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Population Geography- Shakti SIt took 10,000 yrs for the worlds population to reach 1 billionAnother 100 years to doubleLess that 50 years to triple to 6.6billionCurrently, 80 million people are being added every year in the developing countries, compared with 1.6 million in developedPopulation change is linked with- economic development, education, the environment, the status of women, epidemics and other health threats and access to family planning information and services.--> socioeconomic welfare and statusDEMOGRAPHY IS THE STUDY OF POPULATIONS??World Population: changing nature, rate and distribution:World Population growth-By 2007, the worlds population stood at 6.6 billion and is expected to rise to 9.1billion by 2050.In 1950, there were only 2.5 billion people on the earth28% of the worlds population is under the age of 15ONE WAY OF APPRECIATING THE RAPID RATE OF POPULATION INCREASE IS TO CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF YEAS REQUIRED TO ADD EACH ADDITIONAL BILLION PEOPLE TO THE WORLDS POPULATIONSigns show that the explosive growth in population, will be followed by a rapid slowdown in the rate of increase, and the world's population will actually stabilise late in the 21st centuryMany experts fear that the addition of another 3 billion people will degrade and even overwhelm the earth's biophysical environment: the lands food producing capacity and the other natural resources on which all life depends and meeting the energy needs of a growing population will simply accelerate the rate of climate change. Especially if alternatives to fossil fuels are not developed?The global pattern of population increase-Population growth rates are the highest in those parts of the world that are least able to cope- developing countriesThe countries of the developing world have 80% of the worlds population yet they account for 98% of the worlds annual population increase.In 2007, of the 6.6 billion people that inhabited the earth, 5.4 billion lived in the countries of the developing world. Due mainly to immigration, the US population will continue to grow from 302 million in 2007 to 420 million in 2050.The greatest proportional increase will occur in Africa. With fertility rates up to 7 children per 1 women. 41% under 15In the countries of the developed world however, the rate of population growth has slowed dramatically. Eg. Europe's fertility rate= 1.5Europe's population is expected to shrink by 9% between 2007-2050By 2050, India will have overtaken china as the worlds most populous country. There will be 1.7 billion people in India compared with 1.4 billion in china.-- During 2005-2050, the net number of international migrants to more developed regions is projected to be 98 million. Because deaths are projected to exceed births in the more developed regions by 73 million during 2005-2050, population growth in those regions will largely be due to international migration.Population growth in developing: natural increasePopulation growth in developed: migration increase eg. AmericaHowever, Europe's population will decrease : shrink by 9% ?The cause of the rapid growth in human numbers- Advances in medical science and public health, nutritional improvements and greater access to education.This has meant that mortality rates have declined and people are living longerSince the early 1950s the death rate has more than halved from 19.7 to 9.0 deaths per 1000Infant mortality rates have declined from 198/1000 in 1960 to 52/1000 in 2007 in developing countries- developed = 6/1000In developed countries the average life expectancy is 80 yrs.As a result of such demographic changes, fewer children die in infancy and people live longerSpatial patterns of fertility and mortality-Crude birth rate: is the number of births during a specific period.Crude death rate: is the number of deaths during a specific period^^^ usually expressed per 1000Rate of natural increase: is determined by calculating the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rateThe birth rate: there are significant variations in birth rates around the world. Highest birth rates= Africa and south-west AsiaKenya, Tanzania and Uganda all has rates of 50 or more during the 1980's….. Demographers regard rates above 30 as high^^ many central American, African and Asian countriesLowest birth rates- Europe, where a number of countries have rates below 1.5LOW BIRTH RATES= australia, NZ, japan, canada, US, chinaIn some male-dominated cultures, women may be prevented from exercising control over their own fertilityLow birth rates are often associated with higher standards of living- china is the exception. With strict-population control measuresFactors of birth rate: Relationship between a countries birth rate and level of economic development and cultural traditions. Fertility rate (FR)- measure of the average number of children born to a woman of child-bearing age. FR provides us a statistic on insights into future demographic trends.^^eg. At the height of Kenya's population explosion in the 1980's the average number of children born/woman- 8.1. in 2007, it was still high at 4.9The FR in many countries has been steadily declining even in china and India, brazil, mexico, egypt^^ Eg: in a generation: India- 5.8 to 2.9/ brazil- 6.3 to 2.3On the other hand, Nigeria, Timor and afghani woman still have high FR's^^ eg- Afghani- 6.8 eachIf the current overall decline in fertility rate is sustained, there may be some hope for our growing populationThe death rate: or mortality rate (MR) is a measure of the number of deaths per 1000 given in a yearWorldwide the rate is 9Africa has a whole MR of 14 with some African countires over 20^^ eg- Zimbabwae- 21/ botswana-27.A high MR usually indicates that infant mortality rate Is highIn some parts of the world, as many as 1 in 10 children die before reaching their first birthdayInfant mortality rates are the highest in Sierra Leon- 158/1000 (before their 1st bday)Australia- 5/10001Afghanistan121.632012 est.2Niger109.982012 est.3Mali109.082012 est.?Pasted from <; 220Bermuda2.472012 est.221Japan2.212012 est.222Monaco1.802012 est.?Pasted from <; ??Population projections- Current population projections are based on the assumption that the FR will decline in those countries which it is high today and that life expectancy will rise in regions where rates are currently lowThey are also based on the assumption that the demographic trends of all countries will duplicate the demographic transition experiences by the countries of the developed world.An important variable in estimating future population levels is the point at which a country's FR drops to the replacement level of 2.1(The level of fertility at which each woman will, on average, be succeeded by one daughter who survives to have a daughter herself. This will depend on mortality conditions, but in countries where mortality below the age of reproduction is low, it is usually taken to be 2.1 children per woman.)?The distribution of density of the world's population- per km^2 Population distribution is best shown by using dot maps while population density, is by convention, normally shown using chloropleth maps. ^^ both types reveal those parts of the earth's surface that are separately settled and those that are densely settledAt a global scale, population distribution and density are determined largely by biophysical opportunities and constraints. Land makes up 30% of the earth's surface, 28% not enough water, 22% has soils too thin for cultivation?Factors affecting fertility and mortality rates: ?The slowing is a result of the lower fertility rates that have accompanied improvements in the quality of people's lives and the increasing use of contraceptives (education. )As people's economic and social well-being improves they tend to have fewer children?Countries of the developed world: Experts expect fertility rates to remain low and possibly undergo a further decline. They attribute this trend to a range of social and economic changes taking place within developed countries. The status/role of women has changed. More women in the workforceAttitudes to marriage and child-bearing have changed. Women are choosing to marry later, delay the start of their families and concentrate child-bearing within a shorter period of time.There is a growing acceptance of alternative lifestyles and family strucutres. Eg- more accepted for women to remain single or childless. And growing acceptance of gay couplesFactors affecting fertility and mortality rates: DevelopedDevelopingDecrease in fertility rates--> social and economic changes contributing to this?Eg. - increase participation in the workforceWomen delaying marriage and childbearingAlternative lifestyles and choices- eg. HomosexualityGreater education and access to birth controls?Factors affecting fertility rates:--> High levels of development--> greater access to education and employment--> high cost of raising childrenFamily size preferences influenced by status of women and religious beliefs Factors affecting mortality rates:--> access to medical and public health technology, including immunisation and antibiotics--> better nutritional standards--> better standards of personal hygiene and effluent disposal (sanitation)--> better access to safe drinking water and thus a decrease in the incidence of water-borne diseases^^^^ a decrease in mortality rates ,, better access to health and improved technology, people are living longer?A decrease in fertility rates: --> 1973- rate-3.6--> 2007-rate-2.9Fastest decline in those countries experiencing fast rates of economic development EG.singapore?Factors affecting fertility rates:--> increasing levels of developmentHigh infant mortality ratesChildren seen as an asset because of the labour they are able to contribute--> thus a lot of childrenPoor access to education, health and employment--> high fertilityPoor status of women--> in some Arab countries, women have to ask permission to leaveReligious reasons--> cant use contraceptives?Factors affecting mortality rates:--> POOR access to medical and public health technology, including immunisation and antibiotics--> POOR nutritional standards--> POOR standards of personal hygiene and effluent disposal (sanitation)--> POOR access to safe drinking water and thus a decrease in the incidence of water-borne diseases^^^ improvements are slowly being made, but mortality rates are still high due to poor access to (those listed) above??Questions-Outline what must accompany family planning policies if they are to achieve sustained reductions in fertility rates:Programs that promote economic and social development are vital in order to achieve sustained reductions in fertility rates.For example, during the 1970's, India implemented a policy, where sterilisations conflicted with religious and cultural beliefs and civil liberties.However, culturally sensitive family planning programs are central to the achievement of sustained reductions in fertility and population growth rates. Such programs need to be combined with improvements in infant and maternal health-care programsChina's one child policy: planned birth policy, was introduced in 1979, to limit the country's population growthIntroduced as a temporary measure, still in placeCouples are allowed with just 1 child, second or subsequent children are met with fines, economic penalties and pressure to have the pregnancies abortedEthnic minorities and those living in rural areas, have not been subjected to the planUnplanned demographic and social impacts: male children are often prized more highly than girls, this has resulted in cases of neglect and abandonment of female children^^ female babies are often aborted, and infanticide has been known to occurResulting in gender imbalance, there are 114 males for every 100 femalesPolicy has worked though, in 1979-rate was- 5%, 2007-1.6,Outline the information we can obtain about a population by examining its population pyramid:By examining a population pyramids, we can obtain, information about the distribution by gender and age group of a country's populationExplain why the worlds' population is said to be ageing: (cause and effect)Recent national censuses have discovered that the world's population is drastically ageing. In 2050, 406 million people worldwide, are estimated to be 60 years or older. A global population that is ageing has been caused by various factors including, improvements in medical science, hygiene and nutrition as the developing worlds life expectancy rose from 40 to 60 years between 1950 and 2007. However, the result of an ageing population could have implications on a necessity for governments to shift national funding to serve the needs of an ageing population, including retirement villages and superannuationOutline the factors responsible for the ageing of the world's population: improvements in medical science, hygiene, health care and nutrition?Population pyramid: a bar graph showing the distribution by gender and age of a county's populationPopulation structure: the age and gender composition of a population, usually depicted as a population pyramid ?Population Movements:Emigration: the movement of people out of an areaImmigration: the movement of people into an areaMigration(different types)Internal -state to stateInternationalVoluntaryForced- push factors eg: refugees fleeing a country?Define Migration. How can it be classified?Migration is the act or process of moving from one place to another with the intention of staying at the destination permanently or for a long time.Migration can be classified into 2 systems, internal and internationalInternal: population movements within a countryInternational: movement across national boundaries Can also be classified as:Voluntary: when people move because they wish to improve their economic and social well-being and/or gain personal freedomForced: usually the result of circumstances beyond the control of the individual. Eg: natural disasters, wars and civil unrest.?Outline the features of contemporary international population movements:The globalisation of migration (eg: the technology and the transport, an increase in technology has given us the choice to move where we want, when we want) An increase in the volume of migration in all regionsA growing diversity in the type of migration (most countries with a migrant intake have a mix of immigration categories- labour, refuges, permanent settlement and family reunion) eg- AUS?Outline the main types of international movement:Can be broken down into forced and voluntaryThe main types of international movement include,Resettlement migration: permanent movements to another country usually for employment, or to achieve a better quality of life. As a result there has been a growth in the number of professionals, technicians and other highly skilled personnel migrating on a permanent basis eg: Europe, north Africa, AustraliaSuch migrations however, are a drain on the resources of many poorer countriesContact migrations: usually undertaken for a specialised period and are related to contracted employment. Part of their income is sent home Eg- influx of Indian IT workers in Australia?Guest workers: A person with temporary permission to work in another country, esp. in Germany.Business migrations: an increasing number of firms are sending personnel to work overseas in firms or joint ventures. Eg- Japanese firms, have more than 110,000 personnel assigned to overseas branches. This type of migration is expected to increase with the growth of transnational corporationsStudent migrations: 3rd type of contract migration. Includes, student exchange programsRefugees: A refugee is a person who is outside their country of origin or habitual residence because they have suffered persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or because they are a member of a persecuted 'social group'. Such a person may be referred to as an 'asylum seeker' until recognized by the state where he or she makes his or her claim. As of December 31, 2005, the largest source countries of refugees are Afghanistan, Iraq, Sierra Leone, Myanmar, Somalia, South Sudan, and the Palestinian Territories.?Internal migrations-Rural urban migrations: in 1950- 30% of the world's population lived in urban cities, in 2007- 50%. Results in changes in urban growth and urbanisationUrban growth: the rates of growth of an urban populationUrbanisation: the process by which there is an increase in the proportion of a population living in places classified as urban, the movement from rural to urbanSince the 1950's most of this growth has occurred in developing countriesPush and pull factors for urban migration:Push- famine, war, civil unrest, rural povertyPull- higher standard of living, employment, access to health care and education and access to entertainmentCounter- urbanisation: in developed countries, both the rate of urbanisation and urban growth have slowedPeople are choosing to leave large urban areas and move to smaller communities^^ trend observed in the US, western EuropeChange in lifestyle eg- FloridaPopulation movements related to changing patterns of work: population movements within countries are also initiated bu changing patterns in economic activityEg- in developed countries, the decline in the manufacturing sector, has seen a major increase of workers in the services sectorMovements within cities: manufacturing firms are abandoning the older and more congested industrial sites close to the city centre and relocating in the new industrial estates on the outer edge of urban areas^^ factor contributing to suburbanisation: where people move from inner-urban locations to the expanding suburbs at the city's outskirtsGentrification- the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of low-income residents).Urban consolidation- The increase of dwelling densities within established areas over and above that which is already there through infill or redevelopment of existing buildings.--> slows the growth of urban sprawl. Seasonal movements: movements related to work and leisure are seasonalEg- fruit pickers and seasonal workers in tourism areas^^ ski resorts take on large numbers of additional staff for the winter season? Outline the principal population movements in the middle east and northern Africa-Populations movements into the region are brought on by the job opportunities in this wealthy oil dominated region. This growing demand for workers to balance the booming infrastructure within the middle east and northern Africa, has meant that there are over 400,000 foreign workers to suffice more than 3000 construction sites eg- dubai ?HISOTRY: Why were African slaves shipped to the Americas: FORCED MIGRATIONMajoirty of the African men transported to the America's as a part of the slave trade were transported to plantations in the Caribbean and south AmericaHere they worked as unpaid slaves against their will to build new infrastructureWhat impact did the slave trade have on African communities: FORCED MIGRATION African communities were left decimated Families were destroyed and children were left orphaned, community life disruptedWomen were left to fend for themselves, with young boys also seized for the trade?Major concentrations of internally displaced persons: eg. Through civil unrest, natural disasters and war Major regions of internally displaced persons include: those in Africa eg. Sierra Leon, Somalia Africa- this can be the result of famine, corruption and political unrest eg- Uganda, Sudan, Burundi. Uganda, Burundi and Iraq- have approx. (a little less than) 3,000,000 internally displaced persons protected/assisted by the UNHCR at the end of 2006Colombia- approx. 3 million internally displaced persons (IDP)Reasons for displacement in Colombia: internal armed conflict and human rights abuses by armed groups have caused massive internal displacement in Colombia for over 40 yearsAccordingly, over 3.9 million people were displaced in 2011--> according to the govtStrategies- in 2011, the Govt to steps towards implementing the 2010 "Victims Law", including a number of measures for the restitution of land for IDP's/ ?Issues arising from the changing size and distribution of population:Environmentalists and ecologists regard the growing world population as a catastrophe^^ they argue that in order to feed the growing population, farmers will need to intensify the agricultural practices that are already the cause of many environmental problemsAlso that the earth's natural resources and the biophysical environment will collapse under the population growthOptimists like many economists and some agricultural scientists, argue that the earth can produce more than enough food to meet the needs of a raipdly expanding human population.. That technological innovations will help us meet the challenges associated with the rapid population growth and delivers higher standards of living for most people?Global inequalities-The countries of the developed world have just 1/5 of the world's population but consume 70% of the world's energy, 75% of its metals and 85% of it's wood.The poorest 1/5 of the world's population produces and stuggles to survive on just 1.4% of the world's goods and servicesINDICATORWORLDDEVELOPEDDEVELOPINGPer capita GNP($US) 2006 $9940$29680$5480Infant mortality rate52657Life expectancy total687766Projected population change 2007-50[%]40349Women with access to contraception%626860A good deal of the environmental degradation that has accompanied population growth can be traced back to- affluent people, the world's poorest people.World food supply-The increase in agricultural production required to meet the needs of an expanded population might be achieved by at an unacceptably high cost to the environment. Distribution of food also remain an issue?Impacts on the environment:In societies that continue to pursue a subsistence lifestyle, population pressures contributes to an intensification of land use= detiriation of natural resourcesIncreasing population densities and the growing demand for food have resulted in an expansion of cultivation and grazing into increasingly marginal lands and led to shortened periods of fallow^^ led to accelerated rates of erosion, and a decline in soil fertilityThe increase demand for food , fuel wood and land for agriculture has increased the rate of deforestationAttempts to make existing agricultural lands more productive have also contributed to a range of ecological problems. -- increased rates of erosion Irrigation and agricultural pesticides and fertilisers, cause salinity, algal blooms and chemical residues, impacting fragile ecosystems, such as mountains, tropical rainforests and coral reefsUrbanisation and industrialisation have also contributed: the concentration of large numbers of people in relatively small areas overwhelms the ability of biophysical processes to cope^^ severe atmospheric, water and noise pollution are common to most large cities?Landlessness:Major problem through the developing worldNot enough land to go around, because of population pressure, the nature of land ownership and the alienation of land by commercial agricultural interests. Without access to land on which to grow food, people need money to buy food.Starvation and malnutrition become linked to poverty?Employment: Because of age structure of their populations and their high rates of urbanisation, the countries of the developing world are facing an employment crisisOn average, 30 million new jobs will need to be created annually just to prevent an increase in the present high rates of unemployment and underemployment (currently more than half a billion) ? ................
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