Essentials of Firefighting (4th Edition-FF2)-Chapter 7 ...
Essentials of Firefighting (4th Edition)
Chapter 7-Rescue/Extrication Tools, Vehicle Extrication & Special Rescue
FF 2 Test Review
The following statements come from the Firefighter II material found on pages 186-214 of this chapter.
▪ An inverter is used to change a vehicle's 12 or 24 volt DC current into 110 or 220 volt AC current.
▪ Inverters have a limited power supply and limited mobility from the vehicle.
▪ Air chisels are used for puncturing, cutting, and driving.
▪ Generators are the most common power source used by emergency services and are available in portable and vehicle-mounted models.
▪ Hydraulic spreaders are used for pushing and pulling, but may be equipped with shears which allow cutting as well.
▪ The main function of fixed lighting systems is to provide overall illumination of a scene.
▪ Portable lights range from 300 to 1,000 watts and are used in areas that fixed lighting systems are inadequate or not possible.
▪ Power cables for auxiliary electrical equipment should be waterproof, explosion proof, have adequate insulation, and have twist-lock receptacles for secure connections.
▪ All electrical outlets should have Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) and conform to NFPA 70E standards.
▪ Electrical adapters should be carried on apparatus to allow use of different plug connection types (i.e.-use of mutual aid equipment with different connections).
▪ Weekly testing of power plants should include: run once a week while testing outlets, check gas and oil, inspect electrical cords, inspect spark plug/plug wires, and inspect carburetor.
▪ When changing a quartz bulb that is energized, oil on hands can cause the bulb to explode.
▪ Spare gasoline for power plants should be changed every 3 weeks.
▪ Hydraulic spreaders are capable of spreading as much as 32 inches apart with up to 22,000 psi of force.
▪ Hydraulic shears can open up to 7 inches and close with nearly 30,000 psi of cutting force.
▪ Combination spreader/shears are slightly less effective that individual "one-purpose" units.
▪ Extension rams can open up to 63 inches with a force of about 15,000 psi and may also be used for pulling operations, yet the force is about 1/2 that of the pushing force.
▪ Jacks should always be used in conjunction with cribbing.
▪ Ratchet-lever jacks are the least stable of all jack types.
▪ Screw jacks should be inspected for readiness after each use.
▪ Porta-Power tools systems can be advantageous in a variety of applications and in narrow places, however, the assembly of complex combinations of accessories makes it time-consuming.
▪ The footplate of a screw jack is the portion which holds or touches the object being stabilized.
▪ Bar Screw jacks are ONLY used to hold an object in place, not to move it.
▪ Trench Screw jacks can be used as cross-members in a trench shoring system and should not be longer than 6 feet.
▪ Only the ends of cribbing blocks should be painted for length identification.
▪ Wedges should be used to shim up spaces when cribbing an object.
▪ Compressed oxygen should NEVER be used as a source of power for pneumatic tools.
▪ Pneumatic nailers can be used to assemble wooden shoring assemblies quickly.
▪ Air chisels generally require 100 to 150 psi, though higher pressures may be needed for heavier cutting operations.
▪ Tripods create an anchor point for rescue operations over utility or other openings.
▪ Winches should be attached as close to a load as possible.
▪ The danger zone for winch operations is a radius around the winch equal to the length of the extended winch cable.
▪ Come-alongs are described as a manually-ratcheted tool used for pulling or lifting (common sizes 1 to 10 tons).
▪ Only alloy steel chains should be used during rescue operations.
▪ The lower the pressure rating of an air bag, the larger the bag.
▪ Air bags should never be stacked more than 2 bags high and with the smaller of the bags on top (inflated last).
▪ Air bags contacting materials hotter than 220oF may result in failure of the bag.
▪ Block and Tackle assemblies are useful in lifting or pulling heavy loads with excellent mechanical advantage.
▪ At a multi-vehicle accident, 1 rescuer should be assigned to survey each car, if possible.
▪ Apparatus should be placed so that it provides a barrier for the scene, adequate access to equipment, and does not interfere with other responding vehicles.
▪ One rescuer should be assigned to check a large area around a vehicle accident to search for other victims, possible hazards, or other safety issues.
▪ Removal order for victims should include those not trapped and most seriously injured.
▪ Packaging (splinting, immobilization, etc.) is done prior to removal of a victim.
▪ Setting a parking brakes or putting a car in gear should not be solely relied upon for stabilization of a vehicle.
▪ V-Shaped collapses have good chances of habitable voids near walls on both sides of the collapse.
▪ Pancake collapse patterns are the least likely to contain voids with viable victims.
▪ After size up of a vehicle accident, the car should be stabilized and scene made safe.
▪ Bunker gear is not recommended for Water and Ice rescues, instead a PFD and rescue helmet should be used.
▪ The last resort for a water rescue is to GO (swim) to the victim.
▪ Wheels of vehicles on level ground should be chocked both in front of and behind the wheels.
▪ Use of at least 2 air bags should occur when stabilizing a vehicle from vertical movement.
▪ At least 1 step-block, preferrably 2, should be used on both sides of a car when using that method to stabilize a car.
▪ When beginning vehicle extrication, always check doors to see if they will open.
▪ Exit ladders for trenches should extend at least 3 feet above the lip of the trench.
▪ With conscious victims in a ice rescue, a rope should be thrown and rescuers should stay as far from the opening as possible.
▪ When breaking glass to enter a vehicle, always break the glass farthest from the victim.
▪ A lean-to collapse is most likely to contain a void with viable victims.
▪ The A-Post of a vehicle is the front post area where the front door is connected to the body.
▪ When breaking a tempered glass window, the glass can be controlled by applying tape or similar materials to keep the glass from flying.
▪ Reserve power supplies can keep a vehicle's air bag active even after the battery connection has been cut for up to 10 minutes.
▪ Laminated glass can most commonly be found in rear windows and/or windshields and remains attached to laminate when broken, allowing removal as a unit.
▪ The disentanglement of a victim from a vehicle should include removing the vehicle from around the victim, not the victim from the vehicle.
▪ Laminated glass is made of 2 sheets of glass bonded to a sheet of plastic sandwiched in between them which shatters into long, pointed shards with sharp edges when broken.
▪ Tempered glass is used in most side windows and some rear windows and when broken, it shatters into small, crumbly pieces.
▪ A center punch used to break a tempered glass window should be held by one hand and steadied by the other to prevent putting hand through window.
▪ A step-block should be placed under the B-Post of a vehicle before removing the roof.
▪ To displace a dashboard, the roof must be removed, the A-Posts must be cut, and the windshield removed.
▪ Rescues from building collapses should start with the surface or lightly trapped victims.
▪ Secondary collapse and unstable/jagged debris are examples of physical hazards, while toxic environments and temperature extremes are termed environmental hazards.
▪ Tools such as air chisels, axes, reciprocating saws, and handsaws may be used to remove laminated glass windshields.
▪ Shoring is the process of stabilizing unstable structures or parts of structures.
▪ The C-Post of a vehicle is the rear vertical post to which the rear window attaches.
▪ Tunneling is the removal of small debris to create a path to a victim. Commonly used in conjunction with shoring.
▪ Rescuers should stay away from downed power lines a distance of 1 span between poles and should not perform rescues until power company shuts down power.
▪ Cantilever collapses have the best chances for habitable voids under supported ends of the floor but are the most vulnerable to secondary collapse.
▪ Experts such as plant personnel may be required during industrial extrication operations.
▪ Unless there is a medical emergency or danger to occupants, stranded elevator victims should simply be reassured while an elevator mechanic responds to the location.
▪ Escalators should be stopped if performing a rescue or advancing hoselines over them.
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