenth century?

3. What were the key features in the advances in technological developments in America between 1800 and 1860?

d. Commerce and Industry 274

1. corporation

2. factory system

3. Lowell or Waltham System

e. Men and Women at Work 277

1. Sarah Bagley, Female Labor Reform Association

2. Commonwealth v. Hunt

Questions (for sections d and e):

1. How did the industrial workforce change between the 1820s and the 1840s? What were the effects on American society of changes in the workforce?

2. How did the emergence of the factory system change the face of American labor during the first half of the nineteenth century?

f. Patterns of Industrial Society 284

1. middle-class life

2. women’s separate sphere and “cult of domesticity”

3. Godey’s Lady’s Book

4. P. T. Barnum

Questions:

1. How did American leisure time and activities during the 1830s and 1840s compare with leisure during the 1810s and 1820s?

2. How had the status and role of American women changed between 1800 and 1860?

3. How did the rise of the factory system change the American family?

4. Describe the major features of American middle-class life during the first half of the nineteenth century.

g. The Agric. North 293

Cyrus H. McCormick

Question:

1. How did agriculture in the North change as a result of growing industrialization and urbanization?

h. End-of-Chapter Review 295

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

➢ Recall and Reflect

i. Timeline:

1790 Samuel Slater sets up the first American factory

1793 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin

1807 Robert Fulton constructs North River Steam Boat

1813 Boston Manufacturing Company opens in Waltham, Massachusetts

1816 Creation of Second Bank of the United States

1817 Founding of American Colonization Society

1819 - Dartmouth College Case (Dartmouth College V. Woodward)

- Bank Case (McCulloch V. Maryland)

1819-1822 Depression of 1819

1824 Steamboat Case (Gibbons V. Ogden)

1825 Erie Canal completed

1837 Charles River Bridge V. Warren Bridge

Chapter 12: Antebellum Culture and Reform

Sub-Sections, Key Names and Terms; and Study Questions

a. Setting the Stage

b. The Romantic Impulse 321

1. Hudson River School

2. James Fenimore Cooper

3. Walt Whitman

4. Herman Melville

5. Edgar Allen Poe

6. Transcendentalists

7. Ralph Waldo Emerson

8. Henry David Thoreau

9. Brook Farm

10. Margaret Fuller

11. Oneida Community

12. Shakers

13. Mormons and Joseph Smith

Questions:

1. How did an American National Culture of art, literature, philosophy, and communal living developed in the 19th century?

2. What is “romanticism” and how was it expressed in American literature and art?

3. Describe the essential tenets of the transcendentalist philosophy.

4. What were the motives for the founding of the many communal living societies in the first half of the nineteenth century? Why did most communal living “experiments” generally quickly fail?

5. Why were many utopian communities critical of the traditional role and status of women in American society? What alternatives did these communities offer?

6. Of the major experiments in utopian living, which do you believe had the most long-term influence on modern society? Explain.

c. Remaking Society 328

1. Protestant revivalism

2. Charles Grandison Finney

3. “burned-over district”

4. Temperance movement

5. Horace Mann and public school reform

6. Dorothea Dix

7. Seneca Falls Convention

8. “Declaration of Sentiments”

Questions

1. Why did a feminist movement come into being in the United States during the 1840s?

2. How did reformers respond to the growth of industrialization and democratization?

3. What were the aims of the women’s movement of the mid-19th century? How successful were women in achieving these goals?

a. The Crusade Against Slavery, 337 (Skip this section – Moved to Unit 5)

1. American Colonization Society

2. William Lloyd Garrison

3. David Walker

4. Frederick Douglass

Questions:

1. What arguments and strategies did the abolitionists use in their struggle to end slavery? Who opposed them and why?

2. Why did slavery become more entrenched in the South in the early 19th century?

3. How did the abolitionist movement evolve throughout the antebellum era?

d. End-of-Chapter Review

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

Recall and Reflect

e. A Timeline of seven to ten key events/developments

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