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Literary TimelineRenaissanceTuesday, 30 October 20188:58 AMRenaissance - 1400French word meaning ‘rebirth’.The literature of the Renaissance occurred within the general movement of the Renaissance which arose in 14th century Italy and continued until the 16th (15th to 17th in England Scotland and northern Europe) century at which point it had spread into the rest of the Western world. It is characterized by the adoption of a humanist philosophy and the recovery of the classical Antiquity (ancient past especially the period of classical and other human civilisations before the Middle Ages).?Writers of the Renaissance were inspired by the Greco-Roman themes and forms of literary writing. The world was considered from an anthropocentric perspective (humans are considered to be the most important element of existence especially as opposed to God), Platonic ideas were revived and applied by Christianity. The search for pleasures of the senses and a critical rational spirit completed the ideological panorama of the period. It was also heavily focused on self-actualisation.?New literary genres such as essay’s and Spenserian stanza appeared.It was an awakening of the long slumber of the Dark Ages in which society had gone backwards.?Important writers:Machiavelli Petrarch Ariosto? Note: Shakespeare’s plays can be considered Renaissance in characterNotable event:The printing press is introduced to Europe by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440 and increased the availability of literature. It also encouraged the writing of literature in local languages and not just Greek or Latin, further widening the reading audiences. England was able to capitalise on this literary movement and move from its ‘barbaric’ status to become a powerful nation. This was a key aspect of the Renaissance movement.??Architecture was also important as it moved away from built of necessity to out of luxury with the promotion of literature and education leading to some of the famous Italian buildings still seen today. Such as the dome of Florence and the Vatican City (St. Peter’s Basilica etc.) and Venice.??Emma Grey Literature?Tuesday, 11 December 20189:18 amGrey literature?refers to both published and unpublished research material that is not available commercially. It can be the best source of up-to-date research on some topics. ...?Grey literature?can be found by searching the internet, databases, institutional repositories and catalogues.???Lolita, 1955 by Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov?Introduction to Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita/Summary of the plot. Lolita, of the?Confession of a White Widowed Male?by Vladimir Nabokov is a story about Humbert Humbert, a literature professor in his late thirties,?obsessed?with a twelve-year-old Dolores Haze. The Enlightenment?The Enlightenment as a literary, artistic, social and political movement occurred in the 18th Century, between 1688 and 1815. It followed the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation, and inspired both the American and French Revolutions.?Britannica describes it as “a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics.”It was a European and (later) American move away from tradition, religion, and institutional thought as the means used to define the world and towards ‘modernization, scepticism, reason and liberty’:-????????Modernisation/Progressivism: setting aside tradition in favour of progress; the development of science and technology as well as social reforms; the belief that history is a story of human progress towards a goal; interest in the future not the past?-????????Scepticism: the waning importance of religion/loss of theocratic power; the movement away from state-organised religion and towards religious freedom/tolerance, Humanism, and agnosticism/atheism; the general distrust of pre-established authority?-????????Reason/Rationalism: The belief in the importance and power of the human mind, and the importance of discovery/knowledge and logic; the rise of empiricism (trusting only that which can be independently arrived at through measurement and observation)?-????????Liberty/Cosmopolitanism: The development of human rights as a concept; the political resurgence of democracy and Republicanism; the rejection of nationalism and ‘small-town’ close-mindedness; the belief/hope in the creation of a Utopia of freedom and equalityIt was idealistic in nature, similar to Romanticism, rather than pragmatic, defeatist, or nihilistic like Realism or Postmodernism. However, the Romantic period (which followed it) can be seen as a backlash against Enlightenment ideologies of ‘pure reason’.As a literary movement, the Enlightenment period was characterised by the importance of the four main principles of Enlightenment and the power of Man, as well as a sense of optimism and revolutionary idealism. While it borrowed from the neo-classicism (emulating Greek/Roman classics) of the Renaissance, this was contradicted by the principles of modernisation.During this period literacy rates improved dramatically as the cost of books dropped, and the novel began to appear as a more common literary form; however despite this, most Enlightenment writings were political or philosophical in nature rather than ‘literary’.Enlightenment writers included Benjamin Franklin (science/politics), John Locke (social contract), Isaac Newton (science), and Voltaire (philosophy/politics/satire).?RomanticismTuesday, 30 October 20188:59 AMa movement in the arts and literature which originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.Romanticism – 1770, (peaked 1800-1850)Origin attributed to William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor ColeridgeKey event(s): Romanticism was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution and The Enlightenment periods which led to the scientific rationalisation of nature. The French Revolution was also influential.?The Romantic movement has Gothic roots which were incorporated with traditional folk and ancient English poetry in its development. Romantic texts are often very focused on natural landscapes to the point where they are labelled “nature poems”. The early?Romantic Poets?brought a new emotionalism and introspection. Wordsworth gives his famous definition of poetry, as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" which "takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity."?Famous Romanticists:William WordsworthSamuel Taylor ColeridgeLord ByronRealismTuesday, 30 October 20188:59 AMHistorical Context and explanation:?Realism is a literary movement that developed in the middle of the 19th century in France.?Realist writers write about regular people — bored housewives, petty government officials, poor spinsters, poor teenagers—living ordinary lives.?Realist writers show how even ordinary lives are meaningful.?Some of these writers were reacting against the Romantic movement, which often stressed nature over culture, the solitary individual against society.?Realist writers, unlike the Romantics, like to focus on groups of people.Realism as a movement with a capital R ended sometime around the turn of the century, but the techniques of Realism have lived on.?In literature, writers use realism as a literary technique to describe story elements, such as setting, characters, themes, etc.Without using elaborate imagery, or figurative language, such as similes and metaphors.?Through realism, writers explain things without decorative language or sugar-coating the events.?Realism is something opposite to romanticism and idealism.?Realism attempts to illustrate life without romantic subjectivity and idealization.?It focuses on the actualities of life, and truthfully treats the commonplace characters of everyday life.?The purpose of using realism is to emphasize the reality and morality that is usually relativistic and intrinsic for the people as well as the society.?This sort of realism makes the readers face reality as it happens in the world, rather than in the make-believe world of fantasy.?Examples of Realist Literature:?-????????War and Peace-????????Anna Karenina-????????Great Expectations-????????Madame BovaryModernismTuesday, 30 October 20188:59 AMContext:?The Modernist Period in English Literature occupied the years from shortly after the beginning of the twentieth century through roughly 1965.? Modernism was set in motion by the Great War The first hints of Modernism stretch back into the nineteenth century.? The 1800s was a time where women, minorities, and the poor were marginalized? As the 1900s, a greater variety of literary voices won the struggle to be heard.? ?Explanation:?A central preoccupation of Modernism is with the inner self and consciousness. Modernist cares rather little for Nature, Being, or the overarching structures of history.? Modernist intelligentsia sees decay and a growing alienation of the individual.? The machinery of modern society is perceived as impersonal, capitalist, and antagonistic to the artistic impulse.? The Modernist Period in English literature was first a visceral reaction against the Victorian culture? A break with traditions is one of the fundamental constants of the Modernist stance.? The twentieth century witnessed the beginnings of a new paradigm between first the sexes, and later between different cultural groups.? In Modernist literature, the poets took advantage of the new spirit of the times In general, there was a disdain for most of the literary production of the last century.? Even though alienation was a nearly universal experience for Modernist poets, it was impossible to escape some level of engagement with the world at large. ?T.S Elliot:??Leading up to the First World War, Imagist poetry was dominating the scene, and sweeping previous aesthetic points of view under the rug. No Modernist poet has garnered more praise and attention than Thomas Stearns Eliot. His principal contribution to 1900s verse was a return to highly intellectual, allusive poetry.? Experimentation with genre and form was yet another defining characteristic? The most representative example of experimentation is T. S. Eliot’s poem?The Waste Land. Literary critics often single out?The Waste Land?as the definitive sample of Modernist literature.? ?Revolutionary ideas:?The “unreliable” narrator supplanted the omniscient narrator of preceding centuries, and readers were forced to question even the most basic assumptions about how the novel should operate.? A whole new perspective came into being known as “stream of consciousness.”? The great novelists of the early twentieth century surveyed the inner space of the human mind.? At the same time, the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud had come into mainstream acceptance.? These two forces worked together to alter people’s basic understanding of what constituted truth and reality. ?Major Modernist Writers:Bishop, Elizabeth (1911-1979) Conrad, Joseph (1857-1924) Doolittle, Hilda (1886-1961) Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1888-1965) Faulkner, William (1897-1962) Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896-1940) POSTMODERNISM – mid 20th century to 21st century?Features/Characteristics:?Fundamental philosophy is to challenge previous grand narratives (Social, economic, religious, artistic political etc.)? Question the notion of permanence? Challenge concepts of originality and authenticity, declaring them false and unachievable? Embraces the temporary, the complicated and the unexplainable or multiple truths/lies.?? Challenges canonical truth and states no one meaning to a piece of work Technique examples:Unreliable narrators + paranoia Fragmented narration + hyper- reality Intertextuality? Irony & satire? Metafiction ‘Maximalism’? ?Contextual influences:End of World War 2 and the Cold War Globalisation? ?Texts/composers:Slaughterhouse-Five?(1969) Kurt Vonnegut The Library of Babel & On Exactitude in Science Luis Borges Waiting for Godot (1952) Samuel Beckett? Lolita & Pale Fire Vladimir Nabokov Fight Club (1996) Chuck Palahniuk ?Theorists/Ways of thinking:Death of the author (1967) Roland Barthes Linda?Hutcheon Jean?Baudrillard Fredric?Jameson ??Crossover/hybrity:Minority literature and art: feminist and postcolonial & absurdism ?GothicTuesday, 30 October 20188:59 AMGothic - 1764Gothic literature is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror.Origin attributed to Horace Walpole.Gothic literature originated in the late 18th century and gained popularity in the 19th century. It is an extreme form of Romanticism that was popular in England and Germany.Important/famous writers:Mary Shelly - Frankenstein Edgar Allan Poe – The Raven Charles Dickens – A Christmas Carol Samuel Taylor Coleridge? Bram Stoker – Dracula? Oscar Wilde – The Picture of Dorian Gray ?The name Gothic which originally referred to the Goths which then came to mean German refers to the pseudo-medieval buildings which the stories take place. Architecture was the most important and original form of Gothic art. The gothic form of architecture grew from a time of prosperity of relative peace. Characterised by towers, stained glass windows, clustered columns, pointed spires, intricate sculptures (Inc. gargoyles), ribbed vaults and flying buttresses.?Plot conventions: Common Gothic plots include revenge, familial secrets, prophecies, and curses. The past is somehow still living, breathing, and controlling the drama. Often use supernatural beings to create horror.?The gothic protagonist or ‘hero’ is often portrayed as flawed, isolated or some sort of social outcast who must overcome obstacles to re-join society. Gothic villains are often alluring, intelligent, charming, attractive and/or talented and are often a hybrid of good and bad.?The German equivalent to British Gothic, Schauerroman (meaning shudder novel) is often more pessimistic and has some minor differences such as its focus on secret societies.Postcolonial LiteratureTuesday, 30 October 20188:59 AMPOSTCOLONIALISM – 20th century to 21st centuryFeatures/Characteristics:?The rewriting of history & challenges canonical truth/ grand narratives Allegorical construction of theme? Showcasing the perspective of silenced characters Always intensely political – commenting on past and present injustice ?Contextual influences:Globalisation + emerging minority voices? Civil rights movements (e.g. USA)? Rebellion and emancipation of colonial states (e.g. countries in Africa, India etc.) Abolition of the apartheid? ?Texts/composers:Things fall apart (1958) Chinua Achebe Midnight's Children (1980) Salman Rushdie Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) Jean Rhys One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) Gabriel García Márquez Omeros (1990) & Dream on Monkey Mountain (1970) Derek Walcott Heart of Darkness (1899) Joseph Conrad ?Theorists/Ways of thinking:Orientalism (1978) Culture & Imperialism (1993) Edward Said The Empire Writes Back (1989) Bill Ashcroft Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak? ??Crossover/hybrid theories:Afrofuturism Identity politics New Historicism Deconstruction? Negritude Transcendentalism?Tuesday, 30 October 20189:00 AMan idealistic philosophical and social movement which developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures. ?a system developed by Immanuel Kant, based on the idea that, in order to understand the nature of reality, one must first examine and analyse the reasoning process which governs the nature of experience. New Historicism New Historicism is a form of literary criticism developed in the 1980s, primarily through the work of the critic Stephen Greenblatt and influenced by the philosophy of Michel Foucault, and gaining widespread influence in the 1990s and beyond.Britannica describes it as “an approach to literary criticism that mandated the interpretation of literature in terms of the milieu from which it emerged… [it] treats texts as historical artefacts that emerge among particular social, intellectual, and economic circumstances.”It appeared as a backlash against the popular tenets of Structuralism, Post-Structuralism, and New Criticism, all of which focused on literary criticism based entirely on the text itself, emphasising the importance of close textual study.New Historicism is focused on the way texts are shaped by history and culture, as well as the way in which they shape and represent history themselves. They believe that all things are products of their individual settings, and anything that informed you on a historical setting was useful to study a text from that setting. As such, they believed in breaking down barriers between disciplines such as anthropology, history, economics, and literature. The main tenants were:Literature is Historical: No work of literature exists in isolation; all literature can be seen as a window into and product of the specific context in which it evolved. Focus should not be on the work itself or its author, but rather on the entire world in which it came to exist. ?Authors are Historical: There is no such thing as one great unifying ‘human nature’, as all people are a product of their contexts; like their works, no author evolved in isolation, and thus when examining an author they must be understood based on their time, not compared to ours. ?Critics are Historical: A modern audience (or modern critics) are also a product of our context, and thus automatically view all literature through an irremovable lens of our own contextual bias. Thus, every attempt to reconstruct history from our modern perspective must be seen as biased and subjective, as must our readings of literature. Thus literary criticism is impermanent.? ?Literature as an Artefact: As each work of literature, its author, and its intended audience were a product of their contexts, in our different context we cannot hope to fully understand the original purpose and experience of the text (texts have fluid meanings), but must instead use it to attempt to reconstruct that context. Literature thus is most valuable as a historical artefact. Feminist LiteratureTuesday, 30 October 20189:00 AMDefinition?Feminist literature?is fiction, nonfiction, drama or poetry which supports the?feminist?goals of?defining, establishing and defending equal civil, political, economic and social rights for women.?When?Feminist literature first popped up in the 1890's with 'The Awakening' and has continued into modern day.??What texts?It first originated with traditional literature but in the modern century has diverged into many varying forms.?? Eg.?Film -'Fried Green Tomatoes', 'The Suffragettes', 'Kill Bill' Book - 'A Room of One's Own', 'Unbreakable', 'The Vagina Monologues', 'Native Tongue'.? Songs - 'I am Woman' Helen Reddy, 'Independent Women' Destiny's Child, 'RESPECT' Aretha Franklin, 'If I Were A Boy' Beyoncé, 'Hard Out Here' Lily Allen TV Shows - 'Absolutely Fabulous', 'Sex and the City', 'Cagney and Lacey' Speeches - Emma Watson 'HeforShe', Reece Witherspoon.? ?How was it influenced??It is hard to pinpoint an exact start although it is widely recognised that that 'The Awakening' was the first popular piece of feminist literature. The book was released in 1899 in New Orleans, America. Contextually, the 1800 in America was a time which saw the suffrage movement take storm. This plight for female rights largely influenced feminist literature, starting in the 1899 with 'The Awakening' and propelling it through to modern day.? Timeline of the 1800's, America? Beat GenerationThe Beat Generation was a literary, political and social counterculture movement which occurred predominantly in the 1950’s and throughout the period of turmoil following the Second World War.Britannica describes it as an “American social and literary movement originating in the 1950s and centred in the bohemian artist communities... [which] sought to liberate poetry from academic precocity and bring it ‘back to the streets.’”It was a rebellion against the restrictions of ‘polite society’ and the rampant materialism present in America in the post-War economic boom, as well as a political movement advocating for left-wing freedom, inclusivity, and relaxation of social strictures instead of the prudish, prejudiced, and individuality-restricting conservatism of the time.?It can also be seen as a reaction to the atrocities of the Second World War, as well as displaying the nihilism and existential fear which characterised the Cold War era – many texts of the Beat Generation were preoccupied with the questions and anxieties of the newly atomic world. The Beat Generation was widely criticised by mainstream America but became popular among the young.Beat Poetry was inspired by the Jazz music, New Age religion, psychoactive drugs, and the influences of the Romantic, Surrealist, and American Transcendental literary movements. It frequently featured profanity, obscenity, and references to drug use, alcoholism, sex, and other taboo topics of the time, and was characterised by a lack of structure and formalism (e.g. punctuation and editing). As such, it can be seen as the antithesis of the clean and formal Modernist movement which preceded it.The most influential figures of the Beat Generation were in a single small group of friends which featured notable names such as Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, and Lawrence Ferlingetti. Although the movement was short and not widespread, it was immensely influential. Among its many affects was the eradication of art censorship, which allowed the many literary movements that followed to flourish unhampered by society.Metaphyscial LiteratureTuesday, 30 October 20189:01 AM17th Century??Definition?Metaphysical Literature - poetic works from the 17th Century and defined intellectually challenging poetry. Striving to incorporate the incorporeal, transcendent, noumenal, subject matter itself posed a problem and poses it still.??The word Metaphysical, meaning beyond reality, is made up of two words, “meta” which means beyond or across, and “physical” which means the physical matter surrounding us.??--> Makes us question the meaning of life, ask us to reach beyond the world of tangible reality and allow soul into life.???Weave philosophical concepts into simple stories to which most can relateNietzsche Kant Paolo Coelho Herman Hesse Jean Paul Satre George Herbet Andrew Marvell Saint Robert Southwell Richard Crashaw Thomas Traheme Henry Vaughan? ??Modern metaphysical/visionary literature?Often cross genres and enters into magic realism, supernatural is part of tangible reality, sprit and nature are interwoven, inseparable, and unquestioned and the extraordinary is made ordinary.???John Donne (1572-1631)Used extended metaphors that compared very dissimilar things. This was to make us think, to try to express the paradoxical nature of all things metaphysical.??Search for truth and meaning?--> a truth is only considered a truth if it expresses both opposites and everything in between??Metaphysical poets like John Donne use complex, dramatic expressions and a variety of literary devices such as extended conceits, paradoxes, and imagery in colloquial and personal language that challenges ideas of morality, traditional love, and carnality.It is intellectually inventive even jarring sometimes because it mixes and links two unlike things to create extended metaphors and anecdotes that is unique in comparison to previous poets of his era.??Donne crosses the barriers in poetry between the physical world and the spiritual non-physical world to create unique extended conceits that makes up one of the characteristics of Metaphysical poetry.?Edmund Spenser?T.S Eliot - modern metaphysical poet?"The Metaphysical Poets"?Noumenal experiences using extended metaphor as the 'Things of Gods cannot be known in any other way.???Text Examples:A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning by John Donne The Flea by John Donne 'Top 6 classics'A Dweller on Two Planets by Phylos Brother of the Third Degree by Will Garver The Three Sevens: A Story of Ancient Initiation By Dr and Mrs W.P. Phelon + Notes by Dr. R.S. Clymer A Romance of Two Worlds by Marie Corelli The Coming Race by Edward Bulwer-Lytton Etidorpha by John Uri Lloyd? ConfessionalismTuesday, 30 October 20189:01 AMFirst identified in the decades immediately following the Second World War, ending in 1945?Origins in the British romantic poets of the 19th Century?Definition - To reveal the true inner workings of a 'suburbian' personPoetry was a way of confessing your inner most workings??PoetsSylvia Plath Robert Lowell Theodore Roethke Anne Sexton Ted Hughes The Beat Poets, Allen Ginsberg? T.S. Eliot W.H. Auden ?Robert LowellFounding father of the movement?Topics;Lowell's family dysfunctions Alcoholism Sexual guilt ?Example;'A Secret! A Secret!'--> confession and autobiography???Sylvia PlathCritics dispute her placement within this movement, arguing that her work is more universal than commonly assumed?Topics;Sex Her children Complicated relationship with her deceased father (common) ?Example;'Daddy''Ariel' (1965)'Lady Lazarus'???Anne SextonWrote poetry that dealt with personal lifeIncluding;?Psychotherapy Sex Depression Rage ?Example;'The Bedlam and Part Way Back' (1960) - molestation by her father???Text Examples'A Secret! A Secret!' By Robert Lowell 'Daddy' By Sylvia Plath 'Ariel' (1965) By Sylvia Plath 'Lady Lazarus' By Sylvia Plath 'The Bedlam and Part Way Back' (1960) by Anne Sexton ................
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