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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 25 – Study Guide

War and Revolution (ca 1914-1919)

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“The great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.”

-Otto von Bismarck, 1888

CHAPTER SUMMARY

The war that began in the summer of 1914 was unexpectedly long and destructive and had enormous consequences. Western civilization changed decisively, as the war caused not only death and destruction but a variety of revolutions as well. Thus, the First World War opened a new era in European history. This chapter shows how and why this was so. Beginning with the system of alliances that had formed two hostile military blocs by 1914, the text explains how nationalism and fears of nationalism touched off a world war. Contrary to expectations, the First World War became a ghastly military stalemate. The stalemate forced each government to make a total war effort, which demanded great sacrifices and major social changes. Economic life was strictly controlled, women entered defense plants, and nationalistic propaganda strengthened genuine popular support for the war. By 1916, however, there was growing discontent and war weariness in all countries.

Russia broke first under the enormous strains of total war. In March 1917, a moderate patriotic revolution established a Russian republic. In November 1917, Lenin and the Bolsheviks took power in a socialist revolution. Lenin was a dedicated revolutionary who had reinterpreted Marxism in a radical way before 1914, and he took Russia out of the war and established a harsh dictatorship. This dictatorship allowed the Bolshevik government to survive and to defeat many different foes in a bloody civil war. Revolution also occurred in Germany and Austria. Germany established a republic, and Austria-Hungary broke into pieces. In 1919, the world of 1914 lay in ruins, due to the impact of total war and radical revolution. Nor did the peace settlement of Versailles bring stability, since the defeated Germans hated the peace treaty, and the victorious Americans rejected it.

THE ROAD TO WAR (25.1)

Before you read:

What do you know about the outbreak of WWI? Who do you believe started the war?

Terms to know:

Triple Alliance

Triple Entente

Schlieffen Plan

While you read:

1. Briefly describe how the two “Rival Blocs” were formed in the late 19th century.

2. What were the reasons behind the new British – German rivalry?

3. What was the “Moroccan crisis” and what were the resulting consequences for all the powers?

4. How does “Balkan nationalism” contribute to the tension between the great powers of Europe?

After you read:

|1. |Why did German Kaiser William II instigate the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905? |

|A) |To test the Anglo-French alliance and boost German influence over international affairs. |

|B) |To start a pre-emptive war against France. |

|C) |To add Morocco to Germany's empire. |

|D) |To stir up Russian support for Germany. |

| | |

WAGING TOTAL WAR (25.2)

Before you read:

1. In what ways did the First World War differ from previous wars?

Terms to know:

Total War

Battle of the Somme

Lusitania

While you read:

1. Describe Trench Warfare and how it came to define the WWI experience.

2. How did the Germans treat the people in the Slavic countries?

3. Describe the role of Italy and the Ottoman Empire in WWI.

After you read:

|1. |The term "total war" is applied to World War I to capture the idea that the war |

|A) |was expected to be short but would involve all Europe. |

|B) |would involve soldiers and civilians in a total national effort to win. |

|C) |would call on all citizens to engage in street fighting with the enemy. |

|D) |the idea that trench warfare was spread out across Europe. |

| | |

2. In which 1915 battle did the British unsuccessfully try to take the Dardanelles and Constantinople from the Ottoman Turks?

a. Tannenberg

b. Verdun

c. Gallipoli

d. Caporetto

Primary Source – Poetry in the Trenches (25.2)

1- How does each author bridge the traditional language and rhythm of poetry and the brutality of modern warfare?

2- What message do the poems have for the reader at home?

Living in the Past – Life and Death on the Western Front (25.2)

1- How did highly industrialized warfare affect the everyday experience of enlisted men in WWI?

2- What were the effects of modern weaponry and how did the weapons change the way soldiers were buried?

THE HOME FRONT (25.3)

Before you read:

What kind of negative and positive issues could result from “Total War” in a country?

Terms to know:

Auxiliary Service Law

War Raw Materials Board

While you read:

1. What impact did the war have on the economy and the people at home? How cooperative was the population?

2. Did the war have any effect on the power of organized labor? On women in society?

3. What evidence is there that the strain of war was beginning to take its toll on the home front in Russia, Austria, France, and Germany by 1916?

After you read:

1. How did governments during World War I intrude even further into people's daily lives than they had in the nineteenth century?

a. By seizing property and organizing agricultural and industrial cooperatives

b. By requiring that every citizen register for service either in combat or in industry

c. By setting production goals and limiting wages and prices, thus controlling the economy

d. By creating work projects to limit unemployment

2. What is one way that women became more visible in society during World War I? 

a. They moved into skilled industrial jobs.

b. They fought alongside men in the army.

c. They began to organize and agitate for the right to vote.

d. They became more visible primarily as victims of husbands, fathers, and brothers killed and maimed by the war.

Individuals in Society – Vera Brittain (25.3)

1. What were Brittain’s initial feelings toward the war? How did they change during the conflict?

2. Why did Brittain volunteer as a nurse? How did nursing influence women of her generation?

Primary Source – Wartime Propaganda Posters (25.3)

1. How would you describe the soldier and sailor on these posters? What messages do they convey?

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (25.4)

Before you read:

What do you know about this man and his drive to gain power in Russia?

Terms to know:

February Revolution

Army Order #1

Leon Trotsky

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

War Communism

Grigori Rasputin

Alexander Kerensky

While you read:

1. What were the reasons for the Russian Revolution in March 1917? What were the soviets?

2. What was it about Lenin’s character that made him a successful revolutionary? Why were his ideas popular with peasants and urban workers?

3. What were the reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the civil war? Explain.

After you read:

1. How did Russia meet the onset of World War I in 1914? 

a. The tsar and aristocracy embraced the war, while the peasants were reluctant to fight.

b. Russia had just suffered defeat by Japan and was not interested in another war.

c. Russian peasants and workers rioted against another imperialist war.

d. The government and people all embraced the war with patriotic enthusiasm.

2. By the summer of 1917, what was the situation in the Russian countryside? 

a. The countryside was wracked with famine and disease, which threatened to wipe out the population.

b. Peasants were abandoning their farms to look for work in the city.

c. Russian peasants were oblivious to the growing discontent in the cities.

d. Russian peasants were seizing land in a grassroots agrarian upheaval.

THE PEACE SETTLEMENT (25.5)

Before you read:

What do you know about the results of WWI? How do you think it will effect subsequent developments?

Terms to know

Treaty of Versailles

Fourteen Points/League of Nations

War Guilt Clause

Balfour Declaration

Mustafa Kemal

While you read:

1. What happened to the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empires after 1918?

2. What were the goals of Wilson, Lloyd George, and Clemenceau at the Versailles peace conference?

3. Discuss the similarities and differences of the Russian and German revolution of 1917-1918.

After you read:

|1. |What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916? |

|A) |A secret agreement by Britain and France to divide up former Ottoman territories |

|B) |The British agreement to support a national homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine |

|C) |The agreement at Paris to divide up the empire of Austria-Hungary |

|D) |The British promise of an Arab kingdom in the former Ottoman territories of the Middle East |

Mapping the Past – Territorial Changes after WWI (25.5)

1. What territory did Germany lose and to whom? Why was Austria referred to as a head without a body in the 1920’s? What new independent states were formed from the old Russian empire?

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Chapter Timeline

--1914

--1915

--1916

--1917

--1918

-1919

-1920

-1921

-1922

-1923

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