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AP Biology Campbell’s Chap 50 – 55 take-home test Winter break 2012 - 13

Take this open book test and record your answers (just the question number and the letter answers) AS WELL AS THE PAGE NUMBER ON WHICH YOU FOUND THE ANSWER IN THE TEXT FOR EACH QUESTION. You must specify which AP Biology book you used to find these answers. This is due upon return from winter break, Jan 7, 2013. All of these questions are from previous AP bio tests. You will be given an FRQ portion to the test when we return in January.

1. Competitive exclusion is most likely to occur between two

(A) closely related species occupying two different niches

(B) closely related species occupying the same niche

(C) related species occupying different habitats

(D) unrelated species occupying different niches

(E) populations of the same species

2. If the larvae of a particular species of mosquito are to survive to the adult stage, the eggs must be laid in the trapped pool of water of the northern pitcher plant. The mosquito larvae provide no apparent benefit or harm to the pitcher plant. This type of interaction is an example of

(A) commensalism

(B) predation

(C) parasitism

(D) mutualism

(E) competition

[pic]

3. In the food pyramid above, which of the following organisms are herbivores?

(A) Humans

(B) Fish

(C) Minnows

(D) Copepods

(E) Algae

4. Species that utilize the same source of nutrition within a food web can best be described as

(A) providing double links in a food chain

(B) being homoeothermic relative to energy flow

(C) occupying the same trophic level

(D) being secondary consumers within a complex food web

(E) being autotrophs, heterotrophs, or omnivores

5. A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is immune to malaria but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all of these birds are eliminated suddenly by hunters, which of the following would be the immediate observable consequence?

(A) Increased mortality in monkey species A

(B) Increased mortality in monkey species B

(C) Increased mortality in the malaria-carrying mosquitoes

(D) Emergence of malaria-resistant strains in monkey species B

(E) Emergence of malaria-sensitive strains in monkey species A

6. Monogamy is usually more common among birds and mammals whose young are

(A) born helpless and in need of much parental care

(B) precocial and able to care for themselves

(C) hatched from among thousands of eggs

(D) carried by the female from conception to birth

7. In traveling from a forest ecosystem to a grassland, one notes that the trees gradually give way to prairie grasses. The critical factor governing this shift is usually the

(A) length of the growing season

(B) annual mean temperature

(C) availability of carbon dioxide

(D) availability of water

(E) availability of oxygen

8. All of the following are examples of the benefits of bacteria to humans EXCEPT

(A) vitamin manufacture in the large intestine

(B) bacterial action in the making of silage

(C) bacterial action in the making of exotoxins

(D) the production of drugs such as streptomycin

(E) the production of acids that flavor cheese

9. Grass--->Cricket--->Prairie chicken--->Coyote-->Vulture

In which organism in the food chain above would the biological magnification of DDT concentration be most obvious?

(A) Grass

(B) Cricket

(C) Prairie chicken

(D) Coyote

(E) Vulture

10. In a population at equilibrium, thousands of eggs and hundreds of tadpoles are produced by a single pair of frogs. About how many offspring will live to maturity and reproduce?

(A) 0

(B) 2

(C) 10-20

(D) 100

(E) More than 100

11. A study of the metabolic rate in a terrestrial community shows that the energy released by respiration exceeds the energy captured in photosynthesis. Which of the following situations is occurring?

(A) Community biomass is decreasing.

(B) Community biomass is increasing.

(C) A climax community has been reached.

(D) The first law of thermodynamics is not in effect.

(E) The second law of thermodynamics is not in effect.

12. Eutrophication in lakes is frequently the direct result of

(A) nutrient enrichment

(B) industrial poisons

(C) a diminished supply of nitrates

(D) an increase in predators

(E) decreased light penetration

13. Which of the following led most to directly a decrease in the amount of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface?

(A) Fermentation

(B) Heterotrophs

(C) Anaerobic respiration

(D) Photosynthesis

(E) A reducing atmosphere

14. Many birds, insects, and terrestrial reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid that

(A) is synthesized in the kidneys from ammonia and CO2

(B) forms crystals that are relatively insoluble and nontoxic

(C) readily decomposes on exposure to air

(D) is readily excreted through the feathers and scales

(E) can be recycled and utilized as an additional energy source

15. All of the following are examples of the benefits of bacteria to humans EXCEPT

(A) vitamin manufacture in the large intestine

(B) bacterial action in the making of silage

(C) bacterial action in the making of exotoxins

(D) the production of drugs such as streptomycin

(E) the production of acids that flavor cheese

Questions 16-17

[pic]

16. Which of the following statements about this population is correct?

(A) This is an example of heterozygote superiority.

(B) This is an example of balanced polymorphism.

(C) The red beetles feed on the black beetles.

(D) The gene frequency of the black variety is increasing overall.

(E) There is no differential mortality.

17. The most likely conclusion from the information in the graph is that

(A) ladybird beetles mate in the fall, but the eggs so not hatch until the following

spring

(B) two different species are involved

(C) there are more red beetles in the fall than in the spring of each year

(D) the allele for red color is codominant with the allele for black

(E) one variety may be adaptively superior at one time and the other variety at

another time

18. Species that utilize the same source of nutrition within a food web can best be described as

(A) providing double links in a food chain

(B) being homoeothermic relative to energy flow

(C) occupying the same trophic level

(D) being secondary consumers within a complex food web

(E) being autotrophs, heterotrophs, or omnivores

[pic]

19. A mature, well-established populations in favorable condition

20. The carrying capacity of the environment

21. A population in unfavorable conditions

22. The exponential growth phase of a new population

23. Competition for food would probably be most severe between two

(A) closely related species in different niches

(B) closely related species in similar niches

(C) unrelated species in different communities

(D) unrelated species in the same community occupying different niches

(E) ecological equivalents in different niches

24. All of the following are density -dependent factors that limit animal populations EXCEPT

(A) weather

(B) predation

(C) birthrate

(D) food competition

(E) mortality

25. Which of the following is true about secondary consumers in an ecosystem?

(A) They eat only plants.

(B) They are eaten by primary consumers.

(C) They are smaller and weaker that are primary consumers.

(D) They are fewer in number than are primary consumers.

(E) They contain the greatest total biomass in the system.

26. In the nitrogen cycle, the transformation of gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds is performed primarily by

(A) fungi

(B) bacteria

(C) green plants

(D) herbivores

(E) carnivores

27. During the carbon cycle, which of the following carbon compounds would be utilized as an energy source by heterotrophs?

(A) Calcium carbonate

(B) Carbonic acid

(C) Organic molecules

(D) Carbon dioxide

(E) Carbon monoxide

Questions 28-31

(A) Tropical rain forest

(B) Taiga

(C) Arctic tundra

(D) Temperate grassland

(E) Desert

28. Permafrost; temperatures range from approximately -50ºC to +25ºC; a growing

season of 60 days or less\

29. Over 10 inches of precipitation per year; long, cold winters and short summers;

dominant vegetation is evergreen trees

30. Lack of water common in summer; seasonal temperature variations; maintains by

periodic fires

31. Less than 10 inches of precipitation per year; extremes of hot and cold throughout

the year; large daily temperature variations

Questions 32-34 refer to the food web below.

[pic]

32. Which of the following organisms is most likely to be located at the apex of the pyramid of biomass?

(A) Grass

(B) Grasshopper

(C) Snake

(D) Mouse

(E) Hawk

33. All of the following statements about the diagram are correct EXCEPT:

(A) The grasshopper is an herbivore.

(B) Only two trophic levels are depicted.

(C) The mouse and grasshopper are at the same trophic level.

(D) The grass is a producer.

(E) All of the organisms except grass are consumers, regardless of position.

34. The organic and inorganic materials in all the organisms in the diagram will eventually return to the environment by the action of

(A) decomposers

(B) producers

(C) primary consumers

(D) secondary consumers

(E) top carnivores

Questions 35 - 37

Milkweed is a common field plant that produces a cardiac glycoside that, like digitalis, stimulates heart contractions. The synthesis of this compound ensures the survival of this plant species because the glycoside is toxic to most herbivores with a notable exception - the monarch butterfly.

Female monarchs lay their eggs on milkweed and the resulting larvae (caterpillars) feed on milkweed leaves. An enzyme produced by the caterpillars allows them to ingest and store the toxin without ill effects. After pupation, adult monarchs emerge with a conspicuous bright orange and black banding pattern and retain the toxic glycoside in their systems.

Viceroy butterflies are almost identical to monarchs in possessing the conspicuous banding pattern. However, viceroys cannot metabolize or store the toxic glycoside.

35. Which of the following is the central concept of the situation described above?

(A) Cryptic coloration

(B) Defensive adaptation

(C) Convergent evolution

(D) Polymorphism

(E) Adaptive radiation

36. The conspicuous banding displayed by monarch butterflies is an example of

(A) polygenic inheritance

(B) polymorphism

(C) divergent evolution

(D) cryptic coloration

(E) warning coloration

37. The banding pattern of viceroy butterflies is an example of

(A) mimicry

(B) homology

(C) polymorphism

(D) mutualism

(E) commensalism

38. Which of the following best explains why there are seldom more than five trophic levels in a food chain?

(A) Most carnivores function at more than one trophic level

(B) Trophic levels above this number contain too many individuals

(C) Top carnivores are too few in number to prey effectively

(D) The ecosystem contains too much biomass

(E) Energy is lost from each trophic level

39. An overlap in the niches of two species will most frequently result in

(A) interspecific cooperation

(B) a hybridization of species

(C) a mutualistic symbiotic relationship

(D) an increase in the biomass

(E) interspecific competition

40. Which of the following is an important characteristic of the tropical rain forest biome?

(A) high light levels on the forest floor

(B) the dominance of a small number of tree species

(C) more widely fluctuating temperatures than in most other biomes

(D) distinct rainy and dry seasons

(E) rapid recycling of nutrients

41. Warning coloration is most effective against vertebrate predators that are

(A) color-blind

(B) able to learn through trial and error

(C) highly dependent on olfactory sensation

(D) camouflaged

(E) nocturnal hunters

42. A response of an organism to seasonal change is

(A) phototropism

(B) photoperiodism

(C) circadian rhythm

(D) photolysis

(E) the biological clock

43. All of the following statements about the pyramid of biomass are correct EXCEPT:

(A) Biomass is the total dry mass of the organisms present.

(B) The base of the pyramid generally represents primary consumers.

(C) The amount of biomass at a particular level of the pyramid depends on the amount of energy available.

(D) Certain toxins tend to become concentrated at upper levels of the pyramid.

(E) Biomass pyramids tend to vary for different ecosystems.

44. Which of the following is characteristic of a fast-moving stream ecosystem?

(A) High levels of dissolved oxygen

(B) High salinity

(C) Large numbers of anaerobes

(D) Eutrophication

(E) Thermal stratification

Questions 45 - 47

(A) Symbiosis

(B) Law of tolerance

(C) Energy pyramid

(D) Ecological succession

(E) Net primary productivity

45. The relationship of a fungus and an alga in lichen

46. The gain in biomass remaining after respiratory loss in plants

47. Gradual transition over time from one type of biological community to another

Questions 48-51 refer to the following information

The illustrations below show the age and sex of the human populations in Country I and Country II. The ages are grouped by 5-year classes, and the sexes are represented separately. The percentages in the different age classes are shown by the relative widths of successive horizontal bars.

[pic]

48. In Country I, approximately what percentage of the individuals were younger than fifteen years of age?

(A) 10%

(B) 21%

(C) 42%

(D) 52%

(E) It cannot be estimated from the graph.

49. Which of the following best approximates the ratio of males to females among individuals below fifteen years of age?

Country I Country II

(A) 1 : 1 1 : 1

(B) 0.75 : 1 0.75 : 1

(C) 0.5 : 1 0.5 : 1

(D) 1 : 1 0.5 : 1

(E) 0.75 : 1 1 : 1

50. If, in country I, infant mortality declined and the birth rate remained the same, then initially the population would be expected to

(A) be more evenly distributed among the age classes

(B) be even more concentrated in the young age classes

(C) stabilize at the illustrated level for all age classes

(D) increase in the oldest age classes

(E) increase in the median age classes

51. Over the next 10-15 years, the stabilization of country I’s population at its current size would require that

(A) infant mortality be reduced to about half the present level

(B) the death rate be reduced drastically

(C) each couple produce fewer children than the number required to replace themselves

(D) about 15 years be added to the life expectancy of each person

(E) couples have an average of only 3 children

52. Which of the following is the most abundant carbon-containing compound in the atmosphere of the Earth?

(A) Carbon monoxide

(B) Carbon dioxide

(C) Carbon tetrachloride

(D) Ethane

(E) Ozone

[pic]

53. Which point on the curve in the diagram above best represents the carrying capacity of the environment for the population shown?(99)

(A.) A

(B.) B

(C.) C

(D.) D

(E.) E

54. All of the following are true about Earth’s ozone layer EXCEPT: (99)

(A.) It shields Earth from most ultraviolet radiation.

(B.) It is composed of O3

(C.) Its thickness has remained constant over time.

(D.) CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) molecules can destroy ozone molecules.

(E.) It is predicted that a reduction of this layer will result in an increase in human skin

cancer.

55. Members of which of the following are the major primary producers in the marine ecosystem?

(A.) Yeasts

(B.) Sponges

(C.) Sporozoans

(D.) Fishes

(E.) Diatoms

56. Many parasitic flatworms have an intermediate host. This indicates that the (99)

(A.) flatworms cannot infect humans

(B.) larval flatworms infect one species, whereas adults infect another species

(C.) larval flatworms infect only juveniles of a species

(D.) flatworm adults are microscopic

(E.) flatworm larvae are parasitic on their parents

Directions: Each group of questions below consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of numbered phrases or sentences. For each numbered phrase or sentence select the one heading that is most closely related to it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. Each heading may be used once, more than once or, not at all in each group.

Questions 57-60

(A.) Deciduous forest

(B.) Tropical rain forest

(C.) Desert

(D.) Tundra

(E.) Taiga

57. Long, cold, moist winters and short summers are typical of this biome dominated by gymnosperms.

58. A prolonged, relatively mild period with ample precipitation alternates with a cold period when plants become dormant.

59. This biome has the greatest diversity of species

60. This biome is dominated by dwarf shrubs, grasses, and sedges that can tolerate long dark winters.

Directions: Each group of questions below concerns an experimental or laboratory situation or data. In each case, first study the description of the situation or data. Then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.

Questions 61-63 refer to the following graphs.

[pic]

[pic]

The data in the graphs represent the frequency with which juveniles and adults of a species of fish are found at different water temperatures. Observations were made of several juveniles in a laboratory tank and of three tagged adults in a reservoir during the summer.

61. The most accurate conclusion to be drawn solely from the graphs is that

(A) adult fish of this species are found more frequently in water at 22 degrees C than are juveniles

(B) fish of this species are found most frequently in water at 20 degrees C

(C) the optimum water temperature for fish of this species is 25 degrees C

(D) the oxygen content of cool water is higher than that of warm water

(E) the oxygen content of warm water is higher than that of cool water

62. Which of the following statements about the results is true?

(A) They are invalid, because the data show too much variation.

(B) They are invalid, because part of the experiment was not done in the laboratory.

(C) They are inconclusive, because too few fish were used.

(D) They are inaccurate, because tanks with temperature gradients were used.

(E) They are improperly graphed, because the dependent variable is on the horizontal (x) axis

63. The purpose of the study is most likely to

(A) determine the water temperature at which fish of this species spawn

(B) determine the role of fish of this species in the ecosystem

(C) show that juveniles occur in smaller numbers than do adults of the species

(D) demonstrate the effects of adult fish of this species on water temperature

(E) study the relationship between water temperature and habitat selection in fish of this species

Questions 64-67 The graph below shows changes in population of wild sheep that were introduced to the island of Tasmania in the early 1880’s.

[pic]

64. the type of population growth represented by that portion of the graph line enclosed in the bracket is most accurately termed

(A) stable

(B) exponential

(C) density-dependent

(D) arithmetic

(E) decelerating

65 The graph indicates that the sheep population is

(A) growing in excess of its carrying capacity, since fluctuations in population size occurred after 1850

(B) headed for extinction because of the population explosion about 1930

(C) regulated by density-independent factors, because there appears to be about a 10-year cycle of sharp declines in size

(D) shifting from a K-selected strategy to an r-selected strategy

(E) stable after 1850 under the effects of density-dependent regulating factors

66. The dashed line on the graph represents the

(A) maximum population size

(B) average birth rate

(C) biotic potential of the population

(D) carrying capacity of the environment

(E) point of maximum effect for density-independent factors

67. In the graphs below, the solid lines represents the original population. The dotted line on which graph best represents the sheep population that would have resulted from a sustained increase in the primary productivity of the environment?

[pic]

[pic]

68. The red underbelly of a male stickleback, which induces the aggressive behavior of another male during the breeding season, is called:

(A) a conditioned reflex

(B) a fixed pattern

(C) an instinct

(D) a reinforcer

(E) a releaser

(1986 #55)

QUESTIONS 69-70

(A) Imprinting

(B) Habituation

(C) Conditioning

(D) Exploratory behavior

(E) Insight learning

69. A porpoise learns to do a somersault above the water whenever a fish is presented to it by its trainer.

70. This form of behavior develops during a genetically programmed sensitive period

71. Monogamy is usually more common among birds and mammals whose young are

(A) born helpless and in need of much parental care

(B) precocial and able to care for themselves

(C) hatched from among thousands of eggs

(D) carried by the female from conception to birth

72. Which of the following is most often associated with the elaborate courtship rituals conducted by many birds?

(A) Species recognition

(B) Migration

(C) Feeding responses

(D) Altruism

(E) Kin selection

73. Ducklings and goslings begin to follow and congregate around whatever moving animate or inanimate object is presented to them within a few hours after hatching. This type of behavior is called

(A) unlearned

(B) trial and error

(C) habituation

(D) imprinting

(E) insight

74. Which of the following types of behavior describes the way that mice find their way through mazes?

(A.) Habituation

(B.) Imprinting

(C.) Reasoning

(D.) Instinct

(E.) Trial and error

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