The semester exam emphasizes applying the factual ...



Anatomy and Physiology Semester I Applied Concept Review AnswersThe semester exam emphasizes applying the factual knowledge you have acquired during your study of the human body. This applied review will help you practice the type of questions that are found on the exam, but this review is very limited in its scope. Answering these questions will not prepare you for the final. You need to also review the main ideas and facts that were presented in each unit.Unit I: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology The fact that a single defective protein causes cystic fibrosis, a multisystemic illness, proves thatAll organisms are composed of cellsAll levels of organization within an organisms are interdependentChemical molecules make up cellsAll cells are independent of each otherCongenital defects can be life threatening Each of the following is an example of negative feedback EXCEPT one. Identify the exception.Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressureA rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium.A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus.Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugarA decrease in body temperature triggers a neural response that initiates physiological changes to increase body temperature.As a surgeon, you perform an invasive procedure that necessitates cutting through the peritoneum. Are you more likely to be operating on the heart or on the stomach? Stomach because the peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity In which body cavity or cavities would each of the following organs or systems be found?Cardiovascular, digestive and urinary systems VentralHeart, lungs ThoracicStomach, intestines. AbdominalAn anatomist wishes to make detailed comparisons of medial surfaces of the left and right sides of the brain. This work requires sections that show the entire medial surface. Which kind of sections should be ordered from the lab for this investigation? Transverse or Frontal Why is it life-threatening to have a high fever? Heat causes certain proteins such as enzymes to become denatured. When this happens the proteins become non-functional and if they catalyze reactions necesdary to life, life will cease.A certain pathway consists of four steps. Why would decreasing the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the second step affect the amount of product produced at the end of the pathway? Decreasing the amount of enzyme at the 2nd step would slow down the whole series of reactions because less substrate would be available for the next two steps. Less product will be produced.The element sulfur has an atomic number of 16 and an atomic mass of 32. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a sulfur atom? Assuming that sulfur forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, how many hydrogen atoms could bond to one sulfur atom? 16 neutrons and 2 covalent bonds.An important buffer system in the human body involves carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) as shown:CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-If a person become excited and exhales large amounts of CO2, how will his or her body’s pH be affected?The pH will increase or become more alkaline.Unit II: Cells and Tissues Two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane with the same properties as a cell membrane. Solution A is 5 percent glucose and solution B is 10 percent glucose. Under these circumstances,Water will move from solution A to solution B.Water will move from solution B to solution A.Glucose will move from solution A to solution BGlucose will move from solution B to solution AAt equilibrium the concentration of glucose will be higher in solution B.If someone sweats profusely and loses large amounts of water, the result will be that the blood plasma becomes _____ to the cells.HypertonicIsotonicHypotonicOsmoticNone of the above.Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that facilitated diffusionExpends no ATPMoves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentrationLimits the rate of molecular movement by limiting the number of available carrier moleculesNever eliminates the concentration gradientDoes NOT limit the rate of molecular movement by the number of available carrier molecules.Briefly explain the process of filtration as it relates to the function of the kidneys, specifically explain how the kidney uses hydrostatic pressure and differential membrane permeability to filter waste materials from metabolism from the blood. In filtration hydrostatic pressure forces water across the membrane. The membrane serves as a barrier with holes of a certain size that allow some substances to pass while retaining others. Substances like sugars and proteins are too big to pass into the filtrate so they remain in the blood. Diffusion is important in body fluids because this process tends toIncrease local concentration gradientsEliminate local concentration gradientsMove substances against their concentration gradients.Create concentration gradients.What is the complementary mRNA sequence to the following DNA sequence?CTC ATA CGA TTC AAG TTAGAG UAU GCU AAG UUC AAU Why are infections always a serious threat after a severe burn or an abrasion?Breaks the skin barrier and allows bacteria to enter the body. Identify the three types of muscles in just two steps. Draw this out and explain what characteristics you are using to separate the different muscle types.3 muscle types Striated--------multinucleated = skeletal, (could also have used cell shape, intercalated diskssingle nucleus= cardiac Non-striated smooth muscleWhat type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs? SquamousColumnarCuboidalTransitionalAnalysis of a glandular secretion indicates that it contains some DNA, RNA, and membrane components such as phospholipids. What kind of secretion is this and why?Merocrine ApocrineHolocrine destroys the cell and therefore you would find nucleic acids and membrane components in the secretionYour lab partner loses the label of two prepared slides—one of contains a cross section of tissue that shows only a single layer of squamous cells, and the other contains a cross section of tissue that shows stratified squamous cells. Where in the body could these tissues be from and why?Single layer of squamous cell from the alveoli of the lungs where quick diffusion of gasses is importantStratified squamous from the skin or the lining of your cheek where there are lots of mechanical stresses.Unit III: Skeletal System The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification: Blood vessels invade the perichondriumOstsoclasts create a marrow cavityChondrocytes enlarge and calcifyOsteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone.The perichondrium is converted into periosteum, and the inner layer produces bone.The correct order for these events is3,1,5,4,21,3,5,4,21,5,3,4,22,3,1,5,43,1,4,5,2Structural characteristics of the pectoral girdle that adapt it to a wide range of movement includeHeavy bonesRelatively weak jointsLimited range of motion at the shoulder jointJoints stabilized by ligaments and tendonsAll of the aboveWhy is it more likely that a person who suffers from osteoporosis will break a hip rather than a shoulder?The hip bears more weight than the shoulder Ed “turns over” his ankle while playing tennis. He experience swelling and pain, but after examination he is told that there are no torn ligaments and that the structure of the ankle is not affected. Has Ed experienced a sprain or a strain?Strain since the ligaments are intactUnit IV: The Muscle System Mary wants to enter a weight-lifting competition and consult you as to what type of muscle fibers she needs to develop and how she should go about it. What would you suggest to her?Fast fibersRigor mortis that occurs in skeletal muscles a few hours after death is due toa excessive ATP and decreased permeability to calciumDecreased ATP and increased permeability to calciumExcessive ATPLack of oxygenLactic acid buildup. Muscle relaxing drugs are administered to a patient during major surgery. Which of the two chemicals described next would be good skeletal muscle relaxant and why?Chemical A binds to and block ACh receptors of muscle cells.Chemical B floods the muscle cell’s cytoplasm with Ca2+Invertebrates possess muscles similar to vertebrate skeletal and smooth muscles. An interesting adaptation has been discovered in the muscles that hold clam shells closed. The thick filaments of these muscle fibers contain a unique protein called paramyosin that allows the muscles to remain in a fixed state of contraction for as long as a month. From your knowledge of the cellular mechanisms of contraction, propose a hypothesis to explain how paramyosin might work. Calcium ions must be remain in the cytoplasm and the amount of ATP available must be very low. 29. Place these structures of the skeletal muscle in order from largest to smallest:1.fascicle2.myofilament3.muscle fiber (cell)4.myofibril5.sarcomereA) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2B) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5C) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1D) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5E) 3, 2, 5, 4, 1The Digestive System30. Absence of either bile or pancreatic juice indicates that no fat digestion or absorption is occurring. This can lead to blood-clotting problems because the liver needs vitamin K to make prothrombin.31. Match the following nutrients with their associated digestive enzymes:A) pepsinogensB) bileC) nucleaseD) lipaseE) hydrochloric acidF) lactaseG) pepsinogenH) amylase1) Proteins2) Lactose3) Starch4) Fat5) Nucleic acidsAnswers: 1) A 2) F 3) H 4) D 5) C32. Identify the digestive organ that is primarily associated with the following digestive function:A) mouthB) anusC) small intestineD) esophagusE) large intestineF) stomachG) duodenumH) ileumI) rectum6) Primary site of water absorption7) Site where starch digestion begins8) Tube through which food is propelled but no digestion takes place9) Site where protein digestion begins10) Site where pancreatic enzymes and bile enter the alimentary canal11) Site of vitamin K synthesis by bacteria12) Site where defecation reflex is initiatedAnswers: 6) E 7) A 8) D 9) F 10) G 11) E 12) I33. What is it necessary for the stomach contents to be so acidic and how does the stomach protect itself from digestion? To activate pepsinogen pepsin and begin protein digestion34. Identify three ways the small intestine is modified to increase surface area for digestion and absorption.Plicae, villi, and microvilliThe Urinary System35. Identify the process that occurs in the kidney.A) glomerular filtrationB) tubular reabsorptionC) tubular secretion1) Fluid passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule of the nephron2) Needed substances are moved from the filtrate back into the blood3) Aldosterone promotes sodium and thus water to move from the filtrate through the tubule cells into the blood4) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promotes the movement of water from the filtrate back into the blood of the peritubular capillaries5) Substances are moved from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate6) Urine is produced during this processAnswers: 1) A 2) B 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C36. Explain how antidiuretic hormone (ADH) compensates for blood that contains too many solutes. Answer: Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus react to changes in blood composition, such as less water and too many solutes. The posterior pituitary is alerted to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which travels through the blood to its target organ, the kidney. In the kidney, the collecting ducts respond to ADH by reabsorbing more water. As a result, more water returns to the blood while small amounts of concentrated urine are formed. ADH is released and additional water is reabsorbed from the filtrate until blood solute concentration returns to normal. 37. Long-haul truck drivers are on the road for long periods of time between restroom stops. Why might that lead to kidney problems? Infrequent urination stresses the bladder and sitting for long periods puts pressure on the kidneys.38. Mannitol is a sugar that is filtered by not reabsorbed by the kidneys. What effect would drinking a solution of mannitol have on the volume of urine produced? Drinking mannitol would increase the solute concentration of urine which could cause the volume of water excreted to increase, increasing urine volume.39. Physicians often ask for urine samples to be collected over a 24 hour period. Why?Because the content of the urine changes throughout the day, a specific component of the urine may not be present in a particular urine collection.40. If blood pressure drops suddenly in a patient in shock as a result of a severe injury, how would you expect urine production to change? Why? The kidney would respond by decreasing urine volume in an effort to increase the blood volume and therefore the blood pressure. ................
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