6TH EDITION GAS TURBINE THEORY - Log In

6TH EDITION

GAS TURBINE THEORY

HIH Saravanamuttoo

Professor Emeritus, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University

GFC Rogers

Lately Professor Emeritus, University of Bristol

H Cohen

Lately Fellow, Queens' College, Cambridge

PV Straznicky

Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University

Harlow, England. London. New York? Boston? San Francisco. Toronto? Sydney. Singapore. Hong Kong Tokyo. Seoul. Taipei ? New Delhi? Cape Town? Madrid? Mexico City. Amsterdam? Munich? Paris? Milan

Contents

Foreword

vii

Prefaces

viii

Publisher's Acknowledgements

xvii

iiI

1 Introduction

1

1.1 Open-cycle single-shaft and twin-shaft arrangements

5

1.2 Multi-spool arrangements

9

1.3 Closed cycles

10

1.4 Aircraft propulsion

12

1.5 Industrial applications

20

1.6 Marine and land transportation

29

1.7 Environmental issues

34

1.8 Some future possibilities

36

1.9 Gas turbine design procedure

40

2 Shaft power cycles

46

2.1 Ideal cycles

46

2.2 Methods of accounting for component losses

54

2.3 Design point performance calculations

75

2.4 Comparative performance of practical cycles

84

2.5 Combined cycles and cogeneration schemes

89

2.6 Closed-cycle gas turbines

94

3 Gas turbine cycles for aircraft propulsion

100

3.1 Criteria of performance

101

3.2 Intake and propelling nozzle efficiencies

105

3.3 Simple turbojet cycle

114

3.4 The turbofan engine

123

3.5 The turboprop engine

139

3.6 The turboshaft e;ngine

I'

142

3.7 Auxiliary power units

143

3.8 Thrust augmentation

147

3.9 Miscellaneous topics

150

IV

CONTENTS

4 Centrifngal compressors 4.1 Principle of operation 4.2 Work done and pressure rise 4.3 The diffuser 4.4 Compressibility effects 4.5 Non-dimensional quantities for plotting compressor characteristics 4.6 Compressor characteristics 4.7 Computerized design procedures

157 158 160 ) ; 168 173

178 181 185

5 Axial flow compressors

187

5.1 Basic operation

188

5.2 Elementary theory

191

5.3 Factors affecting stage pressure ratio

194

5.4 Blockage in the compressor annulus

199

5.5 Dggree of reaction

201

5.6 Three-dimensional flow

204

5.7 Design process

213

5.8 Blade design

234

5.9 Calculation of stage performance

245

5.10 Compressibility effects

254

5.11 Off-design performance

259

5.12 Axial compressor characteristics

263

5.13 Closure

270

6 Combustion systems 6.1 Operational requirements 6.2 Types of combustion system 6.3 Some important factors affecting combustor design 6.4 The combustion process 6.5 Combustion chamber performance 6.6 Some practical problems 6.7 Gas turbine emissions 6.8 Coal gasification

7 Axial and radial flow turbines 7.1 Elementary theory of axial flow turbine 7.2 Vortex theory 7.3 Choice of blade profile, pitch and chord 7.4 Estimation of stage performance 7.5 Overall turbine performance 7.6 The cooled turbine 7.7 The radial flow turbine

272 273 274 277 278 283 292 299 311

315 316 334 341 354 364 366 . 376

8 Mechanical design of gas turbines

385

8.1 Design process

386

v

CONTENTS

8.2 Gas turbine architecture 8.3 Loads and failure modes 8.4 Gas turbine materials 8.5 Design against failure and life estimations

8.6 Blades 8.7 Bladed rotor discs 8.8 Blade and disc vibration 8.9 Engine vibration 8.10 Other components

8.11 Closure

388 390 392 412 417 428 434 440 445 451

9 Prediction of performance of simple gas turbines 9.1 Component characteristics

453 456

9.2 Off-design operation of the single-shaft gas turbine

457

9.3 9.4

Equilibriu111 running Off-design operation

of of

a gas generator free turbine engine

463 466

9.5 Off-design operation of the jet engine 9.6 Methods of displacing the equilibrium running line

477 486

9.7 Incorporation of variable pressure losses

489

9.8 Power extraction

490

10 Prediction of performance-further topics 10.1 Methods of improving part-load performance

492 492

10.2 Matching procedures for twin-spool engines 10.3 Some notes on the behaviour of twin-spool engines 10.4 Matching procedures for turbofan engines

497 502 506

10.5 Transient behaviour of gas turbines

508

10.6 Performance deterioration

516

10.7 Principles of control systems

520

Appendix A Some notes on gas dynamics A.l Compressibility effects (qualitative treatment)

525 525

A.2 Basic equations for steady one-dimensional compressible

flow of a perfect gas in a duct

530

A.3 Isentropic flow in a duct of varying area'

533

A.4 Frictionless flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer A.5 Adiabatic flow in a constant area duct with friction

534 536

A.6 Plane normal shock waves

538

A.7 Oblique shock waves

543

A.8 Isentropic two-dimensional supersonic expansion and compression

547

Appendix B Problems

549

Appendix C References

568

Index

580

Index

6Theta model, 397

Abrasive cleaning, 519 Aero-derivative eJ1gines, 309, 389 Aerodynamic coupling, 268,

498, 502 Afterburning, 109, 130, 147

pressure loss, 149 Aft-fan, 137 Ainsley-Mathieson method, 363, 364 Air angles, 193, 216, 224, 225, 234 Air cooling, 55, 292, 366 Air separation unit, 311 Air/fuel ration see Fuel/air ratio Aircraft .

design, civil and military, 388 gas turbines, 12, 100, 308 propulsion cycles, 100 Altitude, effect on performance,

118,120,273,481,484 Ambient conditions, effect of,

454, 484 Annular combustion chamber, 17,

276, 284 Annulus

contraction, 224 drag, 248 loss, 341, 359 radius ratio, 195, 204, 214, 329,

332 Applications, industrial, 20 Architecture, 388 Aspect ratio, 240, 345 Atomization, 293

Auxiliary power unit, 143,315 Axial compressor, 9, 187

blading, 188, 234, 242 characteristics, 263, 456, 486 stage, 188, 191 surging in, 260, 263, 264 variable stators, 189, 268 vortex flow in, 204 Axial flow turbine, 315 blade profile, 341, 342, 348 characteristics, 364, 456, 464 choking, 365, 464, 468 cooling, 366 free power, 6, 77, 513 multi-stage, 316, 327, 369 stage, 317 stage efficiency, 318, 326,J62 variable-area stators, 495

Backswept vanes, 160, 167 Bearings, 445 Bending-torsion coupled flutter, 438 Biconvex blading, 190,256 Bilinear approximation, 415 Binary cycle see Combined power

plant Bird strike, 440 Blade

aspect ratio, 240, 345, 355 attachments, 424 camber, 237, 242 cascade, 235 chord, 197, 237, 344 compressor, 406

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