Introduction



Maximising the opportunity for healthy ageing: Online mental health measurement and targeted interventionsMatthew IASIELLOa, , Jonathan BARTHOLOMAEUSa, Aaron JARDENa, b, Joseph VAN AGTERENa, ba Wellbeing and Resilience Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Australiab School of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, AustraliaAbstract. Longevity is a valuable resource for society, as older people are increasingly looking for new ways to contribute after retirement. Their contribution is however dependent upon their physical health, mental health and wellbeing. The potential role that mental health and wellbeing, two separate but interrelated constructs, play often are both under-recognised and insufficiently targeted. Positive ageing is a positive and constructive view of ageing, where older people actively work on maintaining a positive attitude, work towards keeping fit and healthy, and strive to maximize their wellbeing. Interventions stimulating positive ageing show promising results for both mental health and wellbeing, and telehealth can play an important role in improving the reach and effectiveness of positive ageing interventions. Telehealth solutions can also help researchers reliably measure and better understand the drivers of wellbeing at individual and population levels; results that can both form the basis for advancing the field of positive ageing and help inform public policy. Keywords. Healthy ageing, wellbeing, complete mental health, longevity, complete state model of mental health, telehealth, mental health reform, positive ageing. IntroductionThe opportunity of longevityFor the first time in history average life expectancy across the globe exceeds 60 years ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>UNDESA</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>50</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">1</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510738485">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>UNDESA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>World economic and social survey 2007: development in an ageing world</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><pub-location>New York, NY,</pub-location><publisher>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>1. In less developed countries this increased longevity is largely the product of reduced infant mortality and targeted public health interventions, as well as improvements in nutrition ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bloom</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">2</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510654494">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bloom, D. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. dbloom@hsph.harvard.edu</auth-address><titles><title>7 billion and counting</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title><alt-title>Science (New York, N.Y.)</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title><abbr-1>Science (New York, N.Y.)</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Science</full-title><abbr-1>Science (New York, N.Y.)</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>562-9</pages><volume>333</volume><number>6042</number><edition>2011/07/30</edition><keywords><keyword>Age Distribution</keyword><keyword>Birth Rate</keyword><keyword>Developed Countries</keyword><keyword>Developing Countries</keyword><keyword>Economic Development</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Life Expectancy</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mortality</keyword><keyword>*Population Density</keyword><keyword>Population Dynamics</keyword><keyword>*Population Growth</keyword><keyword>Sex Ratio</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 29</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0036-8075</isbn><accession-num>21798935</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1126/science.1209290</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>2. Brazil is a shining example, where a child can now expect to live 20 years longer than one born just 50 years agoPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWFyZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 5. For example, from 1998 to 2012 the life expectancy of Australians aged 65 years old increased by 3 years (from 81.1 to 84.1 years in males, from 84.8 to 87.0 years in females) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Welfare</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>53</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">6</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>53</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510739645">53</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Healthy life expectancy in Australia: patterns and trends 1998 to 2012</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><urls><related-urls><url>; changes that have largely been driven by improvements in various medical treatments ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Bureau of Statistics</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>52</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">7</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>52</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510739470">52</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Bureau of Statistics,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Causes of Death, Australia, 2015</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra, ACT. </pub-location><publisher>Australian Bureau of Statistics</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>. When taken together with a reduction in fertility rates, predominantly witnessed in the developed world, improved longevity is often associated with concern regarding societal and economic impacts of a globally ageing populationPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SaWNlPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 8-10. While the implications of improved longevity hold serious implications for our current society and economy, improved longevity represents the international success of governments, medical, and public health systems, with nations preparing for, and coping with, the added pressures of an ageing population ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bloom</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>50</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">9</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tw2vtweatdfva4etav45d5ve29rtxw9x9rpa" timestamp="1510692682">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bloom, David E.</author><author>Canning, David</author><author>Fink, Günther</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Implications of population ageing for economic growth</title><secondary-title>Oxford review of economic policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Oxford review of economic policy</full-title></periodical><pages>583-612</pages><volume>26</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><isbn>0266-903X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>9. More importantly however, societies can significantly benefit from an increasing aged population with a shift in viewpoint from seeing people aged 65+ as a burden to seeing them as a resource and blessing, and with innovating the public health approach to facilitate this new and more positive view ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Beard</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">11</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510656125">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Beard, J. R.</author><author>Bloom, D. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Ageing and Life Course, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: beardj@who.int.&#xD;Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Towards a comprehensive public health response to population ageing</title><secondary-title>Lancet</secondary-title><alt-title>Lancet (London, England)</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Lancet</full-title><abbr-1>Lancet (London, England)</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Lancet</full-title><abbr-1>Lancet (London, England)</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>658-661</pages><volume>385</volume><number>9968</number><edition>2014/12/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Global Health</keyword><keyword>*Health Policy</keyword><keyword>Health Services Needs and Demand</keyword><keyword>Health Services for the Aged</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Population Dynamics</keyword><keyword>*Public Health</keyword><keyword>Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 14</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><accession-num>25468151</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC4663973</custom2><custom6>NIHMS666557</custom6><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61461-6</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>11.Healthy ageing Longer life can be an incredibly valuable resource for society. Older people in high-income countries, such as Australia, look to spend those extra years in creative ways with new careers, continuing education, or pursuing a neglected or new passion PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYWhpbGw8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA2PC9ZZWFyPjxS

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 3. Fortunately, in Australia, improved longevity has also been associated with increasing numbers of years free from disability and severe or profound core activity limitation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Welfare</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>53</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">6</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>53</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510739645">53</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Healthy life expectancy in Australia: patterns and trends 1998 to 2012</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><urls><related-urls><url>. This notion of ageing in good health to ensure that an older person can keep contributing to society is often referred to as ‘healthy ageing’. In this chapter healthy aging is defined in line with the World Health Organisation definition ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Organization</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>11</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">14</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510656377">11</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>World Health Organization,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>World report on ageing and health</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>World Health Organization</publisher><isbn>9241565047</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>14 that states that healthy ageing is related to “developing and maintaining the functional ability of an individual that enables wellbeing in older age”, where ‘functional ability’ refers to the combination of the intrinsic capacity of a person, the characteristics of their environment, and the interaction between the person and their environment, and ‘intrinsic capacity’ refers to the metric which incorporates the combination of an individual’s physical and mental (including psychosocial) capacities.While not being the only contributor, intrinsic capacity nonetheless plays an important role in ageingPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWFyZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 15, 16. As examples, specific risk factors for older Australians include insufficient fruit and vegetable intake, and being overweight or obese ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australians Institute of Health and Welfare</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>54</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">10</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>54</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510739849">54</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australians Institute of Health and Welfare, </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Older Australia at a glance</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>AIHW</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>. While detrimental to intrinsic capacity, these ‘physical’ risk factors are often acknowledged, treated and resourced by health professionals and the healthcare sector. Unfortunately, this approach to physical risk factors is less the case for mental illness and low wellbeing in this populationPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYXJ0ZWxzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 17, 18, despite their profound potential impact on intrinsic capacity.In this paper, we describe the impact that wellbeing measurement and interventions, enabled by telehealth, could have on the mental health and healthy ageing of older adults around the world. Mental illness in older people The burden of mental illness on older adultsThe global burden of mental illness is considerable. Recently, Vigo, Thornicraft, and Atun argued that the burden has traditionally been underestimated and re-calculated the burden of mental illness using more appropriate designs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vigo</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>17</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">19</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510656993">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vigo, D.</author><author>Thornicroft, G.</author><author>Atun, R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Waverley Place Program, Psychotic Disorder Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.&#xD;Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King&apos;s College, London, UK.&#xD;Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: ratun@hsph.harvard.edu.</auth-address><titles><title>Estimating the true global burden of mental illness</title><secondary-title>Lancet Psychiatry</secondary-title><alt-title>The lancet. Psychiatry</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Lancet Psychiatry</full-title><abbr-1>The lancet. Psychiatry</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Lancet Psychiatry</full-title><abbr-1>The lancet. Psychiatry</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>171-8</pages><volume>3</volume><number>2</number><edition>2016/02/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Global Health/*statistics &amp; numerical data</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mental Disorders/*epidemiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2215-0366</isbn><accession-num>26851330</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00505-2</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>19. Their study found that mental illness represents one of the greatest burdens to global health, is the largest contributor to years lived with disability (YLD), and the equal largest influence on disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) at similar rates to cardiovascular diseasePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0Nvcm1hY2s8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFy

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 20. However, in contrast to substantial improvements in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mensah</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">21, 22</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tw2vtweatdfva4etav45d5ve29rtxw9x9rpa" timestamp="1510693725">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mensah, George A.</author><author>Wei, Gina S.</author><author>Sorlie, Paul D.</author><author>Fine, Lawrence J.</author><author>Rosenberg, Yves</author><author>Kaufmann, Peter G.</author><author>Mussolino, Michael E.</author><author>Hsu, Lucy L.</author><author>Addou, Ebyan</author><author>Engelgau, Michael M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Decline in Cardiovascular Mortality</title><secondary-title>Circulation research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation research</full-title></periodical><pages>366-380</pages><volume>120</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>Am Heart Assoc</publisher><isbn>0009-7330</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Harper</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>52</RecNum><record><rec-number>52</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tw2vtweatdfva4etav45d5ve29rtxw9x9rpa" timestamp="1510693776">52</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Harper, Sam</author><author>Lynch, John</author><author>Smith, George Davey</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Social determinants and the decline of cardiovascular diseases: understanding the links</title><secondary-title>Annual review of public health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annual review of public health</full-title></periodical><pages>39-69</pages><volume>32</volume><dates><year>2011</year></dates><publisher>Annual Reviews</publisher><isbn>0163-7525</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>21, 22, the rates of death and disability caused by mental illness continue to rise ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>World Health Organization</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>77</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">23</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>77</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510757329">77</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>World Health Organization,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mental health action plan, 2012-2020</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><pub-location>Geneva</pub-location><publisher>WHO</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>. In addition to health implications, mental illness is also projected to have the greatest impact on global economic output of all non-communicable diseases ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bloom</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">2</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510654494">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bloom, D. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. dbloom@hsph.harvard.edu</auth-address><titles><title>7 billion and counting</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title><alt-title>Science (New York, N.Y.)</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title><abbr-1>Science (New York, N.Y.)</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Science</full-title><abbr-1>Science (New York, N.Y.)</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>562-9</pages><volume>333</volume><number>6042</number><edition>2011/07/30</edition><keywords><keyword>Age Distribution</keyword><keyword>Birth Rate</keyword><keyword>Developed Countries</keyword><keyword>Developing Countries</keyword><keyword>Economic Development</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Life Expectancy</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mortality</keyword><keyword>*Population Density</keyword><keyword>Population Dynamics</keyword><keyword>*Population Growth</keyword><keyword>Sex Ratio</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 29</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0036-8075</isbn><accession-num>21798935</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1126/science.1209290</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>2. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 20. Globally, over 20% of adults aged 60 and over live with a mental illness, with depression being the most commonly experienced illness ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>World Health Organization</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">24</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510739103">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>World Health Organization,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mental Health Atlas 2014</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><pub-location>Geneva</pub-location><publisher>World Health Organisation</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>24. Around one quarter of deaths resulting from self-harm are among those aged 60 years and above ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>World Health Organization</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">24</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510739103">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>World Health Organization,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mental Health Atlas 2014</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><pub-location>Geneva</pub-location><publisher>World Health Organisation</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>24. Similarly, globally 15% to 52% of older people report anxiety symptoms; an often overlooked problem in this cohort ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bryant</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">25</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510657375">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bryant, C.</author><author>Jackson, H.</author><author>Ames, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Behavioural Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. cbryant@unimelb.edu.au</auth-address><titles><title>The prevalence of anxiety in older adults: methodological issues and a review of the literature</title><secondary-title>J Affect Disord</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of affective disorders</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Affect Disord</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of affective disorders</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Affect Disord</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of affective disorders</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>233-50</pages><volume>109</volume><number>3</number><edition>2007/12/25</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology</keyword><keyword>Comorbidity</keyword><keyword>Depressive Disorder/epidemiology/psychology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0165-0327 (Print)&#xD;0165-0327</isbn><accession-num>18155775</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jad.2007.11.008</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>25. In an Australian study, symptoms of depression were evident in 45% of older adults entering aged-care for the first time, and in 52% of permanent aged-care residents ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australians Institute of Health and Welfare</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>54</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">10</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>54</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510739849">54</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australians Institute of Health and Welfare, </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Older Australia at a glance</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Canberra</pub-location><publisher>AIHW</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>. While prevalent, several problems can be noted when it comes down to practical treatment and policy on mental illness in this population. In practice, mental health problems are under-identified by health care professionals and for older adults themselves, as the stigma that continues to surround mental illness makes them reluctant to seek helpPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LbGFwPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 20. Recently, Oster et al. (2016) evaluated the conceptualisations and discourse regarding older Australians and ageing in Australian mental health policy documents ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oster</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">27</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510657571">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oster, C.</author><author>Henderson, J.</author><author>Lawn, S.</author><author>Reed, R.</author><author>Dawson, S.</author><author>Muir-Cochrane, E.</author><author>Fuller, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Flinders University, Australia.&#xD;Flinders University, Australia jeffrey.fuller@flinders.edu.au.</auth-address><titles><title>Fragmentation in Australian Commonwealth and South Australian State policy on mental health and older people: A governmentality analysis</title><secondary-title>Health (London)</secondary-title><alt-title>Health (London, England : 1997)</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health (London)</full-title><abbr-1>Health (London, England : 1997)</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Health (London)</full-title><abbr-1>Health (London, England : 1997)</abbr-1></alt-periodical><edition>2016/05/06</edition><keywords><keyword>discourse</keyword><keyword>governmentality</keyword><keyword>mental health</keyword><keyword>older people</keyword><keyword>policy</keyword><keyword>research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>May 04</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1363-4593</isbn><accession-num>27147440</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC5105326</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1363459316644490</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>27. They found that ageing is often presented as a time of decline and dependence, and older adults are often represented as being at-risk, reliant on family and friends, and having mobility difficulties ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oster</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">27</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510657571">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oster, C.</author><author>Henderson, J.</author><author>Lawn, S.</author><author>Reed, R.</author><author>Dawson, S.</author><author>Muir-Cochrane, E.</author><author>Fuller, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Flinders University, Australia.&#xD;Flinders University, Australia jeffrey.fuller@flinders.edu.au.</auth-address><titles><title>Fragmentation in Australian Commonwealth and South Australian State policy on mental health and older people: A governmentality analysis</title><secondary-title>Health (London)</secondary-title><alt-title>Health (London, England : 1997)</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health (London)</full-title><abbr-1>Health (London, England : 1997)</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Health (London)</full-title><abbr-1>Health (London, England : 1997)</abbr-1></alt-periodical><edition>2016/05/06</edition><keywords><keyword>discourse</keyword><keyword>governmentality</keyword><keyword>mental health</keyword><keyword>older people</keyword><keyword>policy</keyword><keyword>research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>May 04</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1363-4593</isbn><accession-num>27147440</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC5105326</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1363459316644490</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>27. South Australia was the only state to include discourse on ‘Healthy Ageing’, which reflects concerted government efforts to improve the mental health and wellbeing in the statePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TZWxpZ21hbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 27-30. This positive view on ageing in South Australia is exemplified by the “State of Wellbeing Statement” and the creation of The Wellbeing and Resilience Centre (WRC), situated within the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), that aims to achieve population-level increases in wellbeing by taking a whole-state approach to measure and build the wellbeing of its citizens ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kelly</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">31</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510657836">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kelly, Gabrielle</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Momentum in the State of Well-Being: A South Australian Story</title><secondary-title>Future Directions in Well-Being</secondary-title></titles><pages>181-186</pages><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>31; ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Government of South Australia</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>55</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">30</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>55</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510753109">55</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Government of South Australia,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>South Australia: state of wellbeing</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Adelaide, South Australia</pub-location><urls><related-urls><url> role of wellbeing in healthy ageing Wellbeing and ageing Wellbeing is an outcome drawing increased attention and research as an important construct for older adults’ physical, psychological and emotional health, or intrinsic capacity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>25</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">32</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>25</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510657963">25</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, Carol D</author><author>Singer, Burton H</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being</title><secondary-title>The exploration of happiness</secondary-title></titles><pages>97-116</pages><dates><year>2013</year></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>32. The WRC has adopted Seligman’s PERMA model of wellbeing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Seligman</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>26</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">33</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>26</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510658011">26</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Seligman, Martin EP</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Simon and Schuster</publisher><isbn>1439190763</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>33, which is based on a dashboard of five domain indicators of wellbeing; (P)ositive emotion, such as gratitude and hope; (E)ngagement in tasks that challenge individual strengths and produce ‘flow’; positive (R)elationships, such as those with family, friends and colleagues; (M)eaning derived from being a part of, and contributing to, something greater than that possible as an individual; and (A)ccomplishment of rewarding tasks ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Seligman</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>22</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">28, 34</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>22</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510657670">22</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Seligman, M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Building the state of wellbeing: A strategy for South Australia</title><secondary-title>Government of South Australia: Adelaide, SA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Government of South Australia: Adelaide, SA</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Iasiello</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510658042">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iasiello, Matthew</author><author>Bartholomaeus, Jonathan</author><author>Jarden, Aaron</author><author>Kelly, Gabrielle</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Measuring PERMA+ in South Australia, the State of Wellbeing: A comparison with national and international norms</title><secondary-title>Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing</full-title></periodical><pages>| 53-72</pages><volume>1</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2587-0130</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>28, 34. The WRC compliments this model with “PLUS-elements” (physical activity, nutrition, sleep and optimism), after consultation with experts in wellbeing, to reflect a holistic account of wellbeing and health. As the new field of positive psychology has been developing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Peterson</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">35</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510658102">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peterson, Christopher</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A primer in positive psychology</title></titles><dates><year>2006</year></dates><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><isbn>0195188330</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>35, one area that has been a focus has been ‘positive aging’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vaillant</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>29</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">36</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>29</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510658150">29</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vaillant, George E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive aging</title><secondary-title>Positive psychology in practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Positive psychology in practice</full-title></periodical><pages>561-578</pages><dates><year>2004</year></dates><isbn>0470939338</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>36. The Australian Psychological Society (APS) defines positive ageing as “the process of maintaining a positive attitude, feeling good about yourself, keeping fit and healthy, and engaging fully in life as you age” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Australian Psychology Society</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>56</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">37</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>56</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510753385">56</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Australian Psychology Society, </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ageing Positively</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 39, 40, and the impetus has been to untangle what types of wellbeing increase, when, why, and for whom. For example, throughout the United States adults aged 55 and older have higher wellbeing than the rest of the American population ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gallup</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>57</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">41</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>57</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510753577">57</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gallup, </author><author>Healthways,</author><author>MIT Age Lab,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>State of American well-being: state well-being rankings for older Americans</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>. Specific components of wellbeing (e.g. life satisfaction, happiness) are also differently associated with aging. For example, life satisfaction changes over the lifespan. Two large-scale, nationally representative panel studies (the German Socio Economic Panel Study with approximately 40,000 participants, and the British Household Panel Study with approximately 20,000 participants) found that life satisfaction does not decline over the majority of adulthood, but there is a steep decline in life satisfaction among those older than 70 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baird</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">42</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510658979">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baird, Brendan M</author><author>Lucas, Richard E</author><author>Donnellan, M Brent</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Life satisfaction across the lifespan: Findings from two nationally representative panel studies</title><secondary-title>Social indicators research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social indicators research</full-title></periodical><pages>183-203</pages><volume>99</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>0303-8300</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>42. Conversely, the less cognitive and more emotional construct of ‘happiness’ appears to increase over the complete life span for most, but not all, people. For example, happiness seems to vary considerably by country in later life ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Graham</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">43</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659044">34</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Graham, Carol</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Happiness around the world: The paradox of happy peasants and miserable millionaires</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><isbn>0199606285</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>43. In countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and China happiness increases from about age 50 onward. In Germany happiness only minimally increases from age 65, and in Russia happiness does not increase at all past age 75. Several reasons have been suggested for such differences, such as older adults in some countries having higher levels of emotional regulation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gross</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">44</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659102">35</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gross, James J</author><author>Carstensen, Laura L</author><author>Pasupathi, Monisha</author><author>Tsai, Jeanne</author><author>G?testam Skorpen, Carina</author><author>Hsu, Angie YC</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Emotion and aging: experience, expression, and control</title><secondary-title>Psychology and aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychology and aging</full-title></periodical><pages>590</pages><volume>12</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><isbn>1939-1498</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>44.A key reason to focus on wellbeing in later life is because of its strong association with longevity. The well know ‘Nun Study’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Danner</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>36</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">45</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>36</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659162">36</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Danner, Deborah D</author><author>Snowdon, David A</author><author>Friesen, Wallace V</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive emotions in early life and longevity: findings from the nun study</title><secondary-title>Journal of personality and social psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of personality and social psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>804</pages><volume>80</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2001</year></dates><isbn>1939-1315</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>45 found a strong correlation between being happy and living longer. In this study handwritten autobiographies from 180 Catholic nuns, composed at a mean age of 22 years, were scored for emotional content and related to survival during ages 75 to 95. The study found a strong inverse association between positive emotional content and risk of mortality in late life. For every 1% increase in the number of positive sentences in their writings, there was a 1.4% decrease in mortality rate, and on average the happiest nuns lived 10 years longer than the least happy nuns. Beyond emotional traits, cognitive perceptions have also been found to relate to longevity. In one study Levy and colleagues found that in a sample of 660 individuals aged 50 and older, individuals with more positive self-perceptions of aging, measured up to 23 years earlier, lived on average 7.5 years longer than those with less positive self-perceptions of aging ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Levy</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">46</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659230">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Levy, Becca R</author><author>Slade, Martin D</author><author>Kunkel, Suzanne R</author><author>Kasl, Stanislav V</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging</title><secondary-title>Journal of personality and social psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of personality and social psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>261</pages><volume>83</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2002</year></dates><isbn>1939-1315</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>46. This advantage remained after controlling for age, gender, socioeconomic status, loneliness, and functional health. They also found that this effect is partially mediated by a ‘will to live’. Specific elements that build wellbeing also decline with age. For example, the MIDUS study (Mid Life in the United States) found that a sense of purpose in life decreased substantially for older adults from age 60 to 74, and even more so for females ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>78</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">47</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>78</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510757520">78</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, Carol D</author><author>Singer, Burton</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Integrative Science of Human Resilience</title><secondary-title>Interdisciplinary Research: Case Studies from Health and Social Science: Case Studies from Health and Social Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Interdisciplinary Research: Case Studies from Health and Social Science: Case Studies from Health and Social Science</full-title></periodical><pages>198</pages><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0198043546</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>47. However, Steger, Oishi and Kashdan (2009) found in a sample of 8,756 individuals (including those over 65) that meaning in life increases as one gets older, pointing to a developmental trajectory difference between the constructs of purpose and meaning, opening up intervention possibilities ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Steger</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>38</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">48</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>38</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659464">38</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Steger, Michael F</author><author>Oishi, Shigehiro</author><author>Kashdan, Todd B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Positive Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Positive Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>43-52</pages><volume>4</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>1743-9760</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>48. Studies such as these suggest that psychology has a constructive role to play in positive aging.Wellbeing in older people can be increased A meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials of interventions aimed at promoting wellbeing in the general population through behavioral interventions reported a moderate and significant effect size post intervention, and a small but significant effect size between two and ten months follow up ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weiss</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>39</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">49</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>39</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659519">39</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Weiss, Laura A</author><author>Westerhof, Gerben J</author><author>Bohlmeijer, Ernst T</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Can we increase psychological well-being? The effects of interventions on psychological well-being: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials</title><secondary-title>PloS one</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PloS one</full-title></periodical><pages>e0158092</pages><volume>11</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1932-6203</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>49. Further, a review by Sutipan, Intarakamhang, and Macaskill (2017) of eight wellbeing interventions using positive psychology techniques with older adults suggested that “they [positive psychology interventions] provide promising tools for enhancing well-being, happiness, life satisfaction and alleviating depressive symptoms in older adults” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sutipan</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>40</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">50</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>40</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659575">40</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sutipan, Pitchada</author><author>Intarakamhang, Ungsinun</author><author>Macaskill, Ann</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The impact of positive psychological interventions on well-being in healthy elderly people</title><secondary-title>Journal of Happiness Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Happiness Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>269-291</pages><volume>18</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1389-4978</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>50. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 54, 55, 60, and increased quality of sleep ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cesetti</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>42</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">52, 53</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>42</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659682">42</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cesetti, Giulia</author><author>Vescovelli, Francesca</author><author>Ruini, Chiara</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Promotion of Well-Being in Aging Individuals Living in Nursing Homes: A Controlled Pilot Intervention with Narrative Strategies</title><secondary-title>Clinical Gerontologist</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical Gerontologist</full-title></periodical><pages>1-12</pages><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0731-7115</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Friedman</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>43</RecNum><record><rec-number>43</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659750">43</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Friedman, Elliot M</author><author>Ruini, Chiara</author><author>Foy, Renee</author><author>Jaros, LaVerne</author><author>Sampson, Hellen</author><author>Ryff, Carol D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Lighten UP! A community-based group intervention to promote psychological well-being in older adults</title><secondary-title>Aging &amp; mental health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aging &amp; mental health</full-title></periodical><pages>199-205</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1360-7863</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>52, 53. The same studies found decreases in self-reported feelings of depression and depressive symptomsPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GcmllZG1hbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 53-56, 58, 59, reduced stress ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Turner</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">59, 61</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510660089">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Turner, Jennie</author><author>Greenawalt, Katie</author><author>Goodwin, Stephen</author><author>Rathie, Erica</author><author>Orsega-Smith, Elizabeth</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The development and implementation of the Art of Happiness intervention for community-dwelling older adults</title><secondary-title>Educational Gerontology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Educational Gerontology</full-title></periodical><pages>1-11</pages><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0360-1277</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Killen</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>59</RecNum><record><rec-number>59</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510754505">59</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Killen, Alison</author><author>Macaskill, Ann</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults</title><secondary-title>Journal of Happiness Studies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Happiness Studies</full-title></periodical><pages>947-964</pages><volume>16</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1389-4978</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>59, 61 and, decreased anxiety ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ramírez</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>48</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">58</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>48</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510660040">48</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ramírez, Encarnación</author><author>Ortega, Ana Raquel</author><author>Chamorro, Alberto</author><author>Colmenero, José María</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A program of positive intervention in the elderly: Memories, gratitude and forgiveness</title><secondary-title>Aging &amp; mental health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aging &amp; mental health</full-title></periodical><pages>463-470</pages><volume>18</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1360-7863</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>58. Other benefits of wellbeing interventions with older adults were increased social wellbeing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Friedman</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>43</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">53</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>43</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659750">43</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Friedman, Elliot M</author><author>Ruini, Chiara</author><author>Foy, Renee</author><author>Jaros, LaVerne</author><author>Sampson, Hellen</author><author>Ryff, Carol D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Lighten UP! A community-based group intervention to promote psychological well-being in older adults</title><secondary-title>Aging &amp; mental health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aging &amp; mental health</full-title></periodical><pages>199-205</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1360-7863</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>53, better working memory ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cantarella</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>41</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">51</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>41</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659647">41</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cantarella, Alessandra</author><author>Borella, Erika</author><author>Marigo, Cinzia</author><author>De Beni, Rosanna</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Benefits of Well‐Being Training in Healthy Older Adults</title><secondary-title>Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1758-0854</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>51, increases in gratitude ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ho</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>46</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">56</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>46</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510659922">46</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ho, Henry CY</author><author>Yeung, Dannii Y</author><author>Kwok, Sylvia YCL</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Development and evaluation of the positive psychology intervention for older adults</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Positive Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Positive Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>187-197</pages><volume>9</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1743-9760</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>56, and greater overall mindfulness ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Turner</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">59</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510660089">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Turner, Jennie</author><author>Greenawalt, Katie</author><author>Goodwin, Stephen</author><author>Rathie, Erica</author><author>Orsega-Smith, Elizabeth</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The development and implementation of the Art of Happiness intervention for community-dwelling older adults</title><secondary-title>Educational Gerontology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Educational Gerontology</full-title></periodical><pages>1-11</pages><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>0360-1277</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>59.These wellbeing interventions have been delivered in a range of contexts and delivery modalities, including small groups and one-on-one sessions, and are increasingly being utilised with telehealth solutions, most notably using online formats. Telehealth solutions, being solutions that use information and communications technology to deliver health care and transmit health information ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>International Organization for Standardization</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>60</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">62</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>60</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510754836">60</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>International Organization for Standardization,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health Informatics - Telehealth services - quality planning guidelines ISO/TS 13131</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>, are particularly interesting for wellbeing and positive psychology interventions. This is because of their ease of access and ability to scale, and they have, despite several challenges regarding methodology and study quality, generally demonstrated positive effects on wellbeing and depression ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ba?os</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>53</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">63, 64</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>53</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tw2vtweatdfva4etav45d5ve29rtxw9x9rpa" timestamp="1510695495">53</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ba?os, Rosa M.</author><author>Etchemendy, Ernestina</author><author>Mira, Adriana</author><author>Riva, Giuseppe</author><author>Gaggioli, Andrea</author><author>Botella, Cristina</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Online Positive interventions to Promote Well-being and resilience in the Adolescent Population: A Narrative review</title><secondary-title>Frontiers in psychiatry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Frontiers in psychiatry</full-title></periodical><volume>8</volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>Frontiers Media SA</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Vella-Brodrick</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>67</RecNum><record><rec-number>67</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755436">67</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vella-Brodrick, Dianne</author><author>Klein, Britt</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive psychology and the internet: A mental health opportunity</title><secondary-title>Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>30-41</pages><volume>6</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>63, 64. Although the scientific field of positive psychology is young, and subsequently the number of studies using telehealth interventions in the older population is currently sparse, promising results are emerging. Online positive psychology interventions (OPPIs) are characterised by partial or complete online delivery of content were participants are geographical spread and have little to no contact with researchers or professionals delivering the intervention. Many are self-paced and as participants are not in a controlled environment there can be many extraneous variables that impact on the findings of online intervention studies, clouding how effective these interventions may be.The findings on the efficacy of online interventions are also mixed. A number of studies have reported the positive impact of OPPI’s including increased positive emotion and self-efficacy ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ouweneel</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>61</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">65</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>61</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755038">61</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ouweneel, Else</author><author>Le Blanc, Pascale M</author><author>Schaufeli, Wilmar B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Do-it-yourself: An online positive psychology intervention to promote positive emotions, self-efficacy, and engagement at work</title><secondary-title>Career Development International</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Career Development International</full-title></periodical><pages>173-195</pages><volume>18</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1362-0436</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>65, and higher levels of self-reported happiness and a decrease in depressive symptoms ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Proyer</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>62</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">66, 67</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>62</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755130">62</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Proyer, René T</author><author>Gander, Fabian</author><author>Wellenzohn, Sara</author><author>Ruch, Willibald</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Strengths-based positive psychology interventions: a randomized placebo-controlled online trial on long-term effects for a signature strengths-vs. a lesser strengths-intervention</title><secondary-title>Frontiers in psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Frontiers in psychology</full-title></periodical><volume>6</volume><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Seligman</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>63</RecNum><record><rec-number>63</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755192">63</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Seligman, Martin EP</author><author>Steen, Tracy A</author><author>Park, Nansook</author><author>Peterson, Christopher</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions</title><secondary-title>American psychologist</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American psychologist</full-title></periodical><pages>410</pages><volume>60</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1935-990X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>66, 67. However, two studies have also reported no change in measures of happiness, quality of life, and work performance ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Abbott</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>65</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">68, 69</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>65</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755260">65</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Abbott, Jo-Anne</author><author>Klein, Britt</author><author>Hamilton, Catherine</author><author>Rosenthal, Andrew J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The impact of online resilience training for sales managers on wellbeing and performance</title><secondary-title>Sensoria: A Journal of Mind, Brain &amp; Culture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sensoria: A Journal of Mind, Brain &amp; Culture</full-title></periodical><pages>89-95</pages><volume>5</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>2203-8469</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Parks</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>66</RecNum><record><rec-number>66</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755297">66</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parks, Acacia </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive psychotherapy: Building a model of empirically supported self-help</title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><publisher>University of Pennsylvania</publisher><isbn>1109236174</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>68, 69. A study investigating the impact of OPPIs with older adults found three out of four brief one-week interventions where participants were communicated with online found an increased happiness, and two out of four interventions led to a reduction in depressive symptoms ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Proyer</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>47</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">57</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>47</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510660000">47</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Proyer, René T</author><author>Gander, Fabian</author><author>Wellenzohn, Sara</author><author>Ruch, Willibald</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive psychology interventions in people aged 50–79 years: long-term effects of placebo-controlled online interventions on well-being and depression</title><secondary-title>Aging &amp; Mental Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aging &amp; mental health</full-title></periodical><pages>997-1005</pages><volume>18</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1360-7863</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>57. This study provides initial evidence for the efficacy and feasibility of OPPIs with older adults. However, further research is required to understand when, how, for whom and why OPPIs work.It is widely accepted that the internet presents new and positive opportunities for the wide dissemination of many different mental health interventions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vella-Brodrick</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>67</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">64</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>67</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755436">67</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vella-Brodrick, Dianne</author><author>Klein, Britt</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive psychology and the internet: A mental health opportunity</title><secondary-title>Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>30-41</pages><volume>6</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>64, however, caution needs to be taken when investigating the efficacy of these interventions due to the uncontrolled nature with which online interventions are plete mental health The relationship between mental illness and mental health (or wellbeing) has been a contentious one. Theorists generally considered that mental illness and wellbeing were opposite ends of the same spectrum, and that improvements in wellbeing could prevent an individual from falling into mental illness ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Huppert</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>55</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">70</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>55</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tw2vtweatdfva4etav45d5ve29rtxw9x9rpa" timestamp="1510695692">55</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huppert, Felicia A.</author><author>So, Timothy T. C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Flourishing across Europe: Application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being</title><secondary-title>Social Indicators Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Social Indicators Research</full-title></periodical><pages>837-861</pages><volume>110</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><isbn>0303-8300</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>70. As a result, therapists and researchers using positive psychology in their work have operated somewhat independently of those targeting mental illness and clinical populations. More recent insights, in particular the landmark publication by Keyes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keyes</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">71</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510656929">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keyes, C. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. corey.keyes@emory.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health</title><secondary-title>J Consult Clin Psychol</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of consulting and clinical psychology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Consult Clin Psychol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of consulting and clinical psychology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Consult Clin Psychol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of consulting and clinical psychology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>539-48</pages><volume>73</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/06/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Distribution</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/*psychology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Happiness</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Psychological Theory</keyword><keyword>Sex Distribution</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-006X (Print)&#xD;0022-006x</isbn><accession-num>15982151</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.539</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>71, however points to wellbeing and mental illness as two separate, yet correlated unipolar dimensions. In other words, mental illness and psychological wellbeing are related concepts, but are not two ends of the same spectrum as was previously thought.This new view has caused increasing focus on blending traditional and positive psychology approaches, such that there is an emerging body of research dedicated specifically to the delivery of wellbeing and positive psychology interventions to individuals with moderate and severe mental illness, most notably depression and anxiety, called both ‘positive psychotherapy’ and ‘positive clinical psychology’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Seligman</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>68</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">72, 73</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>68</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755509">68</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Seligman, Martin EP</author><author>Rashid, Tayyab</author><author>Parks, Acacia C</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Positive psychotherapy</title><secondary-title>American psychologist</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American psychologist</full-title></periodical><pages>774</pages><volume>61</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1935-990X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Slade</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>69</RecNum><record><rec-number>69</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755532">69</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Slade, Mike</author><author>Oades, Lindsay</author><author>Jarden, Aaron</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Wellbeing, Recovery and Mental Health</title></titles><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><isbn>1107543053</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>72, 73. This blend between traditional clinical approaches and the newer positive psychology informed approaches has significant implications for the health care system, as wellbeing interventions can be delivered across the spectrum of mental illness, from the well population, through to individuals with mild, moderate and severe mental illness ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Slade</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>70</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">74</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>70</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755624">70</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Slade, Mike</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mental illness and well-being: the central importance of positive psychology and recovery approaches</title><secondary-title>BMC health services research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMC health services research</full-title></periodical><pages>26</pages><volume>10</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>1472-6963</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>74. Keyes’ (2005) work resulted in the Complete State Model of Mental Health (CSM), depicted in Figure 1 below, which states that an individual has ‘complete mental health’ when they have both a low level of mental illness and a high level of wellbeing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keyes</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">71</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510656929">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keyes, C. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. corey.keyes@emory.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health</title><secondary-title>J Consult Clin Psychol</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of consulting and clinical psychology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Consult Clin Psychol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of consulting and clinical psychology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Consult Clin Psychol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of consulting and clinical psychology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>539-48</pages><volume>73</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/06/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Distribution</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/*psychology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Happiness</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Psychological Theory</keyword><keyword>Sex Distribution</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-006X (Print)&#xD;0022-006x</isbn><accession-num>15982151</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.539</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>71. right000Figure 1: Representation of the Complete State Model of Mental Health, adapted from Slade (2010).?A key application of the CSM is that it reveals ‘invisible’ sub-groups within a population, which are likely to require, respond to, and benefit from vastly different intervention approaches. Keyes (2007) identified six sub-groups, those with or without clinical mental illness with either high (flourishing), moderate, or low (languishing) levels of wellbeing on the wellbeing continuum ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keyes</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>71</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">75</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>71</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755749">71</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keyes, Corey LM</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: a complementary strategy for improving national mental health</title><secondary-title>American psychologist</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American psychologist</full-title></periodical><pages>95</pages><volume>62</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>1935-990X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>75. The CSM has the potential to provide a clearer and more comprehensive snapshot of a population’s mental health, with evidence supporting the benefits of flourishing without mental disorders for both individuals and society ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keyes</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>71</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">75</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>71</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755749">71</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keyes, Corey LM</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: a complementary strategy for improving national mental health</title><secondary-title>American psychologist</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American psychologist</full-title></periodical><pages>95</pages><volume>62</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>1935-990X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>75.Taking the CSM as a reference point, a ‘Complete Mental Health profile’ of South Australia can be formed by analyzing data stemming from a sample of 1,210 South Australians collected in the South Australian Monitoring and Surveillance System (SAMSS) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Taylor</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>72</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">76</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>72</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510755842">72</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Taylor, Anne</author><author>Dal Grande, Eleonora</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chronic disease and risk factor surveillance using the SA Monitoring and Surveillance System (SAMSS)–history, results and future challenges</title><secondary-title>health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>health</full-title></periodical><pages>1-23</pages><volume>25</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>76, displayed in Figure 2, with descriptive statistics split for the six sub-groups identified by Keyes in 2007 provided in Table 1. SAMSS has been collected monthly since 2002 using randomized South Australian residential telephone numbers and the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system. These data presented in Figure 2 were collected in 2014 . FlourishingModerately MentallyHealthyLanguishingA larger circle indicates more observations for those scores.FlourishingModerately MentallyHealthyLanguishingA larger circle indicates more observations for those scores.Figure 2. Complete mental health in a sample of South Australians. Table 1. Prevalence of Flourishing in a sample of 1,210 South AustraliansGroupPrevalence (%)TotalMental Illness and Languishing26%Mental Illness and Moderately Mentally Healthy7%Mental Illness and Flourishing6%Languishing (and no mental illness)12%Moderate Mental Health (and no mental illness)18%Complete Mental Health (Flourishing, no mental illness)32%Under 65Mental Illness and Languishing20%Mental Illness and Moderately Mentally Healthy7%Mental Illness and Flourishing5%Languishing (and no mental illness)13%Moderate Mental Health (and no mental illness)18%Complete Mental Health (Flourishing, no mental illness)30%Over 65Mental Illness and Languishing24%Mental Illness and Moderately Mentally Healthy7%Mental Illness and Flourishing7%Languishing (and no mental illness)9%Moderate Mental Health (and no mental illness)16%?Complete Mental Health (Flourishing, no mental illness)38%Note: Percentages refer to Figure 1This survey included four wellbeing questions developed by the Office for National Statistics (UK) that form a composite quantification of wellbeing, and scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kessler</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>73</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">77</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>73</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510756121">73</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kessler, R</author><author>Mroczek, D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Final versions of our non-specific psychological distress scale</title><secondary-title>Memo dated March</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Memo dated March</full-title></periodical><pages>1994</pages><volume>10</volume><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>77 that form the score representing mental illness. The axes representing the divide between low and high mental illness and wellbeing, similar to those presented in the original CSM by Keyes, are formed by the median scores for both measures.The CSM could have significant implications for healthy ageing and efforts to improve the mental health of ageing populations around the world. Table 1 for instance indicates that older South Australians (65 years or older) are performing differently to the rest of the population with respect to the CSM, with results indicating higher percentages of older people in the extreme categories. These insights provided by the CSM grid are valuable for governments and health professionals in order to better understand the mental health (treatment) requirements of older citizens. This information could be used to more accurately and efficiently allocate resources and set policy priorities in relation to the mental health of older individuals, and could also be used to provide important insights for health professionals to determine what treatment options to recommend. For example, using a positive psychology based telehealth solution to help someone who shows mild mood symptoms and demonstrates moderate wellbeing, whereas deciding to recommend face-to-face cognitive-behavioural or acceptance-commitment therapy combined with in-person wellbeing training for those who are languishing and severely depressed. Currently however, a purpose-built assessment tool for measuring CSM does not yet exist. The WRC is beginning to develop an assessment methodology that will include measures of mental illness and wellbeing, as well as physiological factors that are related to mental health (e.g., physical activity, nutrition, sleep), demographics, social determinants of health, and receptivity or interest in various wellbeing intervention types. An assessment tool such as this could be used to categorise individuals according to their CSM status, with the aim to produce an evidence-base that will facilitate the acceptance of wellbeing interventions into the mental health care system. This will provide a novel level of sophistication to pair individuals with the services they are receptive to and be most likely to improve their implicit capacity. Telehealth, healthy ageing, and the Complete State Model of Mental Health Telehealth has been promoted as a cost-effective initiative to combat the rising economic pressure of ageing populations ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Koch</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>74</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">78</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>74</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510756344">74</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Koch, Sabine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Healthy ageing supported by technology–a cross-disciplinary research challenge</title><secondary-title>Informatics for Health and Social Care</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Informatics for Health and Social Care</full-title></periodical><pages>81-91</pages><volume>35</volume><number>3-4</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>1753-8157</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>78, with common telehealth initiatives including remote consultation with health care providers, sharing electronic medical records to manage chronic diseases or medications, or for monitoring and transmitting data on relevant indicators to health providers or family members ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kaambwa</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>75</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">79</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>75</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510756384">75</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kaambwa, Billingsley</author><author>Ratcliffe, Julie</author><author>Shulver, Wendy</author><author>Killington, Maggie</author><author>Taylor, Alan</author><author>Crotty, Maria</author><author>Carati, Colin</author><author>Tieman, Jennifer</author><author>Wade, Victoria</author><author>Kidd, Michael R</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Investigating the preferences of older people for telehealth as a new model of health care service delivery: A discrete choice experiment</title><secondary-title>Journal of telemedicine and telecare</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of telemedicine and telecare</full-title></periodical><pages>301-313</pages><volume>23</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>1357-633X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>79. To support healthy ageing, wellbeing telehealth should be targeted across the board; to older adults themselves, their relatives and carers, and their professional health providers, however ensuring concerns regarding quality of service and agency are met ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Koch</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>74</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">78</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>74</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510756344">74</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Koch, Sabine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Healthy ageing supported by technology–a cross-disciplinary research challenge</title><secondary-title>Informatics for Health and Social Care</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Informatics for Health and Social Care</full-title></periodical><pages>81-91</pages><volume>35</volume><number>3-4</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>1753-8157</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>78. The WRC is developing an online platform that has been designed primarily to allow Australians to freely measure their level of psychological wellbeing and some elements of mental illness symptomology, and receive individualised feedback on their wellbeing. The feedback will also include recommendations on ways to improve their wellbeing. We envision including the complete mental health assessment battery into online measurements. There are a range of impacts that this type of technology could have on healthy ageing, for individuals and governments alike. The most obvious impact of this technology is the provision of real-time insights for older adults to learn about their mental health status, with targeted recommendations for the services most likely to help. Research indicates that older adults under-identify their level of mental illness, therefore an objective report of their complete mental health could provide the stimulus and suggest potential pathways to seek help if it is required. By including measures in the assessment battery such as social connectedness, physical activity, nutrition, and sleep, these reports could include telehealth interventions or other services to address the underlying causes of mental illness or low wellbeing, rather than merely addressing the symptoms. These interventions could range from low-intensity, evidence-based online wellbeing interventions, or mental health services or group sessions, to higher-intensity interventions or specialised care for individuals with more complex presentations and needs. With consent, this data could be shared with General Practitioners or health professionals, who could further support their patients through these interventions or services (e.g., proactively identifying relapse), and improve their relationship with their patients. This assessment platform could also be ‘evidence-generating’ if older adults complete the measurement regularly, in addition to participating in interventions or services. This capability has important implications for the health care system, as it can inform mental health and Medicare reform agendas ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McGorry</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>76</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">80</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>76</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzz0wtfz295extezf9m5zvsqwdreepxzd5dv" timestamp="1510756584">76</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McGorry, Patrick D</author><author>Hamilton, Matthew P</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Stepwise expansion of evidence-based care is needed for mental health reform</title><secondary-title>The Medical journal of Australia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Medical journal of Australia</full-title></periodical><pages>351-353</pages><volume>204</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0025-729X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>80, as well as developing deeper understandings of the CSM. In addition to improving the implicit capacity of older adults, wellbeing telehealth can also be used to improve the environments in which they live. We anticipate that large Australian samples will participate in this online platform, which would allow the WRC to accurately and efficiently report the epidemiology of mental health and wellbeing anonymously (i.e., deidentified) to the Government, to inform allocation of resources to high need areas, establish accurate health priorities, or evaluate the impact of new policies on mental health.Finally, this telehealth approach may attract the ‘missing middle’ demographic of Australians who are traditionally overlooked by mental health services. This demographic is important for healthy ageing as they represent the next generation of older people. By flying under the radar of the mental health services, they may potentially worsen or present chronic undiagnosed mental illness at older ages. Therefore, this platform may support the prevention aspects prioritised by healthy ageing. ConclusionIncreasing longevity globally presents an opportunity to learn about what constitutes a full and productive life in older adulthood. Older adults are at increased risk of mental and physical health issues, but evidence suggesting that this is not the norm and that wellbeing interventions, with the wide range of benefits they confer, are effective in building mental and physical health assets with older populations. This chapter has suggested that an online platform to measure the Complete Mental Health of individuals will deliver a wide range of benefits to the broader community, as well as the individual themselves. 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