Human Geography: Rubenstein Chapter Two Population



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2nd Place: ____________________________________________________

3rd Place: ____________________________________________________

Human Geography Review: Population and Migration QUESTIONS

1. What is the world’s population? (estimate)

2. What century has seen the largest population growth?

3. Which of the following has higher population growth rates? LDCs or MDCs

4. Define demography.

5. Describe the difference between distribution and density.

6. Where are the world’s population clusters?

7. Name three similarities between the populated regions.

8. What is the largest cluster of inhabitants? Bonus point: What countries does this cluster include?

9. Where do the people of Korea and Japan mainly live? How do they make a living?

10. What is the 2nd largest cluster of population? Bonus point: What countries does this include?

11. What is the world’s second most populous country?

12. How do most of the people in South Asia make a living?

13. Where is the largest concentration of population in Southeast Asia?

14. How do people in Southeast Asia make a living?

15. Where is the largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere?

16. Define ecumene.

17. What has happened to the ecumene over time?

18. What four types of regions do people usually not inhabit?

19. What is arithmetic density?

20. What is land suited for agriculture called?

21. What is physiological density?

22. What is agricultural density?

23. How do geographers most frequently measure population change in a country or the world as a whole?

24. What is the crude birth rate?

25. What is the crude death rate?

26. What is the natural increase rate?

27. What is doubling time?

28. What is the total fertility rate?

29. What is the difference between the information provided by the total fertility rate and the crude birth rate?

30. What is the average total fertility rate for the world?

31. What is infant mortality rate?

32. Describe the United States IMR in comparison to Canada and/or western Europe.

33. Compare average life expectancy in Africa to the USA.

34. What is the demographic transition?

35. What was the agricultural revolution?

36. What was the industrial revolution?

37. What is zero population growth?

38. What is a population pyramid?

39. What is the shape of a pyramid primarily determined by?

40. What is the dependency ratio?

41. What age groups are a part of the dependents?

42. What is the sex ratio?

43. In poorer countries what partly explains the lower percentage of women?

44. What will high rate of immigration due to the sex ratio?

45. Name a in stage 3 of the demographic transition.

46. What country is in stage 4 of the demographic transition?

47. Where are most of the countries in the world on the demographic transition model?

48. What characterizes the four stage demographic transition?

49. Describe Malthus’ views.

50. Describe the Neo-Malthusian platform.

51. How can natural increase be reduced?

52. Name two major ways that the CBR can be reduced.

53. Define migration.

54. Define emigration.

55. Define immigration.

56. What is net in-migration?

57. Net out-migration?

58. Why do people still migrate despite globalization?

59. What are three reasons for migrating?

60. What is the main reason people migrate?

61. What is a push factor? Give an example.

62. What is a pull factor? Give an example.

63. What are refugees?

64. Describe two main points about the distance that migrants travel to their home?

65. What is international migration?

66. What is internal migration?

67. What is interregional migration?

68. What is intraregional migration?

69. What has been the main type of intraregional migration?

70. What is voluntary migration?

71. What is forced migration?

72. What kind of push and pull factors usually induce voluntary migration?

73. What kind of push and pull factors normally induce forced migration?

74. International migration primarily comes from what stage of the DTM?

75. What type of internal migration is most likely in stage 2 countries?

76. What type of internal migration is most likely in stage 3 and 4 countries?

77. What are two distinctive gender and family status patterns in migration?

78. What does the increased female migration to the US partially reflect?

79. What was the second era in United States immigration wave AND what group made up immigrantss?

80. What was the third era in United States immigration wave AND what group made up immigrantss?

81. Describe the first peak of European immigration to the US-give years and groups of immigrants.

82. How did Europe’s demographic transition affect its migration patterns?

83. When did immigration in the United States drop sharply?

84. What two countries have yielded the largest number of Asian immigrants?

85. What was slightly different in the 1980’s and 1990’s regarding Asian immigration? Name one of three leading immigration sources.

86. How has the pattern of immigration the United States changed since 1800?

87. Where are immigrants distributed in the United States?

88. What is chain migration?

89. What are the estimates for undocumented immigrants?

90. What is a quota?

91. What were quota laws designed to do?

92. What is a brain drain?

93. What are guest workers?

94. What are the pros and cons of guest workers?

95. Describe problems with guest workers.

96. What are the two main times of internal migration?

97. How did the center of population change over time the U.S.?

98. Describe the recent growth of the south

99. What regions are Americans currently emigrating to the most?

100. Describe internal migration in Russia.

101. Describe internal migration in Brazil.

102. Describe internal migration in Indonesia.

103. Describe internal migration in Europe.

104. Describe the when, where, and what of the migration from rural to urban areas.

105. Describe the when, where, and what of the migration from urban to suburban areas.

106. Describe the when, where, and what of the migration from metro to non-metro areas.

107. What is counter-urbanization?

Human Geography Review: Population and Migration ANSWERS

1. over 6 billion

2. 20th century

3. LDCs

4. the scientific study of population characteristics; how people are distributed spatially, age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, etc.

5. distribution: where the population is locates, how spread out or clustered it is

density: how many people are concentrated in a certain area

6. Must name at least four: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and Eastern North America

7. a. Most people live near an ocean, or near a river w/ easy access to an ocean

b. Occupy generally low-lying areas

c. fertile soil and

d. temperate climate

e. All located in the Northern Hemisphere between 10 degrees and 55 degrees north latitude with the exception of part of the SE Asia concentration

8. East Asia; China, Japan, Korea, and the island of Taiwan

9. 75% live in urban areas and work at industrial/service jobs

10. South Asia; India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh

11. India

12. Most are farmers

13. Java, Indonesia; 100 million people

14. High percentage of farmers

15. Northeastern US and southeastern Canada; extends along the Atlantic Coast from Boston to Newport News, Virginia, and westward along the Great lakes to Chicago

16. The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

17. Areas of Earth considered too harsh for occupancy have diminished while ecumene has increased

18. Dry, wet, highlands, and cold

19. total number of people divided by the total number of land

20. arable land

21. the number of people supported divided by a unit area of arable land

22. the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

23. measures of crude birth rate, crude death rate, and natural increase rate

24. the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

25. the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

26. the percentage by which a population grows in a year CBR-CDR

27. the number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase

28. the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

29. Crude birth rate provides a picture of a society as a whole in a given year whereas the total fertility rate attempts to predict the future behavior of individual women in a world of rapid cultural change.

30. 3 (except within 0.5)

31. the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared with total live births

32. U.S. has a higher IMR than Canada and most of Europe. Many minorities in the US have IMR that are twice as high as the national average because they cannot afford good health care for their infants.

33. Africa=40’s; US=late 70’s;

34. The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population

35. the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

36. a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

37. a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

38. a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

39. the crude birth rate in the community

40. the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years

41. 0-14; 65-plus

42. the number of males per hundred females

43. high mortality rates during childbirth, poorer countries have a larger percentage of young people, where males generally outnumber females and a lower percentage of older people, where females are more numerous

44. More males because males are more likely to undertake long-distance migration

45. United States, Mexico, China, Eastern Europe or Latin America countries

46. Japan, Western Europe countries=Germany, France, Denmark, Sweden, etc

47. Stage 2 or 3

48. Stage 1: high birth and death rates Stage 2: sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological innovation, which has been accomplished everywhere; Stage 3: the sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from changing social customs, urbanization, Stage 4: low birth and death rates

49. Everyone would die of starvation because population was growing much more rapidly than Earth’s food supply.

50. Contemporary geologists have found validity in Malthus’ theory because of the unprecedented rate of natural increase in LDCs. Malthus failed to anticipate that relatively poor countries would have the most rapid population growth, because of transfer of medical technology w/o wealth from MDCs.

51. By returning to stage 1 by raising the crude death rate up to the level of the crude birth rate or by moving to stages 3 and 4 by lowering the crude birth rate to the level of the crude death rate.

52. Contraceptives, women’s rights, more education, economic growth

53. A permanent move to a new location

54. migration from a location

55. migration to a location

56. If the number of immigrants exceeds the emigrants, the net migration is positive, and the region has net in-migration.

57. If the number of emigrants exceeds the immigrants, the net migration is negative, and the region has net out-migration.

58. Location is still important to an individual’s cultural identity and economic prospects; in a global economy, an individual’s ability to earn a living depends on location; within a global culture, people migrate to escape from domination by other cultural groups or to be reunited with others of the same culture

59. Economic, environmental, family, persecution, and cultural

60. Economic

61. Induces people to move out of their present location. Ex: discrimination, lack of opportunity, war, natural disasters, loss of freedoms

62. Induces people to move into a new location Ex: jobs, education, family, freedom

63. people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

64. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country; long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity

65. Permanent movement from one country to another

66. Permanent movement within the same country

67. Movement from one region of a country to another

68. Movement within one region

69. From rural to urban areas in search of jobs; in more developed countries, migration has been from urban to environmentally attractive rural areas; the main type of intraregional migration has been within urban areas, from older cities to newer suburbs

70. The migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement

71. The migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors

72. Economic reasons

73. Cultural, political factors

74. Countries in stage 2 of the demographic transition

75. The natural increase rate goes up rapidly as a result of a sharp decline in the crude death rate, international migration becomes important, as well as interregional migration from one country’s rural areas to its cities; migration patterns are a result of technological change; improvement in agricultural practices reduces # of people needed in rural areas, whereas jobs in factories attract migrants to cities in another region of the same country or to a different country

76. In the demographic transition model, crude birth rates begin to decline in stages 3 and 4 as a result of social changes; in the migration transition, societies in stages 3 and 4 are the destinations of the international migrants leaving the stage 2 countries in search of economic opportunities; the principal form of internal migration is intraregional from cities to surrounding suburbs

77. Most long-distance migrants are male; most long-distance migrants are adult individual rather than families with children

78. The changing role of women, more education, opportunity, higher social status

79. mid 1800’s- early 1900’s; 90% from Europe

80. began in the 1970’s-present; ¾ from Latin America and Asia

81. Before 1840’s: 90% of immigrants came from England; during 1840-s and 50’s:immigration surged; 90% from Northern and Western Europe 2/5 from Ireland and 1/3 from Germany; desperate economic push factors compelled the Irish and German to migrate and Germans also migrated to escape from political unrest

82. The rapid population growth in Europe in the 1800’s fueled emigration, because there were limited opportunities for economic advancement; to promote more efficient agriculture, some European governments forced the consolidation of small farms into larger units “enclosure movement”, which forced millions of people to emigrate from rural areas; displaced farmers could choose between working in factories or migrating to the US or another country where farmland was plentiful; Now that European countries have a very low NIR, migration is not necessary

83. Great Depression and WWII; during Great Depression, emigrants exceeded immigrants by 1/4

84. China and India

85. The three leading sources were the Philippines, Vietnam, and South Korea

86. Changed from predominantly European to Asian and Latin American

87. ¼ in California; ¼ in New York and New Jersey; ¼ in Florida, Texas, and Illinois; ¼ in the rest of the states; coastal states used to be the most clustered because immigrants arrived by ship; now all arrive by motor vehicle or airplane

88. the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

89. from 3-20 million; of the 3 million predicted illegal immigrants, the INS estimates that 1/3 are from Mexico, 300, 000 from El Salvador; 100,000 each from Guatemala, Canada, Poland, the Philippines, and Haiti

90. Maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States from each country during a 1-year period

91. To assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans

92. skilled workers and exceptionally talented professionals immigrating into MDCs from LDCs

93. A large-scale emigration by talented people for a period of time to work in higher-paid jobs than are available at home

94. Raises unemployment but lowers it in the source country; Guest workers earn far more than they would at home

95. Guest workers suffer from poor social conditions and has little money; may face prejudice and feel isolated due to language and cultural barriers; guest workers are usually permanent despite the idea that they have that they will be staying temporarily; Some Western European countries pay guest workers to go home but they’re country of origin will not take them back; countries fear that guest workers will distort their culture

96. Interregional and intraregional

97. It gradually moved west

98. Migrate for job opportunities and environmental reasons; more leisure time=attention more to vacation and weather

99. West and South

100. Soviet officials were eager to try to develop Russia’s Far North and Siberia; Komsomol: a brigade of young volunteers sent to help construct projects; offered incentives like higher wages, more paid holidays, and earlier retirement; didn’t work too well

101. Government moved capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia 1000 km away from the coast in an effort to increase the attractiveness of the interior

102. Since ’69, government has tried to pay more than 5 million people off the island of Java; government program gives families 5 acres of land, materials to build a house, seeds and pesticides, and food to tide them over until the crops are ready; participants have declined due to land that could not support agriculture and disruption of indigenous people

103. European migration mostly for economy; southern to northern Italy; northern to southern in UK

104. Prevalent in 1800s for Europe and North America; ¾ of people in Europe and North America now live in urban areas; This has been very prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Latin America; Done for economic advancements

105. Because of lifestyle offered, many more developed countries are experiencing suburbanization; expands the occupation of urban areas

106. Results from rapid expansion of suburbs; represent genuine migration from cities and suburbs to small towns and rural communities; Communications and transportations allow us to work anywhere and still have access to an international network; Many migrants in this category are tired; this processed has stopped since the 1980s because job opportunities have declined in rural areas and poor agricultural conditions

107. Net migration from urban to rural areas

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