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APUSH Dr. I. Ibokette

Unit 4: Industrial Revolution and Reforms – Late 18th to Mid-19th Century

• Industrial Revolution

• Social Reforms

• Artistic/Literary Endeavors

The Industrial Revolution: An Overview:

➢ The Ind. Rev. began in England in the late 18th century and subsequently spread into continental Western Europe and North America.

➢ It was characterized by a change in the “mode of production”; that is, in the way goods were produced.

➢ It had two major phases. The first lasted until the 1850’s; and the second from then until the early 20th century.

➢ Presently, the world’s economy and generally the way we live are largely based on the industrial mode of production.

➢ In the last few decades, the computer technology has increasingly added new and more radical dimensions to this mode of production.

Key Characteristics & Features of the IR

1. Technological Changes and the Factory System:

Major changes in how and where goods were produced:

a. from hand-made to machine-made

➢ this new mode of production gave rise to many new technologies including new sources of energy, namely steam and coal

b. from cottage industry to the factory system

c. those who owned and controlled the major factors of production such as the new technology and factories were called the industrial middle class or the bourgeoisie

2. The Commoditization of Labor:

The buying and selling of human labor:

a. Labor became a commodity that was bought by the bourgeoisie.

b. The workers who sold their labor were known as industrial workers or proletariats

c. The Ind. Rev. therefore gave rise to two new social classes namely: the bourgeoisie and the proletariats

d. The new industrial workers subsequently began to organize themselves into workers’ organizations or trade unions.

e. Industrial workers did these to protect themselves from being exploited by the bourgeoisie.

3. Urbanization:

a. The Ind. Rev. gave rise to new cities where much of the new forms of production took place. These industrial cities attracted a lot of people from the country-side and rural areas.

b. The movement of lots of people to these cities is called urbanization

c. The concentration of too many people in these urban areas or industrial cities created many social problems

d. These problems, in turn, gave rise to reform movements

4. New means of Communication/Infrastructural Changes:

a. The demand for the rapid movement of goods and people and the availability new technologies resulted in the invention of steam and coal-driven engine.

b. This engine propelled steamboats and later, trains.

5. Capital & Financial Institutions:

a. The factory system of production required significant amount of capital (money) that individual entrepreneurs or businessmen could not provide.

b. This requirement gave rise to banks and similar financial institutions that could manage capital in the form of loans

Key Names and Terms (From selected sections of chapters 7 & 8; and all of chapter 10)

1. Samuel Slater

2. Eli Whitney—cotton gin, interchangeable parts

3. Robert Fulton

4. “turnpike era”

5. 2nd Bank of the U.S.

6. Francis Cabot Lowell

7. internal improvements

8. 19th c. trends in population growth, immigration, and urbanization

9. nativism

10. Know-Nothings

11. steamboats, canals

12. Erie Canal

13. railroad expansion and consolidation

14. telegraph

15. corporation

16. factory system

17. Lowell or Waltham System

18. Sarah Bagley, Female Labor Reform Association

19. Commonwealth v. Hunt

20. middle-class life

21. women’s separate sphere and “cult of domesticity”

22. Godey’s Lady’s Book

23. Cyrus H. McCormick

Chapter 7:

Section: “Stirrings of Industrialism” 191

Chapter 8:

Section: “Building a National Market” 219

Chapter 10: America’s Economic Revolution

Sub-headings:

a. Setting the Stage: 261

➢ Looking Ahead:

i. What were the factors in US econ. revolution of the mid-19th century?

ii. How did the US pop change between 1820 and 1840, and how did the pop change affect the nation’s economy, society and politics?

iii. Why did America’s industrial revolution affect the northern economy and society differently than it did the southern economy and society?

b. The Changing American Population 262

c. Transportation, Communication and Technology 269

d. Commerce and Industry 274

e. Men and Women at Work 277

f. Patterns of Industrial Society 284

g. The Agric. North 293

h. End-of-Chapter Review 295

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

Recall and Reflect

i. What were the political responses to immigration in mid-19th century America? Do you see any parallels to responses to immigration today?

ii. Why did the rail system supplant the canal system as the nation’s major transportation network?

iii. How did the industrial workforce change between the 1820s and the 1840s? What were the effects on American society of changes in the workforce?

iv. How did America’s industrial revolution and the factory system change family’s life and women’s social and economic roles?

v. How did agric in the North change as a result of growing industrialization and urbanization?

Study/Practice Short Essay Questions

1. How did the Second Great Awakening compare with the First Great Awakening?

2. What evidence supports the claim that American technology underwent a “revolution” between 1790 and 1820?

3. What was the significance of Eli Whitney to the development of the American economy during the first decades of the nineteenth century?

4. Describe the main features of American education during the early nineteenth century.

5. How did the United States government attempt to stimulate economic growth during the early nineteenth century?

6. What was the “turnpike era” and what were its strengths and weaknesses in transportation?

7. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, what role did the federal government play in “internal improvements” of transportation?

8. How do you account for the terrific growth of American industry prior to the Civil War?

9. Why did railroads become the key American industry in the nineteenth century?

10. Describe the immigrant experience in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s.

11. How did the rise of the factory system change the American family?

12. Describe the major features of American middle-class life during the first half of the nineteenth century.

13. Examine technological developments in America between 1800 and 1860. What are the characteristic features in the advances made throughout this period?

14. Describe the interrelationship between one technological development in the pre-Civil War era and another.

15. What were the advances in new technology that had the greatest effect on the emerging American factory system during the first half of the nineteenth century?

16. How did the emergence of the factory system change the face of American labor during the first half of the nineteenth century?

17. How did American leisure time and activities during the 1830s and 1840s compare with leisure during the 1810s and 1820s?

18. How had the status and role of American women changed between 1800 and 1860?

19. Between 1830 and 1860, what region of the nation changed the most dramatically overall? Explain.

20. Between 1830 and 1860, what region of the nation experienced the most social upheaval? Explain.

Timeline:

1790 Samuel Slater sets up the first American factory

1793 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin

1807 Robert Fulton constructs North River Steam Boat

1813 Boston Manufacturing Company opens in Waltham, Massachusetts

1816 Creation of Second Bank of the United States

1817 Founding of American Colonization Society

1819 - Dartmouth College Case (Dartmouth College V. Woodward)

- Bank Case (McCulloch V. Maryland)

1819-1822 Depression of 1819

1824 Steamboat Case (Gibbons V. Ogden)

1825 Erie Canal completed

1837 Charles River Bridge V. Warren Bridge

Chapter 12: Antebellum Culture and Reform

Key Names and Terms:

1. Hudson River School

2. James Fenimore Cooper

3. Walt Whitman

4. Herman Melville

5. Edgar Allen Poe

6. Transcendentalists

7. Ralph Waldo Emerson

8. Henry David Thoreau

9. Brook Farm

10. Margaret Fuller

11. Oneida Community

12. Shakers

13. Mormons and Joseph Smith

14. Protestant revivalism

15. Charles Grandison Finney

16. “burned-over district”

17. temperance movement

18. Horace Mann and public school reform

19. Dorothea Dix

20. Seneca Falls Convention

21. “Declaration of Sentiments”

22. American Colonization Society

23. William Lloyd Garrison

24. David Walker

25. Frederick Douglass

26. Harriet Beecher Stowe

Sub-headings:

a. Setting the Stage

➢ Looking Ahead

i. How did an American National Culture of art, literature, philosophy, and communal living developed in the 19th century?

ii. What were the issues on which social and moral reformers tried to “remake the nation”? How successful were their efforts?

iii. Why did crusade against slavery become the preeminent issue of the reform movement?

b. The Romantic Impulse 321

c. Remaking Society 328

d. End-of-Chapter Review

➢ Looking Back

➢ Significant Events

Recall and Reflect

i. What is “romanticism” and how was it expressed in American literature and art?

ii. How did religion affect reform movements, and what was the effect of these movements on religion?

i. What were the aims of the women’s movement of the 19th century? How successful were women in achieving these goals?

ii. What arguments and strategies did the abolitionists use in their struggle to end slavery? Who opposed them and why?

e. A Timeline of seven to ten key events/developments

Study/Practice Short Essay Questions

1. What were the social factors that motivated the many reform movements in the North before the Civil War?

2. What elements of romanticism can be found in mid-nineteenth-century American art and literature?

3. Describe the essential tenets of the transcendentalist philosophy.

4. How do the ideas of nineteenth-century transcendentalism link to twentieth-century ecology?

5. What were the motives for the founding of the many communal living societies in the first half of the nineteenth century?

6. Why did most communal living “experiments” generally quickly fail?

7. Why were many utopian communities critical of the traditional role and status of women in American society? What alternatives did these communities offer?

8. Of the major experiments in utopian living, which do you believe had the most long-term influence on modern society? Explain.

9. Compare American medical care in the colonial period with medical care in the first half of the nineteenth century. What aspects of care had changed and what had remained the same?

10. Why did a feminist movement come into being in the United States during the 1840s?

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