湖南省利用世界银行贷款建设经济综合开发示范镇项目（浏阳 …
Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans
Pest Management Plan (PMP)
Consigned by: WB Loan Project Management Office of Hunan Provincial Development and Reform Commission
Compiled by: Changsha Environmental Protection Career Technical College
December 15, 2011
Table of Contents
1. General 1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Overview of Natural and Social Around the Project Area 1
1.3 Distributions of Flowers and Seedlings in the Project Area 6
1.4 Contents and Purpose of the Report 9
1.5 Concept of Integrated Pest Management 9
2. Status of Flowers and Seedlings Pest Management 11
2.1 Main Pests Plaguing Flowers and Seedlings 11
2.2 Current Pest Control Measures for Flowers and Seedlings 13
2.3 Overall Assessment of Current Flowers and Seedlings Pest Management in the Project Area 34
3. Policies, Management Structure and Institutional Capacity 35
3.1 Pest Management Policies in China and Hunan Province 35
3.2 Regulatory Framework and Institutional Responsibilities 36
3.3 Pesticide Management and Distribution Systems and the Use of Pesticides 43
3.4 Description and Evaluation of Pest Management 47
4. Project Objectives and Priorities of Pest Management 47
4.1 Objectives of Pest Management 47
4.2 Priorities of Pest Management 47
5. Measures for Integrated Pest Management 50
5.1 Specific IPM Measures 50
5.2 Integrated Disease Management Measures for Flowers and Seedlings 52
5.3 Integrated Pest Management Measures for Flowers and Seedlings 64
6. Pest Monitoring and Forecasting 79
6.1 Purpose of Monitoring 79
6.2 Basic Requirements of Monitoring 79
6.3 Main Contents of Monitoring 80
6.4 Monitoring and Forecasting Methods 84
7. Reasonable, Safe and Scientific Use of Pesticides 86
7.1 Reasonable Use of Pesticides 86
7.2 Safe Use of Pesticides 93
7.3 Environmental, Occupational and Health Risks 100
8. IPM Training and Promotion 103
8.1 IPM Training Measures 103
8.2 Construction of Flower Demonstration Base 108
8.3 Team Building for Professional Pest Control 110
8.4 Promoting Integrated Management Technologies and Reasonable Use of Pesticides 111
9. IPM Implementation Capacity 113
9.1 Policy Support for Pest Control 113
9.2 Objectives of Integrated Pest Management 115
9.3 Infrastructure, Management, Institutional Arrangements and Coordination 116
9.4 IPM Monitoring and Evaluation 118
9.5 Project Budget for Pest Management 123
List of Tables
Table 1. Planting of Flowers and Seedlings in Zhentou Town 5
Table 2. Distribution of Flowers and Seedlings in the Project Area 8
Table 3. Major Pests and Diseases with Flowers and Trees in Zhentou Town 14
Table 4. Pest and Disease Control Measures and Pesticides Usage in the Project Area 20
Table 5. Pest Control Measures and Pesticides Usage for the Turf of the Project Area 20
Table 6. Medical Control Measures for Pests and Diseases and Current Status of Pesticides Usage in the Project Area 22
Table 7. IPM Survey on Flowers and Seedlings 82
Table 8. Recommended Pesticides and Classification 89
Table 9. IPM Annual Training Plan and Budget 105
Table 10. IPM Annual Promotional Plan and Budget 112
Table 11. Pest Management Monitoring and Supervision Plan and Budget 122
Table 12. Pest Management Budget 123
List of Figures
Figure 1. Pest Control Regulatory Agencies 39
Figure 2. Pesticide Regulatory Agency 42
Figure 3. Monitoring of Pest Management 120
Appendixes
Appendix 1. Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Diseases in the Project Area and Integrated Control Program 124
Appendix 2. Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Pests in the Project Area and Integrated Control Program 150
Appendix 3. Draft Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation 168
Abbreviations, acronyms, and companies
FAO: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
WHO: World Health Organization
GB: Guo Biao (National Standard)
IPM: Integrated Pest Management
PMP: Pest Management Plan
1 General
1.1 Project Overview
(1) Project: Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans
(2) Constructor: Municipal People’s Government of Zhentou Town, Liuyang City, Hunan Province
3) Construction Location: Zhentou Town, Liuyang City, Hunan Province
(4) Construction Scope: According to "Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans – Feasibility Study Report", the construction works include:
a) construction of flower seedlings demonstration bases and supporting infrastructure;
b) research and training center, and flowers and nursery stock e-commerce transactions center;
c) project management capacity building and construction of industry planning and research and other soft environment; and
d) Establishing Zhentou Town General Association of flowers and nursery stock, and working with the Central South University of Forestry and Technology in production, academics and research to co-promote the demonstration base.
1.2 Overview of Natural and Social Conditions around the Project Area
(1) Overview of the Natural Environment
Zhentou Town, located in the western part of Liuyang City, is one of the four central towns of Liuyang. The political, economic, transportation and cultural center of Western Liuyang, it borders Liling City and Zhuzhou County to the south, Zhuzhou City to the west and Changsha County to the north. It sits 45 kilometers from Changsha, the capital city of Hunan Province, 31 kilometers from Zhuzhou city, 34 kilometers from Liuyang City and 30 kilometers from the Huanghua International Airport, all of which are within 30 minutes' drive or less. The National Road 3l9, Provincial Road 21l, the Liuyanghe River Flower Industry Belt, Changsha-Zhuzhou Expressway, Liuyang-Liling Expressway, Shanghai-Ruili Expressway, and Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway pass through the Town. With highest concentration of roads in Liuyang and even in the Changsha region, Zhentou is remarkably accessible and serves as a hub at an advantageous location where economic activities from the Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan cities converge.
The project site is characterized with subtropical humid monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, wet and rainy in spring and summer, and cold and dry in autumn and winter. Generally, the wind blows southeasterly in summer and northerly in winter. The climate is warm with sufficient quantity of heat, long frost-free period, plenty of rainfall and the annual average temperature of 16.7-18.2℃. The active accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is 5,030-5,353℃, annual sunshine duration 1,490-1,850 hours, annual radiation quantity 100-112 kcal / ㎡, annual frost-free period 235-293 days, annual precipitation 1,457-2,247mm, average wind speed 1.4 m / sec and maximum wind speed 20 m / sec.
Liuyang City, located in the northern section of the Luoxiao Mountain in eastern Hunan Province, borders Tonggu, Wanzai and Yichun of Jiangxi Province to the east, Pingxiang of Jiangxi Province and Liling and Zhuzhou of Hunan Province to the south, Changsha to the west and Pingjiang to the north. Of the total land area, 52.6% is mountains, 25.1% hills, 7.9% mounds, 13.1% plain and 1% water.
The territory has hills stretching out in the general area, plains in the southwest and valleys in the northeast. The Liuyanghe River runs through the region with turns and twists before flowing into the Xiangjiang River. There are three major rivers in the region, Liuyanghe River, Laodaohe River and Nanchuanhe River. Covered mainly with red earth, the place also has azonal varieties such as yellow earth, yellow brown earth and alluvial soil, depending on different terrains. The main soil parent materials include plate shale, Quaternary red clay and river alluvium distributed by regions. , etc., and various types of soil were regional distribution. The river valleys formed by Liuyanghe River, Laodaohe River and Nanchuanhe River are dominated by alluvial soil, while the Dawei, Lianyun and Jiuling Mountains are mainly covered with loose purple soil and the hills have red and yellow clays. The city as a whole is predominated by earth from weathered plate shale, accounting for 72.2% of all soil. The earth is deep, water retaining and fertile, rich in phosphorus and potassium, and exhibits a slightly acidic or acidic nature, suitable for many crops to grow, including rice, oil seeds, fruits, vegetables and tea.
(2) Overview of the Social Environment
Situated in cross-zone of the economic circle formed by Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, Zhentou Town is a focus planned by Changsha in its "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", one of the most important of all the 28 small towns in Changsha, and the demonstration town of rural construction in Hunan Province. The project town has 13 communities and villages under its jurisdiction, with a total area of 158 square kilometers, of which the urban area covers 2 square kilometers. As a major agricultural town, Zhentou has 16,223 households and a total population of 56,000, of which 20,000 are urban population. The town has 50,000 mu of arable land and 136,000 mu of forest area (1 mu = 666 square meters).
The town government has been vigorously promoting industrial restructuring and has developed a few distinctive industries, such as flowers, nursery stock, fruits, pollution-free vegetables, aquaculture and other new, efficient projects that are moving towards industrialization and large-scale productions. In 2010, the town’s GDP reached RMB 2.626 billion yuan, fiscal revenue, RMB 23.82 million yuan and farmers' per capita disposable income of RMB 10,015 yuan, with social undertakings experiencing healthy and orderly development. With the growing level of urbanization, the constructions of the small town have taken shape.
Zhentou Town takes economic construction as its central task and puts effort in adjusting the economic structure and increasing people’s income and fiscal revenues. By encouraging the development of agriculture with local characteristics, large-scale industries and private enterprises, it vigorously promotes agriculture, industrialization and urbanization. The town has made the best of the opportunities and achieved fast growth of the local economy. In 2009, the town’s industrial output value reached RMB 1.65 billion yuan, 18.5% up on an annual basis for five consecutive years. A diversified industrial structure has taken shape as textile, food, shipbuilding, construction, printing, paper and leather industries established their presence. The town boasts Hunan’s largest towel textile export base, home to key enterprises like Jianhui Textile Co., Ltd. and Xiqu Towel Factory.
(3) Flowers and Seedlings Planting
Zhentou Town is a seedling base in Hunan Province, as well as a national flowers and seeds wholesale center. Thirteen villages (communities) of the whole town grow more than 20,000 mu of flowers and trees managed by 402 large plantations and 3,856 small growers, generating a minimum annual sales value of RMB 400 million yuan. The flowers and seedlings industry is now taking shape, as the productions are increasingly concentrated to areas that are expanding towards one another. In 2002, Zhentou Town was named by the Forestry Department of Hunan Province and the Provincial Flower Association the “Home to Flowers and Trees in Hunan Province”. The town is also a flowers and nursery stock base exempt without quarantine objects.
Investigations of seedling planting were conducted through interviews with the Town Government’s enterprise office, forestry institute and agricultural stations, as well as cooperatives and growers. At present, the most important plants cultivated are seedlings, followed by turf grass and flowers. Main varieties of seedlings include sweet-scented osmanthus, camphor and Elaeocarpus, main flowers are spring rhododendron, summer rhododendron, chrysanthemum and camellia, main turf grass is for Cynodon dactylon, Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and ryegrass. Scale of cultivation and sales are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Planting of Flowers and Nursery Stock in Zhentou Town
| |Types of Trees and |Planting Area (mu) |Annual Sales (mu) |Remarks |
| |Flowers | | | |
|Seedlings |Osmanthus |8000 |1000-1600 |Including seedlings |
| |Camphor |6000 |1500-2000 | |
| |Elaeocarpus |4000 |600-700 |Including seedlings |
| |Prunus cerasifera |460 |400 |Including seedlings |
| |Koelreuteria paniculata|150 |120 | |
| |Podocarpus |150 |15 | |
| |Michelia chapensis |100 |90 |Including seedlings |
| |Michelia maudiae |90 |80 |Including seedlings |
| |Taxus chinensis |120 |100 | |
| |Metasequoia |110 |90 | |
| |Magnolia grandiflora |140 |120 |Including seedlings |
| |Magnolia denudate |100 |80 |Including seedlings |
| |Magnolia liliflora |100 |80 |Including seedlings |
| |Photinia fraseri |270 |230 | |
| |Loropetalum chinensis |80 |50 | |
| |var.rubra | | | |
| |Prunus persica |170 |150 |Including seedlings |
| |f.atropur purea | | | |
| |Pine |190 |160 |Including seedlings |
| |Sabina Chinensis |200 |180 | |
| |Red maple |130 |100 | |
| |Acer serrulatum Hayata |140 |110 | |
| |Ligustrum lucidum Ait |160 |130 |Including seedlings |
| |Folium ilicis chinensis|80 |50 | |
| |Spring Rhododendron |150 |130 | |
| |Summer Rhododendron |130 |120 | |
| |Camellia sinensis |80 |50 | |
| |Myrica rubra |5 |3 | |
| |Loropetalum chinense |2 |2 | |
| |var. rubrum | | | |
|Flowers |Chrysanthemum |50 |50 | |
| |Camellia |50 |40 | |
| |Chinese rose |20 |20 | |
| |Rose |20 |20 | |
| |Lily |20 |20 | |
| |Kumquat |12 |10 | |
| |Violet |10 |10 | |
| |Dianthus |10 |10 | |
| |Plum blossom |10 |10 | |
| |Peach blossom |10 |10 | |
| |Cockscomb |5 |5 | |
| |Sago cycas |5 |3 | |
|Turf |Cynodon Dactylon |900 |900 |Make to Order |
| |Tifdwarf Bermudagrass |1200 |1200 | |
| |Lolium multiflorum |500 |500 | |
1.3 Distributions of Flowers and Seedlings in the Project Area
The site proposed for the flowers and seedlings demonstration base is located in Jintian Village, Shuangqiao Village and Jiangdong Village, Zhentou Town, Liuyang City, Hunan Province. The base consists of three plots distributed across the Liuyanghe River 100-Mile Flowers and Trees Corridor and on both sides of the Provincial Highway S211. The research and training center is deployed in Shuangqiao Village, Zhentou Town, adjacent to the Provincial Highway S211 in the south. The flowers and nursery stock e-commerce transactions center is located in the center of Zhentou Town, with the Liuyang 100-Mile Flowers and Trees Corridor to the south. The project site is accessible by highways that lead to Changsha to the west, Liuyang to the east and Zhuzhou to the south.
The flowers and seedlings base is built on the land leased from the farmers. The base is divided into three sections: the first is centered on the Jintian area, where soil-less grass carpet, turf and flowers are grown, a flower demonstration base covering 600 mu; the second has the Shuangqiao area at its core, where camphor tree, Podocarpus and a variety of seedlings are grown, forming a seedling demonstration base of 800 mu and a fresh cut-flower demonstration base of 200 mu; and the third is the Jiangdong area, where all kinds of sweet-scented osmanthus, Photinia fraseri, ginkgo, magnolia and other flowers are grown to take advantage of the proximity with Zhuzhou, a big city. It is a high-end flower and trees demonstration base covering 500 mu.
The Jintian area mainly grows Cynodon dactylon, ryegrass and Tifdwarf bermudagrass. The Shuangqiao area has 100 mu of Camellia sinensis, 20 mu of sweet-scented osmanthus, 10 mu of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and 10 mu of Myrica rubra, and most of the remaining area is wasteland. The Jiangdong area has 5 mu of magnolia grandiflora, 2 mu of Elaeocarpus and 4 mu of sweet-scented osmanthus, and the rest of the area grows rice and a small amount of other crops. The status and planning flowers and seedlings in the project area is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Distribution of Flowers and Nursery Stocks in the Project Area
|Flowers and Seedlings|Jintian Area |Shuangqiao Area |Jiangdong Area |
|Current distribution |Tifdwarf bermudagrass, 180 mu |Camellia sinensis, 100 mu |Camphor, 10 mu |
|of flowers and |Lolium multiflorum, 180 mu |Osmanthus, 20 mu |Magnolia grandiflora, 5 mu |
|nursery stock |Cynodon Dactylon, 100 mu |Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum,|Elaeocarpus, 2 mu |
| | |10 mu |Osmanthus, 5 mu |
| | |Myrica rubra, 10 mu | |
|Total |460 mu |140 mu |22 mu |
|Planned distribution |Violet, 30 mu |Camphor, 120 mu |Osmanthus, 100 mu |
|of flowers and |Kumquat, 20 mu |Podocarpus, 100 mu |Ginkgo, 100 mu |
|nursery stock |Plum blossom, 30 mu |Elaeocarpus, 150 mu |Magnolia grandiflora, 20 mu |
| |Dianthus, 20 mu |Koelreuteria paniculata, 130 mu |Magnolia 20 mu |
| |Cynodon dactylon, 100 mu |Taxus chinensis, 100 mu |Purple Magnolia denudate, 20 mu |
| |Tifdwarf bermudagrass, 200 mu |Metasequoia,100 mu |Pine ,80 mu |
| |Lolium multiflorum, 200 mu |Michelia chapensis, 50 mu |Sabina chinensis, 60 mu |
| | |Michelia maudiae, 50 mu |Photinia fraseri, 100 mu |
| | |Chrysanthemum, 50 mu | |
| | |Rosa chinensis, 50 mu | |
| | |Rose, 50 mu | |
| | |Lily, 50 mu | |
|Total |600 mu |1000 mu |500 mu |
1.4 Contents and Purpose of the Report
This Pest Management Plan (PMP) is developed as required by the World Bank's business policy, "Integrated Pest Management" (OP 4.09), and aimed to facilitate pest monitoring and control for “Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans”.
This report contains: investigating the background and significance of the project, investigating pest and disease problems related to the flowers and nursery stock industry, investigating China and World Bank policies on pest management and pesticide use, identifying goals of pest management for this project, developing pest management plans and pesticide usage, making clear assessment objectives and implementation plans, proposing monitoring and evaluation programs, estimating capacity building for pest and disease control and explaining the funding resource to ensure that all management actions can be implemented.
1.5 Concept of Integrated Pest Management
In agricultural terms, Integrated Pest Management is a pest control strategy implemented in three phases that are closely linked: prevention, monitoring and intervention. This strategy uses a series of complementary control methods, such as agricultural, physical, ecological and chemical methods. It is a managerial approach involving ecology, and its goal is to cut back on or not to use pesticides at all to reduce the pollution of the natural environment and ecological environment as a result of using chemicals.
This project supports Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which involves the following aspects:
pest management is meant to prevent pests from causing financial damage, rather than eliminate pests and diseases;
Whenever possible, non-chemical measures shall be used to contain the pests and keep them at a minimum level;
Where pesticides have to be used, such pesticides and their usage shall be made as harmless as possible to beneficial organisms, human beings and the ecological environment.
2 Status of Flowers and Seedlings Pest Management
2.1 Main Pests Plaguing Flowers and Seedlings
Flowers and seedlings are mainly plagued by: (1) infectious diseases, anthracnose, blight, rust, powdery mildew, leaf spot and gray mold caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and other pathogens; (2 ) harms inflicted by insects, mites and molluscs, including Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, Homoptera aphids and scale insects, and Coleoptera beetles and ladybugs, as well as ants and red spiders.
2.1.1 Diseases Common with Flowers and Seedlings
(1) Anthrax
It is a hazard to leaves, but also infects stems, young shoots, buds and fruits, such as those of Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum, orchids, Clivia, Prynne, magnolia and hydrangea. When infected, most plants will exhibit symptoms starting from the leaves and leaf edges as circular spots appear on leaves with mostly purple-brown or dark brown specks, light brown or gray in the center. In the late stage, black dots in ring lines appear on the specks, harmful enough to kill the leaf when it gets serious. The disease is the most rampant during the rainy season in July and August. The pathogen is Actinomyces sp. The bacteria live through the winter in form of hyphae on the diseased leaves, where they launch the invasion the following year.
(2) Damping-off
When the temperature is 20 degrees Celsius and the soil is too wet, flowers and trees susceptible to root rot are prone to damping-off if they were planted recently or sowed in the previous autumn.
(3) Rust
Begonia rust can infect plants in large numbers after rain in April and May, while Rose rust is mostly epidemic when roses are in bud.
(4) Powdery Mildew
It is a major hazard to Rosa multiflora, rose, Rosa chinensis and plum blossom, infecting in mostly in May and June and easily causing yellow or withered leaves and slump shoots in summer. In most cases, it harms young shoots, buds and leaves. In the early stage of the disease, the affected parts exhibit chlorotic spots that later become white spots, as if covered with white powder. In the late stage, the lesions turn gray. Affected plants stop growing, with curved young shoots and uneven leaves and flowers fewer and smaller or failing to bloom or becoming distorted. When the disease gets serious, leaves curl and dry up and even the whole plant dies.
(5) Leaf Spot
It harms leaves, widespread with bulbous plants Begonia and also harmful to Prynne, Lagenaria, Japan Begonia, sweet-scented osmanthus, azalea and cockscomb. Symptoms show local necrosis on leaves, leading to different kinds of spots, common ones including angular spots, streaks and circular spots in gray, black and brown. In serious cases, leaves turn yellow, appear scorched and fall off.
(6) Botrytis Cinerea
It damages leaves, stems, flowers and fruits, mostly roses, rosa chinensis, aster, camellia and other plants. Water spots appear in early stages, gradually expanding into brown or purple-brown spots on which gray hairs appear in humid weather. In serious cases, the whole plant dies.
(7) Bacterial Soft Rot
Bacteria infect roots, corms, bulbs, tubers and other vegetative organs, mostly of lily, gladiolus, iris, cyclamen, hyacinth, Clivia and dahlias. The affected parts usually exhibit water spots that later turn brown, sticky and rotten. In case of high humidity, they turn into rancid liquid, and in case of dryness, powdery stuff.
(8) Root Cancer
Bacteria infect the roots, leading to tumors of varying sizes, and harm plants such as plum blossom, chrysanthemum, rosa chinensis, carnation, cherry, lilac, crape myrtle, dahlia and geranium. In their early stage, tumors are light brown, rough, soft or spongy. Later they turn darker, with lignificated internals turning into hard nodules. Or even the whole plant may die.
2.1.2 Pests Common with Flowers and Seedlings
(1) Nematode
Nematodes invade the roots, leaves, flower buds and flowers, causing disease mainly to Compositae, Primulaceae, Rosaceae, Impatiens and Begoniaceae. Nematodes invading the roots of seedlings results in nodules of varying sizes in the main roots and lateral roots with rough and brown surfaces. In serious cases, fine root will rot and leaves turn yellow and die. As the nematodes penetrate into the leaves’ internal organization, those leaves will turn light green with yellow spots, which later become brown and the leaves turn dry and black. In serious cases, flowers are subject to deformity and wilt.
(2) Aphid
Hibiscus, Prunus persica, hibiscus, rosa chinensis and honeysuckle are susceptible to aphid damage. As the temperature rise, this pest will grow in numbers and severity. Early detection and prevention are recommended.
(3) Red Spider Mite
Jasmine, hibiscus, asparagus fern, rosa chinensis and dahlias usually attract spider mites, which start causing harm in early April.
(4) Scale Insect
Scale insects plaguing magnolia, rosa chinensis, boxwood and Pittosporum start hatching mostly between mid-April and mid and late-May.
2.2 Current Pest Control Measures for Flowers and Seedlings
Pest control measures in the project area include horticultural or agricultural control, chemical control, biological control, and other physical and mechanical control measures, but mainly chemical controls supplemented by agricultural or horticultural measures and simple physical and mechanical measures. A majority of such measures are summarized based on growers’ experience in years of field work and lack scientific foundations.
2.2.1 Status of Major Pests and Diseases Afflicting Flowers and Seedlings
Local growers in Zhentou Town know very little about pests and diseases afflicting flowers and seedlings. Instead, they group them into two categories. According to the descriptions of the local grower and cooperative, one is pest, including a variety of moths, mites, scale insects and whitefly, as well as aphids, spider mites, termites, and cutworms. The other is disease, including leaf spot, damping-off, anthracnose, rust, powdery mildew and other leaf diseases. Specific pests and diseases are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Major Pests and Diseases of Flowers and Trees in Zhentou Town
|Types of Flowers and |Pests and Diseases |Disease Proportion |Possible Diseases and Pests |
|Trees | | | |
|Osmanthus Fragrans |Leaf spot disease |30% |Main diseases including brown spot, leaf blotch and |
| | | |anthracnose are common diseases of osmanthus fragrans. |
| |Leaf hopper |100% |Main Pests includes cupmoths, mites, scale |
| | | |insects,whiteflies, Psilogramma menephron, bagworm |
| |Termite |80% |moths, Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar, etc. |
|Camphor Tree |Powdery mildew |20% |Main pests and diseases include powdery mildew, tortrix,|
| |Moth |30% |camphor sawfly, camphor bollworm, and camphor silkworm. |
| |Termite |50% | |
|Elaeocarpus |Scarab |60% |Disease is seldom happened to elaeocarpus, especially |
| |Cutworm |20% |pests. |
| |Termite |50% |Main pests include leaf-eating insect verdigris scarab |
| | | |and soil insect grub and cutworm. |
|Koelreuteria Laxm |N/A | |No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to |
| | | |Koelreuteria Laxm |
|Grapefruit Tree |Leaf Spot Disease |30% |Main diseases and pests include mite, scale insect, leaf|
| | | |miner and anthracnose. |
|Redleaf Cherry Plum |Leaf spot disease |30% |Main diseases include black spot, bacterial shot-hole |
| |Red spider |25% |disease and sooty mould caused by aphid, and main pests |
| |Aphid |30% |include red spider, cupmoths, and bag moths. |
|Michelia maudiae |N/A | |No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to maudia|
| | | |michelia. |
|Michelia chapensis |N/A | |No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to |
| | | |michelia chapensis. |
|Metasequoia |Leaf blight |100% |Main pests and diseases include damping-off (leaf |
| |Moth |20% |blight), metasequoia glyptostroboides red blight, |
| |Termite |50% |choristoneura fumiferana, black wings big termites, |
| | | |etc.. |
|Taxus chinensis |Damping-off |10% |Main diseases and pests include damping-off, stem rot, |
| |Aphid |25% |southern blight, mildew, spider mites, aphid, scale |
| | | |insect, etc. |
|Podocarp |Red spider |30% |Main diseases and pests include leaf spot disease, |
| |cryptothelea variegata|50% |anthracnose, scale insect, red spider and cryptothelea |
| |snellen | |variegata snellen. |
|Magnolia Conspicus |Leaf spot disease |30% |Common diseases and pests of magnolia conspicus are |
| |Leaf hopper |100% |anthracnose, leaf spot disease, cryptotympana atrata |
| |Red spider |50% |fabricius, Ceroplastes rubens, cottony-cushion scale, |
| | | |red spider, cryptothelea variegata snellen, capricorn |
| | | |beetle, etc. |
|Loropetalum chinense |Leaf spot disease |30% |Main diseases include anthracnose, damping-off, etc. |
|var.rubrum |Aphid |30% |Main pests include aphid, geometridae, noctuidae, |
| |Scarab |10% |cutworm, scarab, etc. |
|Prunus persica f. atropur|Powdery mildew |10% |Pests are aphids and spider mites. Diseases are mainly |
|purea |Leaf curl |25% |white rust and leaf curl. |
| |Red spider |10% | |
|Pine |Rust disease |10% |Main diseases and pests include rust disease, conifer |
| |Red spider |30% |moth and red spider. |
| |Moth |20% | |
|Cypress |Rust disease |10% |Prone to have red spider, damping-off, dead arm, etc. |
| |Red spider |50% | |
| |Moth |20% | |
|Ligustrum lucidum Ait |Leaf spot disease |25% |Leaf spot disease, sooty mold, blight, mealybug |
| |Sooty mould |10% | |
|Myrica rubra |Leaf spot disease |20% |Diseases are brown spot, canker, trunk blight, twigs |
| |Aphid |50% |blight and Corticium Saimonicolor. |
| |Scarab |30% |Pests are Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius, |
| |Tortrix |50% |pseudaonidia duplex, Clania minuscula Butler, Buzura |
| | | |suppressaria Guenee, leaf rollers and Psychidae. |
| | | |Psychidae is commonly known as bagworms found in three |
| | | |variations, Clania variegate, Clania minuscuta and |
| | | |Chalioides londonis. |
|Camellia sinensis |Leaf spot disease |10% |Major diseases are tea anthracnose, Cercospora theae |
| |Leaf hopper |100% |Breada De Haan, tea algae leaf spot, tea grey blight, |
| |Termite |60% |tea gall, tea netted blister blight, Coccochorina hottai|
| |Capricorn beetle |30% |Hara, tea bud blight, Meloidogyne sp., lichen and moss. |
| | | |Major pests are tea Empoasca leafhopper, mites, |
| | | |aleurocanthus spiniferus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa |
| | | |Strand, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura, Myllocerinus |
| | | |aurolineatus Voss, Ectropis oblique, Homona menciana |
| | | |Walker, Adoxophyes honmai, tea stem girdler, Caloptilia |
| | | |theivora, Clania minuscula Butler, Chalioides kondonis |
| | | |Matsμmura, Iragoides fasciata Moore, Zeuzera coffeae |
| | | |Nietner, Casmara patrona Meyrick, Andraca bipunctata |
| | | |Walker, Aeolesthes induta Newman, Ceroplastes ceriferus |
| | | |Anderson, Aspidiotus destructor, Pinnaspis theae, Icerya|
| | | |purchasi, Chlorops theaelefroy, Toxoptera aurantii |
| | | |Boyer, Dendrothrips minowai Priesner, Poecilocoris latus|
| | | |Dallas, and termites. |
|Lorpetalum chinense var. |Leaf spot disease |10% |Major pests and diseases are black spot, damping-off, |
|rubrum |Aphid |50% |aphids, wax cicadas, longhorn beetles, red spider mites |
| | | |and scale insects. |
|Rhododendron |Leaf spot disease |30% |Diseases are mainly root rot, leaf spot, black spot, |
| |Psychidae |20% |leaf blight, iron-deficiency chlorosis. Pests are spider|
| |Leaf roller |10% |mite, Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya, bag moths, |
| | | |terminal bud rollers and terminal bud leaf rollers, and |
| | | |geometrids. |
|Camellia |Leaf spot disease |10% |Major diseases are anthracnose, Cephaleuros virescens, |
| |Blossom blight |30% |dead-arm, root rot, red leaf spot (red leaf blight), |
| |Sooty mold |10% |flowers rot, and sooty mould. |
| | | |The main pests are aphids, scale insects, stem borers, |
| | | |Parametriates theae Jus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa, leaf|
| | | |miners and Ectropis obliqua. |
|Rosa chinensis |Powdery Mildew |30% |Major pests and diseases are black rot, powdery mildew, |
| |Aphid |50% |aphids, scarabs, scale insects, slugs, Arge |
| |Scale insect |10% |przherialskii Guss, carmine spider mites, bollworms, |
| | | |tiger moth, noctuids, bag moths, leafhoppers, stinkbugs,|
| | | |and stalk bees. |
|Rose |Powdery Mildew |30% |Major pests are similar to those of Rosa chinensis, |
| |Aphid |20% |including noctuids, beetles, and black cutworm. |
| |Scale insect |10% | |
|Lily |Aphid |50% |Botrytis cinerea, leaf spot, aphids, spider mites, scale|
| | | |insects, whiteflies. |
|Kumquat |Aphid |60% |Main pests are aphids, scale insects, and red spider. |
| |Red spider |50% |Diseases include sooty mould and powdery mildew. |
|Violet |Leaf spot disease |30% |Major pests and diseases are fusarium wilt, leaf spot, |
| |Rot |10% |aphids, spider mites, scale insects, damping-off, and |
| | | |rot. |
|Dianthus |Leaf spot disease |10% |Major diseases are brown spot, epidemics, and bacterial |
| | | |leaf spot. |
|Plum blossom |Aphid |50% |Major pests and diseases are anthracnose, gummosis, and |
| |Red spider |20% |scale insects, aphids, spider mites and leafhoppers. |
|Sago cycas |Speck |10% |Major pests and diseases are scab, anthracnose, red spot|
| | | |disease and white spot disease. |
2.2.2 Current Pest Control Measures for Flowers and Seedlings
The investigation into the current situation shows that florists at Zhentou Town have little knowledge about diseases and pests prevention and control, mainly relying on chemical control, which is slow at the monitoring of diseases and pests, and the controlling begins only after large area of pests; they have little knowledge about the use of chemical pesticides, protective measures, environmental pollution and the harm to the human body, and their disposal of chemicals and waste package is casual. No use of pesticides banned by the state has been discovered. Investigation reveals that florists at Zhentou Town mainly use three methods to prevent and control diseases and pests of flowers and plants:
Garden Planting Prevention and Control
Current garden planting prevention and control measures in the project area include: timely watering, maintaining the sanitation inside the greenhouse, improving environment condition, deep plowing in winter, timely trimming, disposing infected plants, adjusting sowing time, reasonable rotation, selection and cultivation of insect resistance breed and other simple protective measures.
Physical and Mechanic Prevention and Control
Physical measures to prevent and control diseases and pests in the project area used by the florists are also very few, mainly simple unarmed pests killing or clear, labor removing infected branches or plants, rarely related to the more contemporary light, heat, electricity and radioactivity, temperature, humidity, sound waves, and other physical diseases and pests control measures.
Chemical Prevention and Control
Chemical prevention and control measures are most widely used in the project area, mainly large-scale usage of chemical pesticides, which is highly dependent on chemicals, and blind medication, failure to grasp the best spray timing and lag in control technology are existed.
2.2.3 Current Situation of Pesticides for Flowers and Plants Diseases and Pests Prevention and Control
The florists divide the diseases and pests of flowers and plants into two kinds based on the experience. They mainly use fenvalerate, trichlorfon, dimethoate and other pesticides to control pests. And they mainly use fenaminosulf, carbendazim and other bactericide to control the diseases. Main diseases and pests, controlling methods and pesticides dosage are presented in Table 4 and Table 5.
Table 4 Pest and Disease Control Measures and Pesticides Usage in the Project Area
|Pest Diseases |Control Measures |Pesticides Dosage |
|Leaf spot disease, rust |100-300ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu |100-300ml 50% carbendazim per mu |
|disease, powdery mildew and|(diluting for 200-600 times) |100-200ml 75% chlorothalonil per |
|other leaf diseases |100-200ml 75% chlorothalonil diluting with 60l water per mu |mu (replacing benzene) |
| |(diluting for 300-600 times) | |
|Aphid, phalaenae, mite, |100-300ml 40% dimethoate emulsion diluting with 60l water per mu|100-300ml 40% dimethoate per mu |
|scale insects, capricorn |(diluting for 200-600 times) |(organic phosphorus) |
|beetle and other pests |200-300ml 20% fenvalerate emulsion oil diluting with 60l water |200-300ml 20% fenvalerate per mu |
|eating leaves and stems |per mu (diluting for 200-300 times) |(ester) |
|Cutworm, termite and other |30-50g of 3% carbofuran per plant or 3-6kg per mu |3-6kg 3% furan per mu (carbamic |
|soil insects | |acid ester) |
Table 5 Pest Control Measures and Pesticides Usage for the Turf of the Project Area
|Category of Diseases|Category of the Lawn |Control Measures |Pesticides Dosage |
|and Pests | | | |
|Brown Spot Disease |Cynodon dactylon, |Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu|150ml 50% carbendazim |
| |Tifdwarf Bermudagrass |(diluting for 400 times) once during the period of disease|per mu |
| |and ryegrass | | |
|Spot Blight |Cynodon dactylon, |Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu|150ml 50% carbendazim |
| |Tifdwarf Bermudagrass |once during the period of disease |per mu |
| |and ryegrass | | |
|Blight |Cynodon dactylon, |Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu|150ml 50% carbendazim |
| |Tifdwarf Bermudagrass |once during the period of disease |per mu |
| |and ryegrass | | |
|Armyworm |Cynodon dactylon, |Spray 150ml chlorphrifos diluting with 60l water per mu |900ml chlorphrifos per|
| |Tifdwarf Bermudagrass |every 20 days during the period of disease, totaling 6-8 |mu/6 times |
| |and ryegrass |times. | |
|Lepidoptera |Cynodon dactylon, |Spray 50ml Avermectins and 50ml Potassium ammonium salt |300ml Avermectins and |
| |Tifdwarf Bermudagrass |diluting with 60l water per mu every 20 days during the |300ml per mu |
| |and ryegrass |period of disease, totaling 6-8 times. | |
Table 6 Control Measures for Pests and Diseases and Current Status of Pesticides Usage in the Project Area
|Trees and Flowers |Main Pests and Diseases |Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage |
|Osmanthus |Major diseases include Cercospora leaf spot, rot spot |Common disease control measures: |
| |and anthracnose that afflict leaves of sweet-scented |Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1,000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1,500 times solution. In disease stricken areas, seedlings need|
| |osmanthus. |to be disinfected by immersion in 1,000 times potassium permanganate solution after removed from the nursery. |
| |Major pests include cup moth, mites, scale insects, |Common pest control measures: |
| |whitefly, cream moths, bag moths, plant hoppers and |Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution. |
| |Atractomorpha locusts. | |
|Camphor |Major pests and diseases are powdery mildew, leaf |Powdery mildew control method: pay attention to nursery hygiene, thin out seedlings and remove and burn any diseased plant whenever |
| |rollers, Mesoneura rufonota Rohwer, Orthaga achatina |discovered. If symptoms are obvious, spray 0.3-0.5 degrees Baume lime sulfur once every 10 days for continuous 3-4 sprays, |
| |Butler and camphor silkworms. |or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 to 1,000 times solution. |
| | |Leaf roller control method: kill larvae by spraying 40% dimethoate 200 ~ 300 times solution, and also weeding and ridging when larvae |
| | |are pupating in large numbers. |
| | |Leaf roller control method: spray 40% dimethoate 200 ~ 300 times solution. |
| | |Mesoneura rufonota Rohwer control method: spray 90% trichlorfon or 50% malathion emulsion 2,000 times solutions. |
| | |Orthaga achatina Butler control method: spray 90% trichlorfon 4,000 to 5,000 times solution. |
| | |Caligula japonica control method: spray 10% cypermethrin 800-1,000 times, or 50% malathion EC 800-1,000 times solution, or 65% |
| | |trichlorfon emulsion 500-800 times solution, which has better insecticidal effect. |
|Elaeocarpus |Elaeocarpus rarely suffers from disease, and the main |In preventing or killing Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky, shake them off and kill or set light traps at night, or use 50% dichlorvos |
| |problem is pests. |emulsion 800 times solution. |
| |Main pests are leaf-eating insects, Anomala corpulenta |In controlling grubs, cutworms and other soil pests, pour 0.125% -0.167% solutions of dichlorvos or methamidophos EC into the holes |
| |Motschulsky and soil pests, grubs and cutworms. |digged with bamboo sticks in the bed surface. |
|Koelreuteria paniculata|No major pest and disease have been found with | |
| |Koelreuteria paniculata. | |
|Grapefruit |Major pests include mites, scale insects, leaf moths and|Common disease control measures: |
| |anthrax. |Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: |
| | |Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution. |
|Prunus cerasifera |Diseases are by black spot, bacterial shot hole and |Use 50% Carbendazim WP 800 times solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl superfine WP 1,000 times solution for prevention. |
| |sooty mould caused by aphids. Pests mainly include |In case the disease has already occurred, spray 40% omethoate EC 1,000 times solution. |
| |spider mites, slugs and bag moths. | |
|Michelia maudiae |No major pest and disease are found with Michelia | |
| |maudiae. | |
|Michelia chapensis |No major pest and disease area found with Michelia | |
| |chapensis. | |
|Metasequoia |Major pests and diseases are damping-off (Rhizoctonia |Damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani): in the autumn after the leaves have fallen, remove the fallen leaves and spray to the ground 3-5 |
| |solani), metasequoia red blight, Choristoneura |Be calcium polysulfide. |
| |fumiferana and Odontotermes formosanus. |Metasequoia red blight: immediately after the rainy season, spray the tree tops with 1% Bordeaux mixture once every10-15 days for |
| | |4-5 times, and the disease can be prevented. |
| | |Choristoneura fumiferana: the period immediately after the larvae wake up from hibernation hazard (eary and middle April) is the best |
| | |tiem for prevention and treatment. Use 50% fenitrothion, 40% dimethoate, 80% DDVP and pyrethroid agents. In the dry season (July and |
| | |August) when outbreak occurs, manually remove the larvae and burn them (with bags), or spray 1,000 times fenitrothion to kill the |
| | |larvae. |
| | |Odontotermes formosanus: the most effective way to prevent is spraying mirex between May and June, or use 3% carbofuran (U.S.), l0-l5g |
| | |per plant. Avoid rain or exposure to sun during administration in order that the efficacy may stay longer. |
|Taxus chinensis |Main pests and diseases are damping-off, stem rot, |Common disease control measures: |
| |Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora mildew, spider mites, |Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: |
| |aphids and scale insects. |Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution. |
|Podocarpus |Main diseases are leaf spot and anthracnose. Pests |For leaf spot and anthracnose, spray 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times solution. For pests, use 40% omethoate |
| |include scale insects, spider mites and Cryptothelea |EC1,500 times solution. |
| |Variegata Snellen. | |
|Magnolia |Common pests and diseases are anthracnose, leaf spot, |Anthracnose control methods: in early stages, spray 84.1% Haoduobao WP and 77% Kocide WP or 1:2:200 Bordeaux mixture solutions once |
| |Antheraea pernyi, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, Icerya |every 15 days for 2-3 times. Spray 75% chlorothalonil WP 600-1000 times solution, 70% thiram 500 times solution, 65% Zineb WP 500-800 |
| |purchasi Maskell, spider mites, Cryptothelea Variegata |times solution, 50% Carbendazim WP + 75% Chlorothalonil WP 800 times solution, 50% sulfur flowable formulation 500 times solution, and |
| |Snellen and longhorn beetles. |70% thiophanate-methyl ultrafine WP 1500 times solution. |
| | |Leaf spot control methods: in early stages, spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux mixture or 0.3-0.5Be lime sulfur, 77% Kocide WP, 30% copper |
| | |oxychloride SC, 25% aqueous copric tetramminosulfate, 50 % Tuzet WP 600-800 times solution, 75% thechlorothalonil WP 800 times |
| | |solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 1000 times solution once every 10-15 days for 2-3 times. |
| | |Cnidocampa flavescens control methods: in the young larvae period, spray 20% Dimilin SC or 20% Chlorbenzuron III SC, or Entobacterin |
| | |emulsion in the entire larval stage. Spray fenpropathrin phoxim, fenitrothion and other pesticides in the larval stage, if necessary. |
|Loropetalum chinense |Major diseases are anthracnose and damping-off. |Common disease control measures: |
|var.rubrum |Major pests are aphids, geometrid moths, Ophiusa |Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: |
| |tirhaca, Pantheahonei, cutworms and beetles. |Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution. |
|Prunus persica f. |Pests are aphids and spider mites. Diseases are mainly |For pests, spray 40% omethoate EC 1,000 times solution. For white rust, spray 50% Carboxin WP 2,000 times solution. For leaf curl, use |
|atropur purea |white rust and leaf curl. |lime sulfur. |
|Pine |Pests and diseases are rust, oriental arborvitae |Rust: bacteria invade shoots and form gall clusters on twigs. Leaf will turn yellow and the twigs die. Control methods: spray Bordeaux |
| |tussock, and spider mite. |mixture 100 tiimes solution on the trunk once every 10 days for 3 times between July and August. Use 1 - 3 degrees lime sulfur between |
| | |March and April. Oriental arborvitae tussock: After the occurrence of pests, spray dicofol 1,000-1,500 times solution. |
|Cypress |Prone to spider mites, damping-off and dead-arm. |To control spider mites, alternately spray 20% Mitac EC 3,000 times solution and 1.8% abamectin EC 5,000 times solution, or 15% |
| | |triazone EC 3000 times solution. In the early stages of blight, water with 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 700-800 times solution. To control |
| | |dead-arm, spray 50% Tuzet WP or 70% chlorothalonil WP 1000 times solutions. |
|Ligustrum lucidum Ait |Leaf spot, sooty mould, fusarium wilt and mealybugs |Leaf spot: 80% Dithane WP is effective. Alternatively, spray 25% carbendazim WP 500 times solution, or 70% |
| | |thiophanate-methyl 1000 times, 80% Zineb 500 times, or 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times solutions. |
| | |Sooty mould: in the peak period, spray 70% thiophanate 800-1000 times solution or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution to contain the |
| | |disease. |
| | |Fusarium wilt: spray pesticides in later May in disease prone areas for prevention. Water with 70% thiophanate-methyl 500 times, |
| | |40% carbendazim SC 600 times or 75% chlorothalonil WP 500 times solutions, once every month between May and August at the beginning of |
| | |the month and once every half month if signs of the disease appear. |
| | |Mealybugs: In the period of nymph to adult, spray 40% Supracide 1500-2000 times, 10% imidacloprid 2000 times or 40% |
| | |omethoate 1000 times solutions. If nymphs are serious, use Superacide or imidacloprid mixed with omethoate for better effect. Spray |
| | |continuously 2-3 times depending on the result. |
|Myrica rubra |Diseases are brown spot, canker, trunk blight, twigs |Diseases |
| |blight and Corticium Saimonicolor. |Brown spot. Prevention measures: spray 1: 2: 200 Bordeaux mixture, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution or 65% zineb 600 times |
| |Pests are Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius, |solution, all of which inhibit the growth of the bacteria. Generally, spray once before and after fruit picking, preferably Bordeaux |
| |pseudaonidia duplex, Clania minuscula Butler, Buzura |mixture before and thiophanate-methyl after fruit picking. |
| |suppressaria Guenee, leaf rollers and Psychidae. |Canker. Prevention measures: (3-4 days) before sprouting, cut off the canker or the twigs with canker and apply 20% MBAMT 50 times |
| |Psychidae is commonly known as bagworms found in three |solution, copper sulfate 100 times solution or veterinary streptomycin 500 units to the cuts, or spray 1: 2: 200 Bordeaux mixture. |
| |variations, Clania variegate, Clania minuscuta and |Trunk blight. Prevention measures: improve cultivation and management to protect trees against injuries, which is the main way to combat|
| |Chalioides londonis. |the disease. Prune diseased branches, which should be collected and burned. Remove the lesions and apply 402 smear antimicrobial agent |
| | |50 times solution to the wound. |
| | |Twigs blight. Prevention measures: remove or cut off diseased twigs and apply 402 antibacterial agent 50 times solution to heal the |
| | |wounds. |
| | |Corticium Saimonicolor. Prevention measures: strengthen orchard management by preparing drainage ditches for the rainy season and |
| | |administer organic fertilizers and potash to enhance tree vigor and resistance to disease. Spray Mepronil 1000-2000 times solution in |
| | |early April each year. Before spraying, brush off the red bacteria from the infected twigs and trunks from top downwards, and spray the |
| | |solutions once every 20 days for 3-4 times, the level of concentration depending on the temperature, which should be higher, 1,000 |
| | |times, in early April when the temperature is low, and lower, 2,000 times, in June when the temperature has rise. Ferrous sulfate can be|
| | |used as well, with concentration of 5%, and the same timing and methods with the use of Mepronil. |
| | |Pests |
| | |Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius. Prevention measures: The early stage when nymph is hatched is the best time for prevention and |
| | |treatment as the parasites have no wax covered on them. Pray 28% Jiebao EC 1200 times solution, 48% chlorpyrifos EC 800 times solution |
| | |plus 10% imidacloprid 1,000 times solution, and 40% Supracide EC 1000 times solution. |
| | |Pseudaonidia duplex. Prevention measures: protect its natural enemies like Encyrtidae and Encarsia amicula. No chemical pesticides shall|
| | |be used in the emergence period of those natural enemies. Spray 28% Jiebao EC 1200 times solution, 48% chlorpyrifos EC 800 times |
| | |solution with 10% imidacloprid WP 1000 times solution, or 40% Supracide EC 1000 times solution. |
| | |Clania minuscula Butler. Prevention measures: spray 0.3% hypertonic abamectin EC 1500-2000 times, Bt WP 500 times, 4.5% efficient |
| | |Cypermethrin EC 1000 times, and 3.2% pyridaphenthion EC 1000 times. |
| | |Buzura suppressaria Guenee. Also known as big looper. Prevention measures: mid to late May is the best time for combating the first |
| | |generation larvae. Spray 40% isocarbophos 3000 times, 20% fenvalerate 1500 times or 40% Methidathion 2500-3000 times solutions. |
| | |Leaf rollers. Prevention measures: Early or mid-April is the time when leaf rollers start feeding on the plants after overwintering. |
| | |Spray 20% sterilization EC 4000 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution. |
| | |Psychidae. Prevention measures: spray 20% Fenvalerate EC 4,000 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution twice in mid-July|
| | |and mid-August. |
| | |Termite nests and traps can be used to kill termites. |
|Camellia sinensis |Major diseases are tea anthracnose, Cercospora theae |Use pesticides in strict accordance with the indicators of prevention and treatment instead of rushing to them as soon as pest or |
| |Breada De Haan, tea algae leaf spot, tea grey blight, |disease is discovered. Where density of pests exceeds the control indicators, for instance, 5% of the plants are damaged by |
| |tea gall, tea netted blister blight, Coccochorina hottai|Polyphagotarsonemus latus, 20% are affected by mite eggs, or one mu has 7,000-9,000 caterpillars or 10-15 lesser green leaf hoppers, |
| |Hara, tea bud blight, Meloidogyne sp., lichen and moss. |pesticides can be used safely and reasonable in line with the national standard for the production of pollution-free tea. Pesticides |
| |Major pests are tea Empoasca leafhopper, mites, |with high toxicity and high residual, such as methamidophos, methyl parathion, fenvalerate and dicofol are prohibited. Use the right |
| |aleurocanthus spiniferus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa |pesticides with proper concentration and safe intervals in a proper way. If Bt preparations 300-500 times solution are used against |
| |Strand, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura, Myllocerinus |Euproctis pseudoconspersa, Ectropis oblique, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura and Adoxophyes honmai, the safety interval is 3-5 days. |
| |aurolineatus Voss, Ectropis oblique, Homona menciana |If 0.2% matrine 1000-1500 times solution is used against Euproctis pseudoconspersa, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura and Adoxophyes honmai,|
| |Walker, Adoxophyes honmai, tea stem girdler, Caloptilia |the safety interval is 5 days. The safety interval for phoxim is 10 days. Pesticides should be used alternately, with each pesticide |
| |theivora, Clania minuscula Butler, Chalioides kondonis |used only once during the tea picking season. This is to prevent pest resistance and reduce residual. |
| |Matsμmura, Iragoides fasciata Moore, Zeuzera coffeae | |
| |Nietner, Casmara patrona Meyrick, Andraca bipunctata | |
| |Walker, Aeolesthes induta Newman, Ceroplastes ceriferus | |
| |Anderson, Aspidiotus destructor, Pinnaspis theae, Icerya| |
| |purchasi, Chlorops theaelefroy, Toxoptera aurantii | |
| |Boyer, Dendrothrips minowai Priesner, Poecilocoris latus| |
| |Dallas, and termites. | |
|Lorpetalum chinense |Major pests and diseases are black spot, damping-off, |Black spot: spray 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil 800-1000 times solution or Zineb solution. |
|var. rubrum |aphids, wax cicadas, longhorn beetles, red spider mites |Damping-off: disinfect the soil with 40% formaldehyde solution or 70% PCNB powder before planting, and spray Dexon 800-1000 times |
| |and scale insects |solution in case of infection. |
| | |Aphids: before sprouting, spray 5% diesel emulsion or Baume 3-5 degrees lime sulfur to kill overwintering adults and eggs, or use 40% |
| | |dimethoate emulsion 2000 times, or 50% malathion emulsion 1000 times solutions. |
| | |Wax cicadas: during the nymph and adult periods, spray 40% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos 1500 times solutions. |
| | |Longhorn beetles: capture adults and eggs to kill, block the wormholes with cotton swabs soaked with 50 times tetrachlorvinphos or |
| | |dichlorvos, or omethoate, and seal them with mud, or kill the larvae by sticking a steel wire into the wormholes. |
| | |Red spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution. |
| | |Scale insects: spray dichlorvos EC or fenvalerate EC 1000 times solutions. |
|Rhododendron |Diseases are mainly root rot, leaf spot, black spot, |Leaf spot: in the late and early flowering phase, spray thiophanate 800 times solution once, increase low-light illumination in the |
| |leaf blight, iron-deficiency chlorosis. Pests are spider|morning and afternoon, improve ventilation, and burn sick plants and leaves. |
| |mite, Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya, bag moths, |Stem rot: improve ventilation and administer potassium in the morning and afternoon when the sunshine is good to enhance resistance to |
| |terminal bud rollers and terminal bud leaf rollers, and |disease. In May, apply thiophanate 200 times solution to the trunk once every 7-10 days for several times. |
| |geometrids. |Spider mite: after the pest appears, spray Dimite 1000 times solution or 40% dimethoate 1500 times solution, once every 7 days |
| | |for 3 times. In winter, clean the field by burning dry branches and fallen leaves. |
| | |Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya: in the active period, spray dimethoate 1500 times solution or dichlorvos, and eliminate overwintering|
| | |parasites and fallen leaves in the winter. |
| | |Bag moths: capture the kill. Spray trichlorfon crystal 1500 times solution to kill the larvae. |
| | |Terminal bud leaf rollers: remove the buds infected by the worm and kill larvae and pupae by spray dimethoate and dichlorvos 1500 times |
| | |solution. |
|Camellia |Major diseases are anthracnose, Cephaleuros virescens, |Anthracnose: spray chlorothalonil 600 times solution once every week for continuous 3-4 times. In the spring, administer additional |
| |dead-arm, root rot, red leaf spot (red leaf blight), |phosphorus and potassium, and spray 0.15% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution before leaves unfold. |
| |flowers rot, and sooty mould. |Cephaleuros virescens: spray 0.2% -0.5% copper sulfate solution. |
| |The main pests are aphids, scale insects, stem borers, |Dead-arm: spray thiophanate-methyl, thiram or chlorothalonil before sprouting, especially to the injuries on the twigs. |
| |Parametriates theae Jus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa, leaf|Root rot: remove diseased plants and contaminated soil around them, and disinfect the surrounding soil with 1% copper sulfate solution |
| |miners and Ectropis oblique. |to prevent germs from spreading. |
| | |Red leaf spot (red leaf blight): in the early stages, spray 70% thiophanate 1000-1500 times solution or 25% folpet 400 times solution. |
| | |Flowers rot: before flowering, use fungicides, such as carbendazim, to spray the buds 2-3 times. |
| | |Aphids: during the peak of aphid infestation, spray 50% phosphorus amine emulsion 2000 times solution |
| | |or 50% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times solution once every 3-5 days for 3 times to destroy the aphids. Immerse 0.5 kg of tobacco stem |
| | |and 0.25 kg of quick lime in 10-15 liters of water for 24 hours before filtered. Spray the liquid to the plants. |
| | |Scale insects: common pesticides include a mixture of rosin and caustic soda boiled in water (rosin:caustic soda: water = 3: 2: 10). The|
| | |dark brown liquid contains an excessive amount of free alkali and rosin soap, strongly corrosive to the wax covering of the scale |
| | |insects. It is an effective agent to combat a variety of scale insects. In general, use 10 times solution in summer and 20 times |
| | |solution in winter. A 40% omethoate 5 times solution can be used as well. |
| | |Stem borers: in the peak of adult emergence, spray 20% dimethoate emulsion 500 times solution or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution. In|
| | |the larval stage, spray 90% trichlorfon 500 times solution. |
| | |Spiny whitefly: in the peak of nymphs hatching, spray 25% Phosmet and 50% malathion 800-1000 times solution, or 40% dimethoate, 50% |
| | |phosphorus and 50% fenitrothion 1000 times solution, or buprofezin 1000 times solution, once every 7 days. |
| | |Parametriates theae Jus: in the larvae period, spray trichlorfon 500-1 000 times solution, or fenitrothion or omethoate 1000 times |
| | |solution, either is effective. |
| | |Euproctis pseudoconspersa: spray omethoate, trichlorfon or malathion 1000-1500 times solution. Capture the adults with light trapping by|
| | |making advantage of their phototaxis. |
| | |Leafminers: spray fenvalerate 5000 times solution or omethoate 1000 times solution for 3 times before and after the pest onset. |
| | |Ectropis obliqua: commonly used pesticides include 90% trichlorfon 2000-4000 times solution, Phosmet 800-1000 times solution, |
| | |fenvalerate 2000 times solution, phoxim 1000 times solution, dichlorvos, folimat and malathion 1000-1500 times solutions. Spray the |
| | |liquid to contain the pest. |
|Rosa chinensis |Major pests and diseases are black rot, powdery mildew, |Black rot: bactericidal protection should remain in place through summer when leaves are just unfolding until winter. Spray pesticides |
| |aphids, scarabs, scale insects, slugs, Arge |1-2 times a week in the rainy season and once every 7 to 15 days during the rest of the year, depending on the infection and the type of|
| |przherialskii Guss, carmine spider mites, bollworms, |pesticides, including 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution, 50% carbendazim WP 500 ~ 1000 times solution, 80% Zineb 500 times solution,|
| |tiger moth, noctuids, bag moths, leafhoppers, stinkbugs,|1% Bordeaux mixture, or 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 ~ 1000 times solution. Among them, 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution is the best |
| |and stalk bees. |effective. Apply once every 7 to 10 days. Pesticides should be used alternately to prevent drug-resistant pathogens. |
| | |Powdery mildew: spray 3 to 4 degrees Baume lime sulfur before germination in early spring. For incidence in the growing period, spray |
| | |70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 to 1500 times solution, or 15% Triadimefon WP 1000 times solution; either is effective. The Triadimefon |
| | |residues can linger up to 20 to 25 days. After spraying, the white powdery layer on the affected parts turns grey, shrinks and |
| | |disappears. It is also effective to spray lime and water solution 1:20 and wash it off after a few minutes. |
| | |Aphids: spray water to wash them off. If necessary, spray 2.5% deltamethrin EC 4,000 to 5,000 times solution or 10% imidacloprid |
| | |WP 2000 times solution. It would be more effective if 1/1000 neutral laundry detergent is added. |
| | |Scarabs: when the adults are out feeding on the plants, spray 50% malathion EC 1000 times solution. |
| | |Scale insects: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% buprofezin WP 2000 times solution. |
|Rose |Major pests are similar to those of Rosa chinensis, |Leaf insects can be killed with spray of 10% imidacloprid WP + new lipid membrane 800 times solution. Root pests can be killed with |
| |including noctuids, beetles, and black cutworm. |spray of fenitrothion and quinalphos EC + new lipid membrane 800 times solution. For other pests, refer to control measures for rosa |
| | |chinensis. |
|Lily |Botrytis cinerea, leaf spot, aphids, spider mites, scale|Botrytis cinerea: spray chlorothalonil 600 times solution once every week for 3-4 times. |
| |insects, whiteflies. |Leaf spot: in the early stages, pray 70% thiophanate 1000-1500 times solution, or 25% thefolpet 400 times solution. |
| | |Aphids: in the peak of aphids infestation, pray 50% phosphorus amine emulsion 2000 times solution or 50% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times |
| | |solution to the camellia plants, once every 3-5 days for 3 times, and aphids can be destroyed. Immerse 0.5 kg of tobacco stem and 0.25 |
| | |kg of quick lime in 10-15 liters of water for 24 hours before filtered. Spray the liquid to the plants. |
| | |Spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution. |
| | |Scale insects: spray dichlorvos EC or Pyretrin-fenitrothion EC 1000 times solution. |
| | |Whiteflies: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% Phosmet and 50% malathion 800-1000 times solutions, or 40% dimethoate, 50% Naled |
| | |and 50% fenitrothion 1000 times solutions, or buprofezin 1000 times solution, once every 7 days. |
|Kumquat |Main pests are aphids, scale insects, and red spider. |For pests, spray 40% omethoate EC solution with mass fraction of 0.067%, or 40% Supracide solution with mass fraction of 0.67%. For |
| |Diseases include sooty mould and powdery mildew. |diseases, use 70% thiophanate-methyl 0.125% -0. 142% solution. |
|Violet |Major pests and diseases are fusarium wilt, leaf spot, |Leaf spot: spray 1% Bordeaux mixture, 25% carbendazim WP 300-600 times solution, 50% thiophanate 1000 times solution, |
| |aphids, spider mites, scale insects, damping-off, and |or 80% Mancozeb 400 -600 times solution. |
| |rot. |Damping-off disease, rot and fusarium wilt: spray 50% zineb 300 400 times aqueous solution or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 1000 times |
| | |solution. |
| | |Aphids: spray 20% Fenvalerate 2000 times solution, 90% trichlorfon crystal 1000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1000 times |
| | |solution. |
| | |Scale insects: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% buprofezin WP 2000 times solution. |
| | |Spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution. |
|Dianthus |Major diseases are brown spot, epidemics, and bacterial |Leaf spot: in the early stages, spray 50% benomyl 1500-2000 times solution to the whole plant. |
| |leaf spot. |Epidemics: water the transplants with thiophanate-methyl 1500 times or Etridiazole 2000 times solution once every 10 days. In the early |
| | |stages, spray 69% Acrobat MZ 1500 times solution, 58% Ridomil MZ 1000 times solution, 64% oxadixyl.mancozeb 1500 times solution, or 50% |
| | |chlorothalonil smoking, using 1000 g /mu. |
| | |Bacterial leaf spot (bacterial disease): in the early stages, spray streptomycin sulfate 2000-2500times to the whole plant. |
|Plum blossom |Major pests and diseases are anthracnose, gummosis, and |Aphids and spider mites: upon onset, spray 80% dichlorvos 1500 times solution, or dicofol 1000 times solution. |
| |scale insects, aphids, spider mites and leafhoppers. |Longhorn beetles: inject 80% dichlorvos EC 30 times solution into the wormholes, or plug the wormholes with dichlorvos poisoning mud, |
| | |or, during the peak of emergence, spray the branches with 90% crystal trichlorfon 1000-2000 times, or 50% of the phoxim |
| | |emulsion 1000-1500 times, or 50% malathion emulsion 1000-1500 times solution. For pest control, dimethoate pesticides are prohibited in |
| | |order to avoid phytotoxicity causing leaves to fall. |
|Sago cycas |Major pests and diseases are scab, anthracnose, red spot|Scab: in the early stages, spray 1: 1:200 Bordeaux mixture or 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times solution once every 10 days spray or more |
| |disease and white spot disease. |frequent, depending on the severity of disease. |
| | |Anthracnose, also known as red spot disease: when leaves are coming out, spray 27% lipid membrane 150 times solution. When infected, |
| | |spray thiram 500-800 times solution once every 7 days for 2-3 times. |
| | |White spot disease: in the early stages, spray 70% thiram 500 times or 50% carbendazim 500 times solution. As cycas leaves contain |
| | |keratin, 0.1% adhesive should be added to the solution for better effect. |
2.3 Overall Assessment of Current Flowers and Seedlings Pest Management in the Project Area
At present, the flowers and plants in the project area are mainly planted by individual investors with less specialized, intensive and large-scale planting. They mainly use chemical control method supported by agricultural or horticultural control and simple physical and mechanical prevention measures with weak sense of integrated management of pests and diseases.
(1) Surveillance and prevention of diseases and pests lags behind, monitoring mainly relying on the investigation of the florists; the communication with superior diseases and pests regulators is untimely; the monitoring of diseases and pests is not accurate; the investigation, surveillance and prevention of the diseases lags behind.
(2) Pest control methods are mainly dominated by chemical control methods, highly relying on chemicals, with a wide usage of chemical pesticides. There are phenomena such as blind medication and failing to grasp the best time, large amount of pesticides and few varieties of the pesticides.
(3) Have little knowledge about the use of chemical pesticides and its protective measures, environmental pollution, harm to the human body and be casual to the disposal of chemicals and waste packages. There is a big hazard of environmental pollution. No use of pesticides banned by the state is discovered.
(4) Have comparatively low knowledge on the integrated management of diseases and pests, merely based on chemical control method and supported by agricultural or horticultural control and simple physical and mechanical prevention measures, lack advanced knowledge on diseases and pests prevention and control such as prevention first, combining prevention with control, suiting our measures to differing conditions in terms of locality and time and integrated usage of various prevention measures.
3 Policies, Management Structure and Institutional Capacity
3.1 Pest Management Policies in China and Hunan Province
Major legislation and regulations on management of forestry development and diseases and pests management in Hunan province and China are outlined as follows:
Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by NPC Standing Committee on January 1, 1985);
Seed Law of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by NPC Standing Committee on August 28, 2004);
Regulations on Plant Quarantine (promulgated by State Council on May 13, 1992);
Regulations on Forest Pest Control (promulgated by State Council on December 18, 1989);
Regulations for the Implementation of Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by State Council on January 29, 2000);
Rules for Implementation of Regulations on Plant Quarantine (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on July 26, 1994);
Forest Pest Prediction and Forecast Management Method (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on July 18, 2002);
Measures for Administration of Production and Operation License of Forest Seeds (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on December 15, 2002);
Regulations on Approving and Supervising the Quarantine of Introduced Forest Seeds, Seedlings and Other Propagating Materials (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on May 30, 2003);
Measures for the Treatment of Unexpected Harmful Forest Biological Events (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on July 1, 2005);
Regulations on Forest Harmful Biological Control and Quarantine in Hunan Province (promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province on March 1, 2009);
Regulations on Quality and Safety of Forest Products in Hunan Province (promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province on March 1, 2010);
Implementation Methods of Hunan Province on Seed Law of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province on March 1, 2004);
Implementation Methods of Hunan Province on Plant Quarantine (promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province on March 12, 1996);
Administrative Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Pesticides (promulgated by State Council on November 29, 2001);
Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticides (promulgated by Department of Agriculture, Herding and Fishery and Department of Heath on June 5, 1982);
Implementation Methods on Administrative Regulations on Pesticides (promulgated by Department of Agriculture on January 8, 2008);
Pesticide Safe Use Standard GB4285-89 (promulgated by State Environmental Protection Administration in September 1989);
3.2 Regulatory Framework and Institutional Responsibilities
3.2.1 Diseases and Pests Control and Management
Duties of the Institutions:
Provincial Department of Forestry:
Implement national forestry guidelines, and policies and laws and regulations, research and work out the draft of the guidelines and policies of forest ecological environment construction, forest resources protection and land forestation in our province, and organize to draw up relevant local forestry regulations and supervise the implementation; organize, coordinate, guide and supervise provincial forest fire prevention; guide provincial forest public security; organize and guide the control and quarantine of provincial forest diseases, pests and rodents; guide forestry industry development; audit the declaration of key forestry construction project; guide the development and cultivation of various commodity forest (including timber forest, economic forest, firewood forest, Medical forest, bamboo forest and forests for special use) and scenic forests and flowers; organize and guide forestry science and technology, education, foreign affairs and publicity work; guide the provincial construction of forestry group.
Provincial Forest Diseases and Pests Control and Quarantine Station (provincial office managing the prevention of the invasion of alien forest pests):
Organize the technology training and promotion for the business of provincial forest diseases and pests control monitoring and forest plants quarantine; manage and guide provincial forest diseases and pests control and monitoring and plant quarantine according to law, coordinate related departments to dealt with administrative cases which violates forest plant quarantine regulations; guide district and county forest plants quarantine agencies to establish seedling breeding base with no quarantine objects; handling quarantine approval procedures for the introduction of forest seeds, seedlings and other propagation materials into the province; propose the draft of dividing or cancelling epidemic area and protected area, and organize to approve and draw up provincial supplementary quarantine objects list; guide and the coordinate the blocking, eliminating and quarantine to epidemic area and protected area of quarantine objects; regularly organize general investigation to the provincial risk forest diseases and pests, and prepare epidemical report; develop provincial main forest diseases and pests forecast approach, master the development trend of the occurrence of provincial main forest pests and diseases, regularly publish provincial pests forecast and report it to superior competent department; established and perfect provincial monitoring network node and forest diseases and pests file; be responsible for the supervision and management of provincial forest pesticide and medical devices.
Organize to set up relevant policy measures, and supervise the implementation to prevent harmful biological invasion; to set up plans and prevention schemes to prevent harmful biological invasion; to coordinate and cooperate with departments concerned; to conduct a survey on harmful biological invasion and have international exchanges and cooperation; to curb the invasion of forestry pest and make risk assessment.
Provincial Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Station:
Actively develop forestry science and technology promotion services, promoting the progress of science and technology; make plans and implement professional training work; have trials, pilots and technical promotion and assist to build forestry science and technology institutions and non-governmental organizations at all levels.
Provincial Tree Seedlings Management Station:
Make plans, produce and adjust tree seedlings and do import and export as well as quality management, ratify and issue Forest tree seed production license and Forest tree seed business licenses. Be responsible for forest tree introduction and germplasm resources management; be responsible for the breeding, introduction, ratification and promotion of improved varieties of forest tree; be responsible for the introduction, implementation and promotion of new technology; be responsible for the training and ratification of technicians and administrative staff.
Changsha Forest Protection Station:
Be responsible for the forest pest forecast and control guidance; master the situation of forest pest occurrence and development; be responsible for forest plant quarantine management, prevention of the invasion and spread of pest diseases.
Changsha Forest Techniques Promotion Station:
Participate in the formation, investigation and respond, forestry technology development and technology promotion; give guidance to set up demonstration base for forestry science and technology promotion and technology development; organize technical training; develop technology and provide information; initiate forestry comprehensive service entity; attend achievements appraisal; summarize and promote technological experience; guide promotional agency of subordinate units to have forestry promotion activities.
[pic]
Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of Pest Control and Management Institutions
3.2.2 Pesticide Supervision and Administration Department
Duties:
Agricultural administrative authority:
Agriculture bureaus of all levels are responsible for agricultural development planning, comprehensive management activities related to agriculture; for the implementation of policies, legal rules and regulations relating to crop and plant cultivation, animal husbandry, agricultural mechanization and rural economic development; for the research, planning and implementation of agricultural and rural economic development strategy and middle and long term development; draft the development plan of agricultural research, education, technology promotion and team construction; the implementation of developing agriculture with the education and science; organize the selection and implementation of key agricultural research and technical promotion projects; give guidance to the construction of high-yield and high-quality agricultural bases, agricultural education and agricultural skills development.
The industry and commerce administrative authority:
The industry and commerce administrative authorities of all levels are responsible for the management of the pesticide market; for market supervision, management and administrative law enforcement; for the standardization and maintenance of operational order in various markets in accordance with law; for registration and supervision of market entities; for the management of trademark registration; for advertising supervision and management.
Quality and technology supervision authority:
Quality and technology supervision authorities at various levels are responsible for the supervision and management of pesticide production and products quality; for carrying out the national and provincial policies relating to the supervision of quality and technology; for the unified management, organization and coordination of quality and technical supervision work in the administrative area; for the supervision of the behavior of quality authentication agencies and the use of authentication marks; for quality and technical supervision and administrative law enforcement.
Agricultural administrative authority:
Agricultural administrative authorities of all levels are responsible for the quality supervision and management in agricultural chemical markets; for the supervision, administrative penalty and administrative compulsion in agricultural resources and environment protection, the supervision of quality and safety of agricultural products and agricultural intellectual property rights protection in accordance with laws and regulations; for the investigations and punishments of agricultural foreign-related cases and important case cross provinces and cities as well as the cases submitted or should be avoided by junior agriculture departments; for provincial crackdown on fake agricultural products, the supervision of quality and safety of agricultural products, agricultural resources and environment protection and agricultural intellectual property rights protection.
Safety and environment protection supervisory authority:
Agricultural resources and environment protection stations of all levels and environment protection bureaus are responsible for the supervision and management of agricultural environment protection; for the guidance to build agricultural resources and environment protection mechanism; for the supervision and management of the prevention of pollution caused by three industrial wastes to agricultural environment and pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides; for the provincial agricultural environment appraisal and the construction of agricultural environment pollution comprehensive prevention and control demonstration areas.
Plant protection departments and agricultural technique centers:
Be responsible for monitoring, quarantine prevention and control of diseases and pests; for drug and equipment management; for drug registration; for the demonstration tests, development and promotion of new technology, new pesticide and new equipment; for the training, supervision and management of professional techniques such as pesticide use.
Professional agencies of pest disease prevention and control:
Be responsible for professional prevention and control of major diseases; for the publicity and training of pest prevention and the safe use of agricultural chemicals.
[pic]
Figure 2 Pesticide Supervision and Management Authorities
3.3 Pesticide Management and Distribution Systems and the Use of Pesticides
3.3.1 Pesticides Management
In accordance with the Pesticide Management Regulations of the People's Republic of China and Pesticide Regulation Executive Method issued by the Ministry of Agriculture in December 2007:
The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for national pesticide registration, use and supervision; for the making or taking part in making national or industrial standards for the safe use of pesticides, the pesticide quality and pesticide residue.
The department of agriculture administration under the State Council shall be in charge of national pesticide registration and supervision. The competent administrative department of agriculture in provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government shall help the department of agriculture administration under the State Council to do national pesticide registration and supervision. The department of agriculture administration at the county level, in a city divided into districts and autonomous prefecture shall in charge of pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.
The various levels of people's governments at or above the county level shall be in charge of pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.
Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals under the Ministry of Agriculture shall be in charge of pesticide registration. Pesticide verification institutions under the competent administrative departments of agriculture in provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government shall help with the pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.
3.3.2 Pesticide Operation (Distribution Systems)
The following agencies can sell pesticides: The agricultural production material business unit under the supply and marketing cooperatives, plant protection stations, soil fertilizer stations, agricultural and forestry techniques popularization institutions, forest pest control agencies, pesticide production enterprises and other units specified by the State Council.
According to the principle of direct supply, the agricultural production material business units under agricultural reclamation system and agricultural techniques popularization institutions can sell pesticides; the business units which specially provide pesticides to grain depots and stations can sell pesticides for storage grain, such as storage and trade companies and storage companies under food security system.
Any unit and individual must get business license before getting involved in pesticide production and selling.
3.3.3 Use of Pesticides
The use of pesticides and matters needing attention are mainly dependent on the promotion by media and the pesticide business units as well as farmers’ self-learning through the instructions, lacking of professional training and the education in environment, health and safety.
We shall make full use of radio, television, network and tabloid magazines to broadcast laws and regulations, supervise work progress and effectiveness and expose illegal cases and illegal business pesticide behavior.
While selling pesticides to farmers, the business units shall be in charge of providing pesticide use technology and matters needing attention to ensure safe use.
Good Agricultural Regulation issued in 1982 includes the content of the purchase, transportation and storage of pesticides, the matters needing attention to ensure safe use, the choice of spraying personnel and individual protection. However, this regulation is relatively backward, lacking professional training and education, and it does not correspond with the current stage of the pesticide use.
3.4 Description and Evaluation of Pest Management
Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City is a seedling miniascape base in Hunan Province and a national wholesale center for flowers and trees seed. There are flowers and trees in 13 villages of the town covering more than 20,000 mu. Flowers and trees production is taking shape of the relative concentration of the production and the flowers and trees industry have an initial shape. In 2002, Zhentou Town was named as Hunan Flowers Town by Hunan provincial forestry department and Provincial flowers association. Since it is the flowers and trees base without quarantine objects, it pays great attention to pest management. In recent years, with the development of the local flowers and trees market and the need of provincial agricultural department, several regulations were carried out so as to regulate local pesticide management, promote agricultural techniques and improve pest management ability: Notice by the General Office of Hunan Provincial People's Government on Promoting Professional Prevention and Control of Crop Pests, Implementation Plan about Reforming and Improving Agricultural Technology Services in Villages and Towns and The Implementing Measures on the Operation Conditions of Pesticide in Hunan Province. However, since there are limited number of technical personnel in agricultural technology promotion departments at various levels, the research and promotion process of physical and biological control technology goes slowly, and physical and biological control technology are simple and the effect is not satisfying. What’s more, a survey has showed that biological comprehensive prevention and control technology is not widely promoted and used. Although some work has been done to prevent pests, the prevention system of pests is imperfect in the project area and people are not fully aware of the danger of pests. As a result, the area is unable to achieve the effective and comprehensive prevention and control. Specific aspects are as follows:
Comprehensive prevention and control technology lags behind: Growers are mainly local farmers who are lack of professional pest prevention and control technology. Drugs are employed blindly, missing the best time for using, and prevention and control technology are lagging behind.
Promotion for pest prevention and control training is not enough: There is no sound pest prevention and control authority and the upper supervision authorities are not doing enough promotion, education and training about pest prevention and control measures and the safe use of pesticides.
Poor knowledge for pest disease supervision: The flowers and trees are mostly planted by retail investors and the supervision depends mainly on the growers who have poor knowledge of pest disease supervision. As a result, pests monitoring accuracy is not high and the investigation, monitoring and prevention always lag behind.
Pest control technology lags behind: Financial shortage deficiency results in insufficient attention on pest control and little focus on scientific research. The lack of basic research of biological and ecological characteristics of pest diseases leads to poor knowledge of the occurrence law of pest diseases and the lagging behind of pest control measures. Pest supervision authority is unable to make effective, easy, environment friendly and integrated pest management technology.
Pest control system is not perfect enough: There is no perfect pest prevention and control authority and the upper supervision authorities are not doing perfectly to introduce advanced supervision and integrated prevention and control measures, promote the demonstration effect and organize the corresponding training. People are not fully aware of the danger of pests. As a result, the plant diseases and insect pests in this area cannot be controlled comprehensively and effectively.
4 Project Objectives and Priorities of Pest Management
4.1 Objectives of Pest Management
The overall goal of Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans is to control the damages on flowers and nursery stocks caused by pests and to reduce the need for chemical pesticides.
(1) To improve the government’s capacity in terms of popularization of integrated pest management method and to enhance the awareness, realization and utilization in terms of integrated pest management for flowers and nursery stocks;
(2) Demonstrate and popularize the integrated pest control technology, introduce the non-chemical control technology and lessen the dependency on agro-chemicals gradually;
(3) Promote the capacity of safe usage and management of chemicals, and train the pesticide sellers and florists regarding integrated pest management method and enhance the florists’ ability to use the pesticides scientifically;
(4) Strengthen the management on selling and usage of chemical pesticides and prohibit the florists to use chemical pesticides which are high toxic and violating the regulations and policies of the State.
Specific Goals:
a) Reduce the damages caused by pest and control the incidence of diseases below 10%;
b) Reduce the chemical pesticides by 20%-50% within three to five years;
c) Eliminate intoxication accidents resulting from storing and irrationally disposing discarded wastes;
d) Make sure that the amount of pesticide residue on agricultural products comply with Hunan Forest Products Quality Security Regulation.
e) Stop using the pesticides which are listed in Ia, Ib and II class by WHO.
4.2 Priorities of Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management is a kind of strategy used to control pests. The implementation of this strategy covers three closely-related phrases: prevention, monitoring and intervention. This strategy makes use of a series of control methods that can complement each other, such as agricultural method, physical method, ecological method and chemical method. It is a management method that involves ecology and aims at effectively reducing or disusing pesticides and thus decreasing the chemical pollution on natural environment and ecological environment.
As the priorities of pest management, the prevention and intervention of pests are known collectively as Integrated Pest Management.
The prevention mainly involves three aspects:
(1) To wipe out disease-carrying insect origin or reduce the base number of disease-carrying insect occurrence. For example, plant quarantine is an effective measure to prevent dangerous diseases and pests from spreading along with seeds and nursery stocks. Decreasing the base number of disease-carrying pest occurrence means to reduce the amount of germs and pests that live through the winter.
(2) To worsen the environment where the pests breed and do harm. We can create or make full use of the conditions which are not conducive to diseases and pests to change or eradicate the conditions which are conducive.
(3) Take prompt and effective measures to eliminate the diseases and pests before they occur with large quantities and do remarkable damages. For example, we can employ pesticides on a sound basis and take man-made and physical effective measures.
Based on agrotechnical control, in order to control and eliminate pests economically, conveniently, safely and effectively, IPM suits measures to different conditions in terms of locality and time, uses appropriately the above-mentioned measures such as inspection and quarantine, chemical control, biological control, physical control, mechanical control and so on, gives full play to the positive roles of various control measures and integrates these measures organically which coordinate and complement each other.
The pest control measures of flowers and nursery stocks include such various measures as garden or agricultural prevention, physical prevention, chemical control and biological control and so on. According to situations of project areas, the combination of environment-friendly control measures such as plant quarantine, garden planting control, biological control, physical control, mechanical control and so on is recommended to control flowers and nursery stocks diseases and pests comprehensively. The chemical control method prefers low-toxic, high-effective, low-residual pesticides that do little harm to environment and human body. The specific methods and pesticide management measures will be introduced in the following chapter.
The monitoring on diseases and pests is the basis of integrated pest management.
In order to learn the occurrence, hazard degree and scale of diseases and pests in production fields, get the hang of occurrence dynamic and rules of diseases and pest and guide the pest control, we shall be devoted to the research on prediction and prevention strategies. This project demonstrates integrated pest management and shall include the integrated pest control situations and pesticide usage situations in order to monitor the implementation degree and effect of integrated pest control measures. Therefore, monitoring on diseases and pests is the basis of pest managements. Only the correct monitoring on the disease and pest situations can make sure the correct formulation of integrated pest control measures.
Integrated Pest Management is a kind of strategy used to control pests. The implementation of this strategy covers three closely-related phrases: prevention, monitoring and intervention. The following text will introduce the three phrases one by one and also introduce the pesticide usage and management during the period of integrated pest control.
5 Measures for Integrated Pest Management
5.1 Specific IPM Measures
(1) Plant Quarantine
Covering three aspects-disease, pest and weed, the plant quarantine is a series of regulatory measures aiming at protect the agricultural production from alien invasion of dangerous diseases, pests and weeds. The plant product species that shall be quarantined and diseases, pests and weeds which are on the list of bringing-into and taking-out prohibition in accordance with Act shall be not allowed to be input or output, or can only be input or output after eliminating the quarantine objects by means of disinfection, if they are found containing quarantine objects. Plant quarantine is the key link to pest control. In particular, with the rather developed transportation and increasingly expanding communication with foreign countries, strengthening plant quarantine is extremely important. At the same time, the planting materials such as seeds, nursery stocks and so on, which are transported between districts in China, shall go through quarantine. The quarantine objects shall be shut out of another district.
(2) Garden Planting Control
Similar to agricultural control technology, garden planting control takes advantage of, in the process of flowers planting, a series of planting and management technology to purposefully change environment and conditions, and make them not conducive to the breeding of pests and spreading of diseases, but beneficial to the growth of flowers, to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of diseases and pests and enhance the quality of flowers. Functioning as a method to ensure the high yield of flowers, most agricultural measures also avoid the necessity of increasing extra manpower and material resources to pest prevention, which on the one hand accords with the economic demands and on the other hand has no such side effects as polluting environment, hurting and killing natural enemies and so on upon agricultural prevention. The specific measures of garden planting control cover: fertilizing adequately , watering appropriately, keeping the greenhouse clean, bettering environment and conditions, turning up the soil deep during winter ploughing, timely trimming, dealing with injured plants, adjusting seedtime, rotating rationally, selecting and growing species with resistance to diseases and insects, laying the flower species out rationally and so on.
(3) Physical and Mechanical Control
Physical control is a kind of pest control measure which uses simple tools and all kinds of physical elements, such as light, heat, electricity, temperature, moisture, radioactive energy, sound weave and so on. It includes both the earliest and simplest measures, such as hunting or killing bare-handedly, artificially clearing away disease-carrying or insect-carrying branches and stems and so on, and the utilization of newest achievement in modern physics. The physical control is an ancient and young control measure. In addition, it also includes the following: artificially increasing or decreasing temperature and moisture, such as drying seeds, steeping seeds in hot water, treating the bamboo and its products in high temperature and so on, in order to go beyond the adaptation range of diseases and insects; Killing the insects by taking advantage of their phototaxis, and in recent years black-light lamp and high-voltage electric web bug-zapper have been applied widely; Killing the insects using atomic energy, that is, directly killing diseases or insects by radioactive energy or causing the insets to have inability to conceive by shining with radioactive energy.
(4) Chemical Control
Chemical control means preventing diseases and insects by drugs. It has the following advantages: good and quick control effect and simplicity of its method. However, it may pollute environment, bring in chemical damage and cause the germs and insects to have drug resistance after long-term use. Though chemical control is an essential part of integrated pest control, we should use pesticides scientifically and safely, pay attention to the human health and environment protection, choose the right pesticides, choose the pharmaceutical formulation rationally, use the pesticides timely, alternate and blend the drugs and so on.
(5) Biological Control
Biological control means controlling diseases and insects by using natural enemies. The natural enemies feed themselves on harmful insects or pathogenic bacteria. Under natural conditions, natural enemies prevail and control the damages caused by diseases and insects, especially by harmful insects. In conserving flowers, we should consciously strengthen the role that the natural enemies play, for example, burning the insect-carrying branches after placing for a few days, to protect the parasitic natural enemies which live within the body of insects, to create the environment that is beneficial for the survival of natural enemies and to increase the amount of natural enemies; we should introduce and protect insect-eating birds artificially to expand the control effect.
5.2 Integrated Disease Management Measures for Flowers and Seedlings Stocks
1) Anthracnose
Anthracnose is one of the commonest diseases attacking flowers. Vegetation flowers and pulpy flowers are often infested with anthracnose. Anthracnose has a high occurrence and causes great damage among all the flower diseases. For example, Reineckia carnea, lilyturf root, day lily, pot marigold, chrysanthemum, cockscomb and so on are often attacked by anthracnose.
Integrated Control Methods:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
Strengthen management on the transported and transplanted nursery stocks. We should spray once such systemic fungicides as 1000 times liquids of 50% carbendazim and so on to the nursery stocks that will be transported before lifting seedlings.
(2) Garden Control
Appropriately fertilizing and watering in accordance with the biological characteristics of flowers and plants can increase the flowers’ and plants’ resistance to diseases and thus decrease the occurrence of diseases.
We can also select flower and plant species that are resistant to anthracnose.
(3) Physical Control
When flowers and plants are attacked by anthracnose, their sick leaves and branches shall be removed and put together and destroyed timely. Or we can apply medical Daktarin cream.
(4) Chemical Control
When seeds and seminiferous scale carry germs, they shall be first steeped in 50 ℃ water for 20 minutes or in 55 ℃ water for 10 minutes, then they shall be dried in the sun before sowing. Or we can eradicate the germs existing on the surface of seeds by steeping the seeds in 500 times liquids of 50% carbendazol wettable powder for about 1 hour.
When the flowers and plants are attacked by diseases, we shall spray 1000 times liquid of 50% benomyl wettable power or 1000 times liquids of 50% Sporgonwettable powder.
2) Damping-off
Damping-off, also known as seedling blight, is a kind of disease resulted from fungi invasion on seedling stage. The germ first attacks seedling root and stem base from the surface soil. The part that are under attack will be sunken and weathered and become dark brown. If the sprouts just come up, the symptom will be damping-off; if the tissues of sprouts are lignified, the symptom will be seedling blight. Under damp conditions, the sick part will grow white mycelium or pink mildew. If worse, the sick sprouts will wilt to death.
Prevention Methods:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
Disinfecting the soil with 0.15-0.3% formalin, 0.25-0.5% thiram and 0.5% quintozene before sowing; or disinfecting the seeds with 0.1% potassium permanganate;
(2) Garden Control
The soil for seedbed and plants potting shall be new soil without disease or disinfected soil. The way to disinfect soil is as follows: for per square meter, adding 8-12.5 kilograms water into 50ml 40% formalin, watering the ground, covering it with plastic films for about 4-5 days, removing the coverings and then sowing after 7-10 days; or employing the mixture of equal amounts of 70% quintozene powder and 80% dithane Z-78 before planting and sowing, 8-10 grams per square meter.
(3) Physical Control
Watering before sowing or growing to make sure there is adequate water in the soil and strictly watering within 20 days after the sprouts come out.
(4) Chemical Control
At the beginning of the disease, we can water with 200-300 times liquid of Miaojunling or 700-800 times liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl to eradicate the germs and protect the sprouts.
In the initial stage of disease, we can spray or water with 500 times liquid of 50% captan and 800 times liquid of 75% chlorothalonil.
3) Rust
Rust disease is a very common disease and does great harm to, in particular, rose rugosa, rose, chrysanthemum, Chinese rose, azalea, daily lily and so on, affecting their growth and reducing their value for admiring.
Prevention Methods:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
We should strengthen inspection and quarantine and select healthy plants as propagating materials.
We should transplant nursery stocks from disease-free areas and collect vegetative propagating materials such as cuttings and so on from disease-free parent plants, for a great many of branches and stems infected with rust disease shall be under quarantine.
The species of flowers and the ability of their resistance to rust disease show obvious differences. Therefore, selecting and cultivating flowers that are resistant to rust disease is an economical and effective way to prevent rust disease.
(2) Garden Control
We should strengthen the planting management and apply fertilizer appropriately, enhance application of phosphate and potash and not apply undue nitrogen; we should drain water timely since the moisture is high in soil; we should open the windows of greenhouse to decrease moisture there.
We should control the planting density and ensure the plants are not so overcrowded; we should drain water in time; we should apply fertilizer more appropriately, enhancing application of decomposed organic fertilizers and phosphorus potassium and not applying undue nitrogen; we should often trim the branches and pick off disease-carrying and insect-carrying branches to make sure proper ventilation and good permission for light; we should strengthen air change while planting to reduce the moisture in the greenhouse.
(3) Physical Control
We should also pay attention to the cleaning of greenhouse. Once diseased leaves and branches are found, they should be cut off, put together and burned.
(4) Chemical Control
Pesticides shall be applied in winter
From late autumn to pre-germination of the next year, we should first clean the fields and yards and then apply pesticides to prevent diseases. We can spray 2°c - 5°c lime-sulfur, 100-150 times liquid of 45% lime-sulfur. To prevent heteroecious nursery stock from attacking by rust disease, we should spray pesticides once or twice in mid March in early spring to kill winter spores springing from fungi that survive through the winter.
Pesticides shall be applied during its growing season
3°Bé - 4°Bé lime-sulfur should be sprayed before sprouting. During the growing season, we should spray 1000 times liquid of 50% carbendazol wettable powder, or 250-300 times liquid of sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate, or 10% bordeaux mixture, or other bactericides.
In the initial stage of attacking by disease, we can spray 0.2°Bé-0.3°Bé lime-sulfur, 300-500 times liquid of 45% lime-sulfur, or 500 times liquid of 70% ambam wettable powder, or 1000 times liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl.
4) Powdery Mildew
Powdery mildew is a worldwide disease, which can cause harm to many flowers and even lead to the death of them. It can bring a great loss to the flower production and the flowers’ aesthetic value. It infects the plants in May and June mostly and brings symptoms of yellow leaves, fading leaves, curving tender tips, etc. in the summer. The tender tips, tender shoots, tender leaves and buds are the most vulnerable. At the initial stage of pathosis, the infected parts show chlorisis spots and gradually turn into white powder spots, which seem like a layer of white powder, and which turn into grey in the later stage. The infected plant shrivels, with its tender tips curving, leaves unsmooth, flowers few and small or even none or malformed. The worst case scenario is that the leaves curl up and become dried-up, and the whole plant withers and even becomes dead.
Prevention and Cure Method:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
Inspection and quarantine should be strengthened. Disease-free plants should be selected as reproducing material, and seedlings should be introduced from the disease-free areas. Vegetative propagation material like twigs, etc. should be gathered from those disease-free mother plants.
(2) Garden Prevention and Control
Disease-free plant should be selected to cultivate disease resistant breed. The cultivation management should be strengthened to prevent the nitrogen from being excessive, and prevent phosphorus, potash fertilizer from insufficiency. Watering should be proper, while humidity should not be too high.
The density of planting cannot be too high, and pruning should be done in time, especially the diseased and introverted twigs should be removed to insure ventilation and breathing. After the diseased twigs and leaves removed, they should be burned up. In addition, the temperature difference between day and night cannot exceed 10℃.
(3) Physical Control
Some flowers like China roses can resist the low temperature of -17℃, while the Powdery mildew will freeze to death below 0 ℃, so the change in temperature can be used to control the reproduction of the disease.
(4) Chemical Control
If there is a chimney in the green house, the mixed liquid of lime and sulphur can be spread on it. The sulphur vapor volatilization can prevent the disease effectively.
Before pathosis, 1‰ Potassium Permanganate, or 1:0.7:200Bordeaux mixture or 65% zineb wettable powder can be sprayed on to create good preventive effect.
After the symptom shows, 1% iodine 800-1000 liquid should be sprayed upon. After five days, 75% Chlorothalonil 600 times liquid should be sprayed upon twice to three times. The morbidity can be greatly decreased by spraying again when new leaves are growing.
50% carbendazim wettable powder 500-600 times liquid, or 70% Mildothane wettable powder 600-800 times liquid, etc. can also be adopted. If the condition is serious, use them every 7~10 days. The medicament should be used alternately to avoid drug resistance.
5) Leaf spot
Leaf spot is harmful to the leaves, which is a disease happened among the corm begonia plant. It is also harmful to the michelia fishtail, canna, crape myrtle, chaenimeles specuisa, Chaenomeles japonicd, sweet-scented osmanthus, cuckoo, impatiens balsamina geranium, cockscomb, etc. The symptom is that the cells on the leaves have local necrosis, so it shows different spots like angular spot, streak, circular spot, with grey, black, and brown colors. The worst case scenario is that the leaves turn yellow, shrivel and fall off.
Prevention and Cure Method:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
Inspection and quarantine should be strengthened. Disease-free plants should be selected as reproducing material, and seedlings should be introduced from the disease-free areas. Vegetative propagation material like twigs, etc. should be gathered from those disease-free mother plants.
(2) Garden Prevention and Control
Crop rotating (the soil can be changed in the green house). It is not suitable to use the method of spraying.
(3) Physical Control
Remove the diseased tissue in time and burn them together.
(4) Chemical Control
In the early stages, spray will be used to prevent it from spreading. The common medicament are 25% carbendazim wettable powder 300-600 times liquid (50% 1000 times, 40% SC 600-800 times), 50%thiiophanate 1000 times, 70% maneb 500 times, 80%mancizeb 400-600times, 50% captan 500 times, etc. The medicament should be used alternately to avoid drug resistance.
6) Botrytis
The botrytis is one of the most common diseases in the flowers and plants production. It happened in the growing season, especially in the green house during spring and winter. The pathogenic bacteria can infect any part of the plant above the ground. If the cultivation management was not strictly carried out, the disease will come up easily and become prevalent. When it becomes serious, the flowers and leaves will fall a lot, which will affect the blossom of the flowers and decrease the appreciation value, and cause great damage to the quality and volume of production.
Prevention and Cure Method:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
Inspection and quarantine should be strengthened. Disease-free plants should be selected as reproducing material, and seedlings should be introduced from the disease-free areas. Vegetative propagation material like twigs, etc. should be gathered from those disease-free mother plants.
Disinfecting the seed is to kill the fungus that attached to the surface of the seed. The seeds can be soaked in the 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes and used after washed in the running water for 40 minutes. Another way is to soak the seeds in the warm water of 52 ℃ for 30 minutes, waiting them to dry in the air before use.
The matrix disinfected germs overwinter in the soil; therefore, the soil is requested to be healthy and new, no matter it is garden plant or potting. The disinfection of the pot soil, the flower pots and the seedballs is also required.
The seedballs and germchit are to be selected to make sure there are no diseased ones. Then, they will be soaked in the 0.3% to 0.5% copper sulfate for half an hour, washed by water and dried in the air before planting.
(2) Garden Prevention and Control
The prevention and cure technical measures include breed selection, the cultivation technique to prevent disease and medication prevention.
The most economical measure of preventing the botrytis is to select the disease-resistant breed. For example, the red flower breed of the carnation is more disease-resistant than the yellow flower breed. Under the same circumstances, the disease of the red flower breed is less serious than the yellow one.
Sufficient base fertilizer should be applied when planting to promote the growth of the plant and enhance resistance. Completely decomposed organic fertilizer should be used as much as possible, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be added, In the meantime, amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled to prevent excessive growth, so as to avoid aggravating the disease. Therefore the plant will be strong and the disease resistance promoted.
The cultivation management of the potted flowers should be strengthened. Ventilation and photopermeability should be taken care of. Also, there should be enough space between the flower pots. When watering, there should be “dry and wet both”, the soil shouldn’t be too wet, in case of hydrops.
In the field, the ventilation and photopermeability should be paid much attention to. After raining, the water should be drained off immediately. In the process of management, the damage of the plant should be decreased to the greatest extent, so that they will not be invaded by the germs.
(3) Physical Control
In the early stages, the diseased parts should be removed in time, which cannot be piled up in the green house or the rubbish heap but should be retted in high temperature or buried 15cm under the land surface. So the germ source which will infect the plant next year will be decreased.
The botrytis occurs between the temperature of 20 and 25℃ and stops infection, growth and reproduction at above 32℃. This trait can be used in protective planting to control the germs growth and infection by increasing the temperature. This method has significant effect in autumn. Generally, in the morning, the fresh air is let in late, while in the afternoon, the temperature should be kept between 20℃ and 25℃. If it’s below 20℃, the ventilation must be shut down, so the temperature will maintain at 15℃ to 17℃ at night. If this method is well handled, the botrytis can be prevented without medicament.
(4) Chemical Control
There is no specific medicine for the prevention and cure of this disease, so prevention comes first. The right time should be seized to use the medication. Method of spraying medicine, stifling and applying dust can be taken.
Before and in the early stages, 1:200 Bordeaux mixture is to be sprayed once every two weeks.
When there are diseases, the sick leaves should be cut off in time, and medicament should be sprayed. Protective fungicide is often taken as the medicament, such as 50% sumilex 1000 to 2000 times liquid, 50% carbendazim 500 to 800 times liquid, 65% zineb wettable powder 500 to 800 times liquid, etc. Spraying should be carried out every 7 to 10 days. The spraying should be meticulous, with the best time after 9AM. When spraying, the medicament should be used alternately to avoid drug resistance.
When stifling with the medicine, the fashioned fumicants pieces or fumicants powders shoud be lighted. Using the heating method, they will be disintegrated into small granules, which can fill all the plant area, reach the surface of all the plant, even to the places where the spraying liquid cannot reach. So the effect of killing germs will be better. The applicable medicaments include 10% sumilex fumicants (200 to 250g/mu), 45%Chlorothalonil smoke agent (250g/mu), and 3% probenazole smoke agent (50g /cubic meter). 3 or 4 hours after the stifling let the fresh air in. This method can be applied in raining days or after watering, with the best time period at night after the ventilation being closed. The effect will be better when there is high humidity and not suitable for spraying.
Spraying dust can be carried out in the windless dense area and closed houses. The duster is applied to spread the medicament with small and easily floated particles into the air, so that they can sedimentate from top to bottom and spread to the point where they can reach the effect. The effective medicaments include 5% chlorothalonil compound powder, 6.5% Diethofencarb dust agent, 10% killing mildew dust agent and 5% destroy mildew dust agent. They should be applied once every 9 to 10 days continously or alternated with other method for 2 to 3 times. The volume is 1kg per mu. After the spraying being done right above the plants, the planting room should be closed in case the dust drifting to other areas because of the air flow. The best time to carry out this method is in the evening or raining days when the disease is in its peak time.
7) Bacterial Soft Rot
Bacterial soft rot is a great threat to the growth of flowers. There are two main pathogenic bacteria: carrot bacillus and alocasia cacillus, which are easily to run rampant and cause harm to a large extent.
The rhizome, corm, bulbus, petiole and leaves are easily to be infected. Common calla, lily, gladiolus, fleur-de-lis, cyclamen, hyacinth, kaffir lily, dahlia can catch the disease, which will be devastated to them. The diseased part shows the status of waterlogging, and turns into brown, and then becomes sticky and rotten. If the humidity is high, it turns into smelly thick liquid. If it is dry, it turns into wizened and powdery thing.
Prevention and Cure Method:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
When purchase or sell the germchit, seedballs, saminal roots from or to other places, the quarantine procedure must be performed strictly, and the quarantine system must be executed seriously to make sure there is no disease entering and out.
(2) Garden Prevention and Control
Storeroom and growth control cultivation room should be disinfected with 1:80 formalin.
Before planting, the material of rhizomes, corms, bulbus, etc. should be strictly selected and soaked in streptomycin 350-700 unit/ml for 30-40 minutes.
The production tools should be disinfected before using. The medicaments that can be used are 0.1% potassium permanganate, 5% carbolic acid and 75% alcohol.
The chances of damage caused by insects and human, as well as contact infection should be decreased and prohibited.
(3) Physical Control
In the growth period of the plant, if any diseased leaves are found, they must be cut off immediately and then buried or burned. The contaminated or used flower pots and tools should be disinfected by 40% formaldehyde 40 times liquid.
(4) Chemical Control
The unhealthy soil cannot be used continuously. The flower pots which contain diseases only can be used after sterilized by heat treatment. The tools contacted by the diseased plants will be used after sterilized with 1% potassium permanganate or 70% alcohol.
This disease spread fast, so preventing work must to be strengthened. In the early stages, 50% carbendazol 600 times liquid can be sprayed, or farm-oriented streptomycin 1000 times liquid can be spread on the plant to have the disease under control.
8) Crown Gall Disease
Crown gall disease, also known as root cancer, is one of the most common root diseases that attack flowers and nursery stocks in gardens. According to statistics, its host reaches to 60 families and over 300 species. In the initial stage of disease-attacking, small suborbiculate protuberances appear and then gradually grow bigger and harder. Coarse and cracking appear on their surfaces and their color turns from light to dark brown or brownish-black with the inner part of protuberances lignified. The protuberances vary at all sizes. The big ones are as big as or bigger than fists. The amounts vary from several to a dozen. Since the root systems are destroyed, the sick plants will grow slowly and serious ones will even be dead entirely. In addition to attacking cherry blossom and Chinese rose, the grown gall disease also attacks 300 types of plants, such as dahlia, lilac, begonia, geranium, rose, plum blossom, forest trees, fruit trees and so on.
Prevention Methods:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
We should strengthen inspection and quarantine and, as to plants out of nursery garden or alien nursery stocks, we should throw away their sick plants. If any questionable nursery stock is found, we should first steep it in 500-2000ppm streptomycin solution for 30 minutes, or steep it in 1% copper sulfate solution for about 5 minutes, or steep it in 2% limewater for about 1 to 2 minutes, and then flush with clear water before planting. When planting, we should transplant nursery stocks or cutting slips from disease-free areas. If any sick nursery stock is found, it should be completely eradicated and burned.
(2) Garden Control
Neutral soil or alkalescence soil that is suitable for breeding crown gall disease should be applied with more organic fertilizers to improve its acidity and change its structure; we should hurt roots or stem base of flowers as less as possible when performing such operations as cultivating or weeding and so on; we should prevent soil insects and soil nematodes timely to reduce their damages; we also should drain water after rainfalls to decrease the moisture of soil, promote the growth of flowers and increase their resistance to diseases.
We should avoid the wounded part from contacting the soil when grafting. The grafting tools can be disinfected with 75% alcohol or 1% formaldehyde solution.
(3) Physical Control
When nursery-reared flowers or planted flowers are found infected with germs, we should dig away the surrounding soil timely, cut off the tumors completely with a scraper—till the health xylem appears, and protect the wounded part with high concentrations of lime-sulfur or bordeaux mixture to avoid being re-infected. We should eradicate the cureless plants in time and collect, put together and burn all the residues.
(4) Chemical Control
We can irrigate the roots of slightly infected plants with 300-400 times liquid of “402” antimicrobial, or apply the wound with 500-2000ppm streptomycin, 500-1000ppm oxytetracycline and 5% ferrous sulfate after cutting off the tumors. It is also reported that the mixture solution of 50 methanol, 25 glacial acetic acid and 12 iodine plates can achieve therapeutic effect. We can also apply No. 84 agrobacterium radiobacter to perform biological prevention.
The serious crown gall disease areas can only be used for planting after a two-year rotation or being disinfected with chloropicrin.
5.3 Integrated Pest Management Measures for Flowers and Seedlings
1) Nematodiasis
Nematodes invade and then bring disease to the root, leaves, flower buds and flowers. The disease often attacks the plants from the composite family, primulaceae, rosaceae, balsaminaceae and begoniaceae. When the nematodes invade the root of seedling, they will give rise to coarse and brown protuberances of varying sizes in the main root and side root; when the disease gets more serious, the slim root will get rotten and leaves will wither to death. When the nematodes bore into the interior tissue of leaves, the leaves will turn light green with yellowish patches on them. Later the patches will turn amber and the leaves will wither and turn black; when the disease gets worse, the flowers will be very small and deformed and droop easily.
Prevention Methods:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
We should strengthen inspection and quarantine on newly-introduced flower species, which will be sent to the designated place and planted experimentally after passing the quarantine conducted by quarantine organ.
(2) Garden Control
We should choose healthy seedlings and disease-free areas so as to establish disease-free nurseries; we should keep the nurseries clean and get rid of the withered flowers , weeds and scanty shrubs in and out of nurseries; we should use the clean water and groundwater to irrigate and better drainage facilities to prevent the outside polluted water from flowing into the flower farms and nurseries; we should pay attention to the disinfection of seedlings and rearing medium; we should apply rolling cultivating racks and lift-off and hard-bottom planting methods to prevent nematodes and other diseases and insects from disseminating and occurring.
Applying organic fertilizers can not only promote the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms and prevent nematodes from growing, but also stimulate the vigorous growth of the flowers and increase disease tolerance. The organic fertilizers must contain no nematodes and be thoroughly decomposed.
Such asexual propagation materials as nursery stocks, cuttings, corms and so on should be steeped in hot water, medicated solution or mixture of these two. Before handling in a large amount, we should make an experiment to confirm the temperature of hot water, liquor strength and handling time, which can kill the nematodes but do no harm to the growth of nursery stocks.
(3) Biological Control
Fungi come first as the natural enemy, with germs, predatory nematodes, insects and mites following. Fungi can be classified into two types: parasitic and predatory. Controlling the amount of nematodes can play a great role. All the nymphs and imagoes of collembolan can prey on nematodes in all the forms of eggs, larvae and adults.
We should choose subsoil for raising seedlings. Soil and ground substance should be basked in the clear days of summer for seven days in a row. In this way the nematodes and other soil-borne diseases and insects can be killed.
(4) Physical Control
We should clear away sick plants, sick soil debris and sick soil timely and burn sick plants. After the flowers being sold, we should clear away the soil debris, pull up and pick up all the sick roots scattering in the soil. Eradicating weed host of nematodes constantly can lessen the amount and occurrence of nematodes.
During the hot summer, we can, in the sheds and green houses, cut 600-1000 kilograms rice straws into 4cm-6cm short lengths, add 50-100 kilograms lime nitrogen per Mu to them, blend evenly and plough the blend deep into the soil below 20 cm. Then plough furrows, fill them with water and cover them with thin films. What to do next is to close the sheds for over 20 days and use the sun energy to kill the diseases and insects.
Before sowing or transplanting, we should, in the greenhouses or sheds, apply 30-60 kilograms liquid nitrogen or 50-60 kilograms ammonium bicarbonate per Mu and plough the soil. Close the door and windows airtightly for about 1 week. Then open the door and windows and plow the soil deeply to give off the ammonia. After 2-3 days we can sow seeds. If it is in the open air, we should cover the soil with thin films immediately for a week after applying liquid nitrogen or ammonium bicarbonate and sow after all the ammonia has given off.
Flooding the soil for 1-3 weeks in summer and for 3-5 weeks in winter can also obtain obvious control effects.
(5) Chemical Control
To eliminate root knot nematode, stem eelworm and aphelenchoides besseyi, the flower corms and bulbs are soaked in 50 times liquid of 50% phoxim EC for 2 hours and in 44.4-46.7℃ for 3 hours.
2) Aphid (Budworm)
Aphid is one of the most harmful insects to flower seedlings (nursery stocks). Almost every plant will be attacked by one or several kinds of aphids. The aphid makes use of its sucking mouth parts to suck a great deal of juice from the seedlings, which may aggravate the nutrition of the seedlings, stop or defer their growth, or even lead to deformed growth, induce sootymould and transmit many plant virus diseases. The aphid attacks tulip, peach blossom, cherry blossom, rosebay, plum blossom, hollyhock, orchid, florists cineraria, pansy, pot marigold, cornflower, dianthus chinensis, Iris tectorum Maxim, Freesia refracta , lily, apricot flower, pomegranate flower, and flowers of Solanaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae and so on. With the temperature increasing, the aphid will increase and the situation will become worse. We must find and prevent the disease earlier.
Integrated Control Methods:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
We should perform strict inspection on the newly-introduced seeds and seedlings to prevent the invasion f the alien insects. We should also disinfect soil and old pots to kill the residual eggs.
(2) Garden Control
Different flower species have different insect resistances. Therefore, we should choose species that have high resistance against insects, which can not only reduce the damage caused by aphids, but also save money on insecticides. We can eradicate the source of overwintering aphids by cleaning the green houses. For the flowers whose seedlings are raised in the green house, we should enhance aphid prevention in their growing season. We should prune, completely clear away and then burn all the stray flowers and withered leaves where the aphids live or eggs lurk.
(3) Biological Control
We can make use of such natural enemies as aphid parasites, ladybug, hover fly, spider and Allothrombium sp. and so on to prevent the aphids. We can also use microbial control, for example, using entomogenous fungi which make the aphids sick.
(4) Physical Control
We can use aluminium film to drive the aphids out. Before sowing or transplanting seedlings, lay the aluminium film rays on the operation way and surrounding areas of the seedbeds with interval spaces. We can paint sticking oil in the yellow plates to entrap and immobilize green peach aphids. The plate is normally 1 meter long and 20 cm wide. Black-light lamp can be used for entrapping and killing aphids. With superior phototaxis, the aphids can be killed by putting pre-made black-light lamps on the spots where aphids occur in a great amount. This has been proved to be a very effective way.
(6) Chemical Control
1000 times liquid of 20% Compound Liuyang mycin missible oil are mainly sprayed to the growing points and the back of leaves
3) Red Spider
Red spider is a kind of mite. It is also known as tetranychid mite, fire dragon, brevipalpus and is a very common flower disease, which generally causes damages on flower leaves and petals with wide range and common hosts, including vegetation flowers and pulpy flowers, fruit trees and potted landscapes like wild elm, Sageretiatheezans and Pinus parviflora. Red spiders will harm such plants as Chinese rose, Milan, jasmine, azalea, camellia, kumquat, cherry-apple tree, sweet-scented osmanthus, sagebrush, fingered citron, chrysanthemum and so on. They mostly cluster on the back of flower leaves and spin webs to harm these plants.
Integrated Control Methods:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
We should check whether the plants contain mite eggs before bringing them into the nurseries or green houses. Any old plant that is trimmed or contains harmful insects should be timely removed.
(2) Garden Control
We should use more organic fertilizers and less nitrogen fertilizer in order to enhance tree vigor and improve the plants’ ability to resist insects.
In the hot and dry season, we should dig caves to water the plants, in order to compensate for the lost water.
Prune frequently, improve the microclimate where plants grow, increase light-admitting or air quality of plants, enhance the tree vigor and reduce the incidences of harmful insects.
We should irrigate appropriately according to the drought degree. Spray irrigating and high-pressure washing the new tips can reduce the insect density. In addition, correct nutrition supply and irrigation is very important, for the plants under adverse conditions are particularly sensitive to diseases and insects.
(3) Physical Control
For the plants that were once severely attacked by red spiders, we should scrape the warping barks, clear away the withered leaves, fallen leaves and weeds where the red spiders will live through the winter and eradicate overwintering female adults and eggs to reduce the source base number of red spiders.
In regards to the trees which are easily attacked by mites, we can bundle the trunks with weeds to entrap overwintering female mites. In the early spring we can remove and burn the bundling weeds. In winter we should first wipe out weeds and fallen leaves and then put them together for burning to reduce the mite density for the next year.
(4) Biological Control
Red spiders have a lot of natural enemies of different species. The insects which prey on harmful mites are mostly pradaceous thrips, lacewings, Stethorus punctillum, Delphastus catalinae, Orius spp and so on. Predatory mites cover Amblyseisus longispinosus, Amblyseius largoensis, Phytoseiulus persimilis and so on, which are among Phytoseiidae and play an active role in controlling the amount of pest population. If the conditions are sufficient, we can proliferate and release natural enemies. When protecting and using natural enemies, we can increase moisture to some extent to increase the amount of natural enemies. When the ratio of natural enemies to pests reaches over 1: 50, the pests can be controlled effectively.
According to the experience, using Phytoseiulus persimilis can effectively control Tetranychus urticae Koch. Phytoseiulus persimilis is a kind of Cheyletidae and can be released immediately after the Tetranychus urticae Koch appears and needs to be released successively on the areas where Tetranychus urticae Koch has a high incidence.
Outside the green houses, some insects of the natural world, for example, Stethorus punctillum, also feed themselves on Tetranychus urticae Koch. As a kind of predatory mite, Cheyletidae can’ t root the Tetranychus urticae Koch out, but can control the amount of Tetranychus urticae Koch under certain level so as to reduce the damage caused by Tetranychus urticae Koch.
Generally speaking, either the release of Cheyletidae or the integrated control measures should be based on management routinization, that is, we should check the insects regularly and take timely measures.
In the high-incidence areas, we can spray some low-poison and high-effective insecticides. However, the insecticides are non-selective and will at the same time kill Cheyletidae. In the meantime, we should be aware that Phytoseiulus persimilis is a kind of effective biological weapon to kill Tetranychus urticae Koch, but its existence can lead to the reduction of plant height.
Due to the non-selective characteristic of insecticides, don’t be too ready to use insecticides, unless in areas where Tetranychus urticae Koch has a high incidence. When predatory organisms like Cheyletidae or above-mentioned Stethorus punctillum that prey on Tetranychus urticae Koch appear, we are suggested to intensify attending, not to use toxic chemical insecticides.
(5) Chemical Control
In order to avoid the damage caused by red spiders, we should take time to observe. If the color of any leaf is found abnormal, we should check carefully the back of the leaves and spray insecticides early when a lot of leaves are found to be attacked by pests.
Red spiders are very small, so, in general, they can’t be found by means of observation with naked eyes. Anatomical lens or magnifier can be used for observation. Or we can take one piece of white paper, pick leaves or branch tips that may have been attacked by red spiders, pat them several times over the paper and then check whether there are “black dots” moving on the paper. If there are, we can identify the dots as red spiders. In addition, we can also observe the leaves to check whether there are small spots or not. If each leaf has an average of over 10 insects on it, the growth and greening effect of the plants can be affected. Then we should set about preventing.
In the early spring or winter, 0.2%-0.3% washing powder is sprayed on the plants to enhance the medicament’s spreading and attaching nature. So the overwintering eggs and mature mites can be killed and the density of the eggs can be lowered. Before sprouting, 5% heavy diesel fuel emu should be sprayed to kill the overwintering eggs.
From the middle and late March to April when trees are sprouting, 0.5-1 Baume lime sulphur should be sprayed to prevent and kill the newly incubated mites and the mature female mites.
During the red spider damage period, pot culture and bonsai should be applied with phoxim, etc. in the rhizosphere. The application quantity should depend on the size of the plant. After buried under the earth, they must be watered enough to promote the pesticide effect.
Most red spiders are more active in high temperatures. The dry and hot climate can cause an outburst in the disease. Therefore, the prevention must be done before the hot and dry season. Because the hot and dry weather in any period can cause the rampancy of the red spider, checking work should be carefully done and medicament should be sprayed in time according to the checking result. The effect should be consolidated after 10-15 days.
During the rampant period, 5% Nissorun missible oil 1500 times liquid (not effective for mature mites) can be sprayed, which should be done equally to the trees. All the new tips should be covered. In this way, the density of the mites can be decreased immensely.
In late May to early June, bio-acaricide Liuyang mycin (20% compound agent) 1000-2000 times liquid, or 20% chlorfenson wettable powder 800-1000 times liquid can be used to prevent the first generation of just incubated mites, nymph and the mature female mites which haven’t oviposited.
In June and July when the outburst happened, 73% propargite missible oil 4000 times liquid should be sprayed, which should be done every 10 days alternately for 3-4 times continuously. When spraying, the middle and bottom part of the plant and the back of the leaves should all be covered and sprayed equally.In order to avoid the drug resistance in red spiders, it’s better other acaricides are used with alternately. The front and back side of the leaves should both be sprayed on to guarantee the effect. Because the chemical pesticide may easily cause drug resistance in pests, which will bring difficulty to the prevention, the drugs must be used alternately, and the concentration and frequency of the drugs shall be deliberately increased. Highly effective and safe pesticides should be chosen and the weak link of the pests should be focused on. To consolidate the pesticide effect, the spray interval should be 15-20 days, thus the mite disease can be totally controlled. The protective effect can be promoted by using two medicaments simultaneously or alternately.
4) Scale Insect (Flower Louse)
Scale insects are one of the most commonly seen pests on the flower and nursery stock. They often gathered on the braches, leaves and fruits. The adults, nymphs insert their mouthparts into the leaves, branch tissues to suck the juice out, which can bring the symptom of dying back and malformation, shrinking etc. , and which may induce sootymould that cause great harm. Scale insects are small sized insect, most polypides have waxiness secretion. They are insects of gonochorism. The females have no wings, while the males have a pair of membranous fore wings. Their underwings specialized into balance stick. Scale insects have great reproductive ability, so they can reproduce many generations in a year. After a short time of crawling, the testa will be formed and the scale insects settle down, which is a trait to them. They have strong drug resistance, which makes the prevention and cure difficult. Once they appeared, they cannot easily be removed.
Integrated Control Method:
(1) Inspection and Quarantine
Under the natural circumstances, the scale insects have a fixed life. They never or seldom move around, so they have limited infectious ability, and the distributions are bounded. With the rapid development of the flower and plant industry, scale insects spread with the allocation and transportation, introduction and exchange of the flowers and plants. So quarantine must be strengthened to prevent the introduction and bringing out of the plants with scale insects. Once they were discovered, the method of spraying or other methods should be taken in time. If the number is big, stifling method can be adopted, while if he number is small, scraping method can be adopted to make sure the introduced plants have no scale insects.
(2) Physical Control
Once the scale insects are discovered, immediate measures should be taken to wipe them out. If there are scale insects on some particular leaves and branches, soft brushes can be used to brush them away, or cotton ball, cloth pieces can be used to wipe them off. Pruning can also be done by cutting off the leaves and branches which have scale insects on them. The brushing and cutting should be made clean, and the wastes should be burned together and not be thrown about.
Before the nymphs come up to the trees in the spring, the bark in the trunk base should be scraped off to make a 30-50cm isolation strip, which should be daubed regularly by used oil or anti scale insects missible oil, or 20cm width insects-sticking glue belt which can be made by heating 1kg used oil, diesel, or castor oil with 0.5kg rosin added afterward.
(3) Garden Control
The field management should be strengthened by loosening the soil, spreading manure, irrigation and pruning in time, and making the garden ventilated and light available in order to promote the plants’ anti-insect ability. On the basis of the scale insects‘overwintering habit, winter pruning should be done to cut off the branches with high density of scale insects, so as to decrease the base number. For the heavily occupied limbs, scrub-brush, thin steel wire, scraper or ploughstaff can be used to brush and scrap the overwintering adults and eggs away. After that, the mud should be used to spread over to decrease the insect population, at the same time, to prevent the trunk from being infected. The shell and old barks which have been scraped off should be gathered and burned together.
The following method can also be adopted: ① mix liqueur with water, the rate is 1:2. When watering, drench the surface of the soil in the pot. Scale insects become active when the temperature reaches 7 ℃ in the spring, so water the plants in the middle of April, then once every half month for 4 times continuously. After that, the effect will show.
(4) Biological Control
The scale insects in our country have a rich resource of natural enemy, including Chilocorus rubidus Hope, Harmonia axyridis, Chrysopa perla, Orius minutus, hoverfly, ground beetle, parasitic wasp, etc. Those natural enemies should be fully used to control the pests. Specific measures are as follows:
Protect and use the natural enemy directly: make the natural enemy overwinter in the cracks. Then, gather and feed them in cages, and release them in the field afterwards. In addition, put some soil block and stone in the soil when loosening the soil for the roots to increase the overwintering places for those natural enemies. Highly toxic pesticide should not be applied during the eclosion period of the natural enemy.
The man-made transferring and migration of the natural enemies: in accordance with population of scale insects and their natural enemies in different areas, transfer the natural enemies from highly populated areas to less populated areas or woods and ones with serious scale insects damage. Increase the variety and number of natural enemies to prevent the damage from the scale insects.
(5) Chemical Control
During the outburst, use medicament. Seize the highly incubated period to spray, because the testa hasn’t formed or thickened, so they can be killed by pesticide. If the shell has formed, the spraying effect will not be significant. The applicable medicaments include 50% malathion and 30% Malathion-buprofezin emulsion (malathion & buprofezin), spraying with the interval of 7-10 days for 2-3 times continuously.
5) Integrated Lawn Pest Prevention and Control Measures
There are various harmful insects inhabiting in the lawn. They feed on the grass, pollute the lawn, and disseminate disease, which usually do great damage to the lawn and severely influence the quality of the lawn. Therefore killing pests and protecting the lawn are among major measures of lawn planting management.
Locust
Locusts belong to the Acridoidea of the Orthoptera. With a wide range of food, they feed on a variety of plants, but they prefer plants of gramineae and the sedge family, especially grass on the lawn. The imago and nymphae nibble leaves and immature stems. During an outbreak, locusts can eat up all leaves of the host or even the host. Therefore the locust is a major kind of pest for agriculture, forestry, stockbreeding and afforestation industry. The outbreak of locusts usually happens during the period from May to September.
Integrated Methods of Prevention and Control:
①When the scale of the outbreak is large, medicine can be used for prevention and control. The common medicine includes spray powder of 2.5% Dipterex powder, 3.5% Methyl Parathion Dipterex powder, 4% Double-effect phosphorus powder, with 30 kilos for every hectare. It also includes 1000-1500 times spray of 50% Malathion emulsion, 75% bisultap emulsion and folimat emulsion. ② Poison Bait for Prevention and control: 22.5 kilos mixture of 100 units of wheat bran, 100 units of water and 2 units of 1.5% Dipterex powder (or 0.15 unit of folimat emulsion oil) for every hectare. Also 100 units of shred herb with 30 units of water can be mixed into the above medicine with 112.5 kilos per hectare. It should be scattered immediately instead of staying over night. This method is not advocated in cloudy and rainy days, strong wind and too high or too low temperature. ③ Artificial capture method: when the number of pests is not large, a net can be used for comprehensive capture to reduce the harm.
Black Cutworms
The larva of a black cutworm is 55-57 millimeters long and its head is 3-3.5 millimeters wide. It is brown-black with some grey. It is 15-25 hip toe ditch, with less than 20 for the first pair of prolegs and over 20 for others. An imago is 16-23 millimeters long with a wing expanse of 42-54 millimeters. Its body is grey-brown with black stripes. The antenna of a female moth is threadlike, and that of a male moth is bipectinate. There are thorns on the side face of the front tibia. It only eats immature stems and leaves of lawn grass, which may cause “bald spots” on the lawn if it is too severe.
Integrated methods of prevention and control: when black cutworms are out for food at night, spray 1/1000 Dipterex liquid or chemically trap and kill before dawn.
Mole Cricket
Both imagoes and larvae of mole cricket eat budding seeds, roots and immature stems in the earth to kill the plant. This pest can dig tunnels under the surface of the earth and bite or pick away soil around the root to suspend the root system. Thus the plant dies of the lack of water.
Integrated Methods of Prevention and control:
① Trap and kill mole crickets with black light lamps on the base of their habits of strong phototaxis. ② Prevent and control with poison grains which was made of dried grains which was soaked to half ripe with 90% crystal Dipterex soup of 30 times. ③ Irrigating the root with 1000-time 50% phoxim emulsion oil also functions well.
Grub
The grub is one of the major pests for green belts and swards. Green belts cannot be turned over, which is helpful to grub’s breeding. The root system of the injured lawn is cut by grubs, which bite up the system, leading to a mass death in the lawn.
Integrated Methods of Prevention and control:
① Seed treatment. The dose of medicines of 50% phoxim emulsion oil, 50% parathion emulsion oil, 40% folimat emulsion oil and 20% isofenphos-methyl emulsion oil is 0.1%-0.2% of that of the seed, and the dose of 40% isofenphos-methyl emulsion oil is 0.1%-0.125% of that. Dilute the medicine with water, the weight of which is 10% of the seed’s weight, and spray and mix it with seeds to be dealt with. Pile and stuffy them for 10-15 hours so that seeds can be sown when medicine is completely absorbed. ② Soil treatment. Mix 3-5 times of water with 250-300 ml of 50% phoxim emulsion oil. Spray and mix it with 25-30 kilos of fine soil and spread it over the fields. Mix 25-30 kg of fine soil with 2-3 kg 2% isofenphos –methyl powder or 250g 40% emulsion, and scatter and plough the soil shallowly.
China Bug
China bug mainly does harm to the leaves of the lawn grass, and sometimes to the stems. Leaves injured by sucking mouth parts at first present little yellow spots. Then the little spots generally enlarge into big brown spots and wrinkle the leaves. It will prevent the growth and development of lawn grass, and even worse, it may cause the death of plants due to the lack of water.
Integrated Methods of Prevention and control:
For every square meter’s lawn, 2.4 ml of carbaryl emulsion or 2g of 50% wettable powder is to be used. Pests can also be killed by 2.4 ml of chlordane 4E emulsion, diazinon of 1.2-2.4 ml of 25%emulsion or 1.4g of 25% wettable powder or 19.6 g of 5% particle.
Loxostege Sticticalis
Loxostege sticticalis eat into the root and stems of grass to cut its water supplying, leading to the yellowing and death of stems and leaves.
Integrated Methods of Prevention and control:
Use 2.5% Dipterex spray powder of 22.5-30 kg per hectare. 1000 times liquid of 90% Dipterex crystal (with some alkali), 50% malathion and 50% phoxim emulsion oil 1000-time liquid, 800-time liquid spray of 25% derris extract emulsion oil. 200-3000 times of liquid of cyanophos bacillus powder or bacillus thuringiensis var powder containing 10 billion living spores per gram also can be used.
6 Pest Monitoring and Forecasting
6.1 Purpose of Monitoring
Pest monitoring mainly aims at understanding the situation and regulation of the occurrence of pest. Forecasting of pest can be made and corresponding prevention and control measures can be taken according to the investigation of current situation, with the combination of climate elements, soil condition, cultivation condition and the growth of plants.
6.2 Basic Requirements of Monitoring
Representativeness and Accuracy
One of the purposes of investigation is to represent real situations with some data, or to acquire relatively reliable representative value through sampling survey and mathematical statistics. These situations and values may slightly deviate from the actual situation (true value), and the opposite side of deviation is accuracy. In order to develop the accuracy of monitoring, attention must be devoted to the sampling method, sampling amount and the cultivation of one’s competence of observing and judging.
Comparability and Normalization
The research results of different surveys and spots should be compared so as to make an assessment and find out the regulation. Therefore, the normalization of research methods is one of those that guarantee the quality of pest statistics. Hence, the nation and related authorities have issued a series of regulations which call for observance.
Integrality
The occurrence and development of pest diseases are influenced by various factors, therefore, forecasting calls for the handling of related conditions as detailed as possible. Hence, when researching the pest diseases, pay attention to the environment, including climates, soil and cultivation management, as well as their matching in time.
Experience and Intuitive Judgment
In the monitoring of pest, estimated values and measured values are usually acquired respectively by visual study and instrumental measuring. Since pest disease of plants is a biological phenomenon and the dissemination of pest disease is connected with the complicated relation with the whole ecosystem, the one who monitors the disease is required to be equipped with some professional knowledge and intelligence. The intuitive judgment of the person in charge is of great significance in recognizing the pest disease symptom, assessing the severity and area of the disease and choosing extreme values. Therefore, a stable monitoring group is necessary, as well as the continuous cultivation and development of its members’ qualification.
6.3 Main Contents of Monitoring
Productive survey aims at understanding the occurrence of pest diseases and their extents and ranges, in order to guide the prevention and control. This kind of survey should be carried out in the due time of the pest prevention and control or the height of the disease, or the critical period for the yield of crops. The survey usually samples by properties or percentages. Instead of accuracy, it focuses on the general investigation and classified survey in a large scope. Therefore, only the number and the harm extent are inspected. And representative values are usually set with the types of pest diseases, diseased field rate, pest spot rate and diseased crop (with pests in it) rate.
Predicative monitoring aims at handling the dynamic and regulations of pest diseases so as to serve for the monitoring of the predicative forecast and preventive and control strategy researches. Therefore, continuous system survey of fixed time and spot is necessary. This kind of survey is better indicated with the word “supervision”, which is expected to observe a dynamic process. On the one hand, emphasis should be laid on the survey method and the normalization of data for long term accumulation and mutual comparison. On the other hand, this observance aims at the whole pest system, therefore, despite the major task of surveying pest diseases, the comprehensive observance of related climate elements, cultivation condition and plant growth condition is also necessary so as to establish a reliable forecasting model.
These above mentioned are routine monitoring contents. Since this project is integrated demonstration project of pest management, in order to monitor the implementation extent and result of the integrated measures of pest prevention and control, the survey should also include integrated pest prevention and control condition and the condition of pesticide use.
Generally speaking, the survey of pest monitoring includes the following contents:
(1) Cultivation areas, types and modes of flowers and nursery stocks;
(2) Yield and quality (result of pesticide residue) of flowers and nursery stocks;
(3) Cultivation condition and presale quarantine inspection of flowers and nursery stocks;
(4) Pest condition of flowers and nursery stocks (kinds of pests, diseased field rate, pest spot rate, diseased crop (with pests in it) rate);
(5) Integrated pest prevention and control condition of flowers and nursery stocks (major methods and measures adopted);
(6) Pesticide use of flowers and nursery stocks (types, amounts, density, etc.); (the pestidide types refer to the WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009)
The above mentioned monitoring activities shall be carried out by local professional personnel in the region of the project, and a certain project region or demonstration base can be set up for example. The project office shall assist related unit in the establishment of appropriate monitoring system in pest prevention and control station and in training for sampling process, and provide training courses to use and analyze this monitoring system.
A monitoring survey form can be set on the basis of specific condition.
Table 7 IPM Survey on Flowers and Seedlings
| |Name of Flowers and | | | | |
| |Trees | | | | |
|Cultivation |Area | | | | |
|Conditions | | | | | |
| |Pattern | | | | |
| |Yield | | | | |
| |Quality | | | | |
|Climate Elements |Temperature | | | | |
| |Wind Speed | | | | |
| |Humidity | | | | |
| |Sun Light | | | | |
| |Rainfall | | | | |
|Pest Diseases |Type | | | | |
| |Pest Rate | | | | |
| |Pest Form | | | | |
| |Injuring Part | | | | |
| |Injuring Extent | | | | |
|Prevention and |Plants Quarantine | | | | |
|control Measures | | | | | |
| |Garden Control | | | | |
| |Biological Control | | | | |
| |Physical Control | | | | |
| |Chemical Control | | | | |
| |Result of Prevention | | | | |
| |and control | | | | |
|Use of Pesticide |Name and Specification| | | | |
| |of the Pesticide | | | | |
| |Dilute Concentration | | | | |
| |Unit Dosage | | | | |
| |Result of Prevention | | | | |
| |and control | | | | |
| |Usage Mode | | | | |
| |Personnel Security | | | | |
| |Package Treatment | | | | |
|Monitoring Record |Time | | | | |
| |Place | | | | |
| |Person in Charge | | | | |
6.4 Monitoring and Forecasting Methods
(1) Monitoring Methods
According to actual situation, there should be at least one survey and monitoring every month, which can be increased according to the situation of the pest disease. In the outbreak of large-area pest disease, survey can be conducted every week or even every day. The monitoring of the project region shall be implemented by Zhentou Town Association of Flowers and Nursery Stocks, and be supervised by WB Project Management Office of Hunan Province. Zhentou Town Association of Flowers and Nursery Stocks should assign professional personnel of pest prevention and control to conduct survey and monitoring on the spot, put forward specific pest prevention and control measures according to the survey record, and report to the superior administrative authorities immediately if severe pest disease happens.
Practical survey is a major way of monitoring integrated project pest prevention and control, so the survey form can be justified according to the current situation. In general, according to the distribution of pest, corresponding sampling methods should be adopted to survey the cardinal number of the pest population and density. For pest population with migration activities, label-recapture estimation can be used to survey the number of this population. Data acquired in a certain time, certain space or area can be regarded as the base of various statistical analysis on forecasting.
(2) Forecasting of Pest Diseases
The method of forecasting is mainly used to explore the relationship between human and technology. Therefore, it is most closely related to human’s knowledge, their creative thoughts and their judgment of values. Actually, the method of forecasting is not devised to replace human, rather, it is used to reinforce human capability in some way. Hence, scientific method of forecasting can help to development human being’s ability to predicate.
Since people have differences in epistemology and methodology, and different perspectives to analyze problems, various methods of forecasting come into being, among which there are more than 20 types that are widely used.
Considering the specific condition of this project, expert assessing, analogy and mathematical statistics are selected as major methods to carry out medium-long-term forecasting. Specific forecasting results should be used to instruct the implementation of integrated pest prevention and control.
7 Reasonable, Safe and Scientific Use of Pesticides
Through the pesticide management of flowers and nursery stock’s integrated prevention and control, the following goals are expected to achieved: promoting the knowledge of the harm that the use of integrated pest prevention and control chemical pesticide may do to flowers, demonstrating and popularizing the use of low-poison environmental friendly pesticides, reducing the use of highly dangerous chemical pesticides, reducing the environmental pollution caused by unreasonable use of pesticides, reducing the vocational and healthy risk of using pesticide, and using pesticides reasonably and safely. To realize the reasonable and safe use of pesticide, one must take the medicine, preventing and control target and environmental condition into consideration, comprehensively. To achieve an ideal prevention and control result, one should also catch the weak chain and opportune time, according to the specific occurrence regulation of different targets, to use proper medicine timely and to resort to correct use methods. Reasonable use of medicine means suiting the medicine to the disease, applying medicine with proper dosage and at a proper time. At the same time, the safe use of medicine cannot be ignored. When applying the medicine, one needs to avoid or reduce the harm to the natural enemies of the pest or bacterium or to beneficial insects. One should also pay attention to the harm to people and livestock, so as to prevent the intoxication accident. In this way, the safe use of medicine can be achieved.
7.1 Reasonable Use of Pesticides
7.1.1 Recommended Pesticides Types
The use of pesticides must be integrated with the agricultural, physical and biological methods of prevention and control. The principles of pesticides use are economy, security and effectiveness, and these pesticides must be efficient with low poison and zero residue or low residue. According to China’s related rules and regulations, IPM methods and integrated management principle, and connected with the crop cultivation condition of this project region, we list the recommended pesticides in the following tables for local flower growers for reference. The listed pesticides’ information includes the certain type pesticide’s name, form and content of the drug, target, dosage, and application method.
Table 8 Recommended Pesticides and Classification
|Pesticide Name |Toxicity LD50 mg/kg |Kind |Class |
|Bt Wettable Powder |Rat acute P.O. LD50=8000mg/kg |pesticide |U |
|Acrobat-MZ |rat acute oral LD50=2400mg/kg; |bactericide |III |
| |Acute dermal LD50>2000mg/kg | | |
|Chlorothalonil |rat oral LD50>10000mg/kg, baby rat 3700mg/kg; |bactericide |U |
| |rabbit dermal LD50=10000mg/kg; rat inhale | | |
| |LC50>4.7mg/L(1h) | | |
|Benomyl |acute oral: >10000mg/kg; acute dermal: >10000mg/kg|bactericide |U |
| |(rabbit) | | |
|Benomyl Wettable Powder |acute oral: >10000mg/kg; acute dermal: >10001mg/kg|bactericide |U |
| |(rabbit) | | |
|Bordeaux mixture |rat acute oral LD50>4000mg/kg |bactericide |III |
|Glyphosate |acute oral:11300mg/kg(rat), 5600mg/kg(rabbit); |herbicide |U |
| |acute dermal: 7030mg/kg(rat), 5000mg/kg(rabbit) | | |
|Dasheng Wettable Powder |acute oral:>5000ml/kg; acute dermal:>10000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Maneb |acute oral:>5000mg/kg; acute dermal:>5000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Mancozeb |acute oral:>5000ml/kg; acute dermal:>10000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Dithane Z-78 |rat acute oral LD50>4640mg/kg |bactericide |III |
|Dliflubenzuron deflocculant |acute oral:>4640mg/kg; acute |Plant hormone |III |
| |dermal:>2000mg/kg(rabbit) | | |
|Carbendazim; |acute oral:>15000mg/kg; acute dermal:>2000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Carbendazim; |acute oral:>15000mg/kg; acute dermal:>2000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Liuyang mycin compound |acute oral:>10000mg/kg; acute dermal:>2000mg/kg |acaricide |U |
|Thiophanate-methyl wettable powder |acute oral:>7500mg/kg; acute dermal:>10000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Thiophanate methyl |acute oral:>7500mg/kg; acute dermal:>10001mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Captan |acute oral:>9000mg/kg; acute dermal:>4500mg/kg |bactericide |U |
| |(rabbit) | | |
|Propargite |acute oral:>2800mg/kg; acute dermal:>4000mg/kg |acaricide |U |
| |(rabbit) | | |
|Propargite missible oil |acute oral:>2800mg/kg; acute dermal:>4000mg/kg |acaricide |III |
| |(rabbit) | | |
|Matrine |acute oral:>10000mg/kg (preparation); acute |pesticide |U |
| |dermal:>10000mg/kg ((preparation)) | | |
|Streptomycin |acute oral:>10000mg/kg; acute dermal:>400mg/kg |bactericide |U |
| |(baby rat) | | |
|Streptomycin sulfate |acute oral:>10000mg/kg; acute dermal:>10000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Cuaminosulfate |acute oral:>39812mg/kg (preparation) baby lab rat;|bactericide |U |
| |acute dermal:>21500mg/kg (preparation) | | |
|Malathion |acute oral:>1375~2800mg/kg; acute |pesticide |III |
| |dermal:>4100mg/kg (rabbit) | | |
|Emmatos emulsion |acute oral:>1375~2800mg/kg; acute |pesticide |III |
| |dermal:>4101mg/kg (rabbit) | | |
|Chlorfenson |acute oral LD50: 2000-2050mg/kg big lab rat, |acaricide |III |
| |5660mg/kg rabbit, 640mg/kg cavy, 3780mg/kg | | |
| |chicken; LC50(48h)3.2mg/l carp, LC50(3h)40ppm | | |
| |water flea | | |
|Folpet |acute oral: 10000mg/kg; acute dermal:22600mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Chlorfenapyr III deflocculant |acute oral:>20000mg/kg |pesticide |U |
|Nissorum |acute oral: >5000mg/kg; acute dermal:>5000mg/kg |acaricide |U |
|Buprofezin |acute oral: 2198mg/kg; acute dermal:>5000mg/kg |pesticide |III |
|Chlorpyrifos emulsion oil |acute oral: 2198mg/kg; acute dermal:>5001mg/kg |pesticide |III |
|Triabendazole |acute oral: 3100mg/kg |bactericide |III |
|Buprofezin |acute oral: 2198mg/kg; acute dermal:>5000mg/kg |pesticide |III |
|Oxadixyl anchor |acute oral: 3480mg/kg; acute dermal:>2000mg/kg |bactericide |III |
|Prochloraz-manganese |acute oral: 1600-3200mg/kg |pesticide; |III |
|chloride complex | |acaricide | |
|Lim-sulfur |acute oral: 400-500mg/kg |fungicide; |III |
| | |pesticide; | |
| | |acaricide | |
|Streptomycin for livestock |acute oral: >10000mg/kg; acute dermal:>400mg/kg |bactericide |U |
| |(baby rat) | | |
|Procymidone |acute oral: 6800mg/kg; acute dermal:>2500mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Topsin |acute oral LD50:>15000mg/kg adult and baby lab |pesticide |U |
| |rat; >10000mg/kg rabbit and cavy. acute dermal | | |
| |LD50: >15000mg/kg baby lab rat | | |
|Diethofencarb |acute oral: >5000mg/kg; acute dermal:>5000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Carboxin wettable powder |acute oral: 3820mg/kg; acute dermal: ≥8000mg/kg |fungicide |III |
| |(rabbit) | | |
|Quintozine |acute oral: >5000mg/kg; acute dermal: >5000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
| |(rabbit) | | |
|Quintozine |acute oral: >5000mg/kg; acute dermal: >5000mg/kg |bactericide |U |
|Phoxim |acute oral: >2000mg/kg; acute dermal: >5000mg/kg |pesticide |III |
|Phoxim emulsion |acute oral: >2000mg/kg; acute dermal: >5000mg/kg |pesticide |III |
|Bismerthlazol |acute oral: 3160~8250mg/kg |bactericide |III |
a：The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification.
7.1.2 Types of Prohibited Agricultural Chemicals
According to the annex of NNF[2010] No. 2 "Notice On Against the Illegal Manufacture and Sale of Riskiest Agricultural Chemicals & Regulating the Use of Agricultural Chemicals" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Supervision, the Ministry of Transport, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, the All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives on April 15, 2010, 23 kinds of Agricultural Chemicals Prohibited to be Manufactured, Sold and Used and 19 kinds of restricted agricultural chemicals used on vegetables, fruit crops, tea trees, Chinese herbs and other crops are listed.
List of Agricultural Chemicals Prohibited to be Manufactured, Sold and Used (23 Kinds)
Benzene hexachloride (BHC), DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), chlordimeform, ethylene dibromide, nitrofen, aldrin, dieldrin, mercury compounds, arsenic class, lead (pb) class, Bis-A-TDA, fluoroacetamide, gliftor, tetramine, sodium fluoroacetate, silatrane, methamidophos, methyl parathion, parathion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon.
List of Restricted Agricultural Chemicals Used on Vegetables, Fruit Crops, Tea Trees, Chinese Herbs and Other Crops (19 Kinds)
Thimet, isofenphosmethyl, terbufos, posfolan-methyl, sulfotep, systox, carbofuran, aldicarb, ethoprophos, phosfolan, coumaphos, fonofos, isazofos and isazofos are prohibited on vegetables, fruit crops, tea trees, Chinese herbs. Omethoate is prohibited on cabbages. Dicofol and fenvalerate are prohibited on tea trees. Daminozide is prohibited on peanut plants. Terbufos is prohibited on canes. Apart from health use and some dry corn seed coating materials use, fipronil is prohibited in other areas.
Each agricultural chemical product should be used in accordance with the approved application range of agricultural chemical registration, and the use of ultra-range is prohibited.
The agricultural chemicals which are listed by WHO in Ia, Ib and II class is prohibited to use (The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009)
7.1.3 Method of Rational Use of Agricultural Chemicals
To achieve rational use of agricultural chemicals and improve the controlling effect, the following points should be noted.
(1) Suit the remedy to the case: different agricultural chemical has different performance, so the control objects are different. The stomach poison in the insecticide is effective to the insect pests with chewing mouthparts. However, it is ineffective to the insect pests with piercing sucking mouthparts. The contact insecticide is effective to the insect pests with mouthparts. Usually, the systemics is effective to the insect pests with piercing sucking mouthparts. Among all of the fungicides, the sulfur preparation is effective to a variety of powdery mildews, but ineffective to downy mildews; the copper compound is effective to downy mildews, but ineffective to powdery mildews. And among the herbicides, the MCPA is effective to dicotyledonous weeds but ineffective to most monocotyledonous weeds; the glyphosate has special effects on perennial root and leaf weeds (such as cogongrass). Antu has good effects on rattus norvegicus but has less effect on rattus. Therefore, each chemical has its effects on certain aspects, and the appropriate chemical should be chosen according to different control objects to achieve proper control effects.
(2) The dosage should be appropriate: the concentration and dose of chemicals for different control objects are based on the results of efficacy trials. Overdoses will cause waste and increase the negative effects on the surrounding environment. Of course, it should not be less than the required dose per unit area. Otherwise, for one thing, it will fail to control insect pests effectively; for another thing, because it can’t kill the insect pests, in turn, sometimes it will lead to insect pests resistance. Therefore, an appropriate dose will be economical and can achieve effective prevention and controlling purposes.
(3) Pay attention to application methods to improve the spraying quality of agricultural chemicals: because the type and dosage of the agricultural chemicals are different, the application methods are different, too. For example, the powders cannot be used for water spray and the wettable powders are not suitable for powder spray. And to the spray methods, due to different atomization methods and technical conditions, the fineness of the resulting droplets are quite different. The fineness of the droplets produced by the common dosage spray method is 150 to 1200 microns, and due to the excessive liquid, the droplets often drain, besides, the spray efficiency is also very low. Therefore, when use the appropriate dose per unit area and increase the concentration of the spraying, and carry out the fine droplets spray, if the fineness of the droplets produced by low dosage or ultra-low volume spray is less than 150 microns, there is no liquid drain problem, and it is easy to spray evenly, which can improve work efficiency and spraying quality.
(4) Use the agricultural chemicals at the proper time: the occurrence of various insect pests has certain rules, which has its weaknesses or critical period for damaging plants. For plant diseases, it’s necessary to control the diseases before the pathogenic bacteria invade the host; for insect pests, it’s necessary to control the young age period of the larva. Such as the pine caterpillar, the 4-age larva is small, has weak resistance to agricultural chemicals, is sensitive to the dose and still has little damage. Therefore, using the agricultural chemicals at the proper time can achieve good control effects. Meanwhile, the performance of the agricultural chemicals, its natural enemies and other factors also must be taken into consideration. So, try to avoid spraying at the peak of its natural enemies’ appearance to reduce the harms of the agricultural chemicals to natural enemies. For example, controlling the pine caterpillar in winter can achieve this goal.
Besides, the environmental conditions’ effect on the efficacy of the agricultural chemicals should be taken into consideration too, such as temperature. For most of the agricultural chemicals, within a certain temperature range, when the temperature rises, its efficacy increases too, Such as dichlorovos, dimethoate and other organophosphorus insecticides. But there are a few agricultural chemicals, on the contrary, when the temperature raises, its efficacy decreases. For example, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and other agricultural chemicals have better efficacy at the temperature of 20℃ than 30℃. The wind also has great influence. It is appropriate to carry out smoke or ultra-low volume spray when the speed of the breeze is within 1 m / s. When the wind is strong, spraying is not suitable. Humidity, rainfall, illumination, soil and other factors also have impacts on the efficacy, so pay attention to such factors when using agricultural chemicals.
In short, it’s necessary to monitor and forecast the diseases and insect pets and use the agricultural chemicals at the proper time on the basis of grasping the rules. Use the agricultural chemicals at the "edge" so as to obtain the best control effect.
7.2 Safe Use of Pesticides
7.2.1 Pesticide Harm on Organisms and Human Bodies
Attentions should also be paid to the harms of pesticide on animals and human bodies in the process of its rational use, the following respects can be summed up:
(1) Pesticides’ harm on plants: rational drug use not only can prevent disease, insect pests and weeds harm, but also can promote plant growth, speed up forest fruit to ripe quickly. For example, the use of smoke agent can prevent pine from needle cast and make lush needles. But if not used correctly, its function as drug will not be exerted, and instead, it will cause different degree of phytotoxicity on plants, or make the fruits, tea and so on lose their inherent flavors, so much so that they can't be eaten. Therefore, plants’ drug resistances must be understood, and their reaction to pesticides must be analyzed, then suit the remedy to the case.
There are two kinds of pesticides caused phytotoxicities, acute and chronic. Acute phytotoxicity generally occurs in a few hours or within a few days after spray, and there are such symptoms such as: dots, and stripes appear on leaves, they turn yellow and red violet, they become deformed, crimpled, withered and begin to fall, and so on; seed germination rate is reduced, the young stouts are thick, short and big, lacking of root hair, etc; the fruits change color, young fruits are deformed, petals wither, the petals and fruits begin to fall, etc. Acute phytotoxicity develops quickly, if seedlings get harmed, leaves are burned off very soon, even the total plants die. Chronic phytotoxicity appears long after spraying, the general symptoms are: feeble photosynthesis, slow plant growth, delay in blossom bud formation and fruit maturation, waning of fruits and deterioration in flavor, color and luster.
The causes phytotoxicity are from many aspects, the basic thee are drugs, plants and environmental conditions. For example, if the drugs processing quality are very poor, wettable powder produces a the large amount of precipitation in water like the delamination of missible oil, and the diluent is hard water when used, this is inappropriate pesticide mixture; seedlings’ drug resistance is weak; the high temperature during spray, improper spraying method and dosage, and so on, are likely to cause phytotoxicity. So in the spraying, attentions must be paid that not only pests and weeds are effectively controlled, but also the plants are protected from hurts. If phytotoxicity occurs, in severe cases, early and effective measures can save the loss. The common measure is to spray water on the plants suffering, and supplement quick effect fertilizers, etc.
(2) Pesticide’s harm on the beneficial biological organisms: the application of pesticides in forest can have direct and indirect effects on plant germs, pests and parasitic plants, in addition, it will have certain the surrounding biological community also has certain influence, special attention should be paid to the is the natural enemy of pests and germs, pollination insects, beneficial animals and microbes, harmful effects. Sometimes cause certain pests or germs rampant again. There are two approaches can be taken to avoid the adverse consequences chemical control to biological community, especially to the natural enemies of pests. One is to choose the proper time, proper drug quantity, application mode and spraying method, etc, to avoid poisoning the natural enemies. For example, in the case of pine caterpillar prevention, in the south, it is appropriate to spray drugs on the larvae of last winter generation; in the north, it is suitable for the drug applying method of smearing poison rings on the stocks when the larvae climbing down the trees to live through the winter or when they climbing on the trees to find food after having lived through the winter; all can avoid or reduce the damage of natural enemies. This is the effective method to coordinate the contradiction between biological control and chemical prevention. The other approach is to apply selective drugs, that is, drugs that are highly efficient for pests but harmless for natural enemies of pests. For instance, trichlorfon is effective for many kinds of lepidopterous pests, but safer for predatory and autoecious natural enemies.
(3) Pesticide’s harm on human beings and livestock: pesticide is toxic to people and livestock toxic, but the poison extent is significantly different for different kinds of the drugs. If wrongly used, pesticide can cause poisoning accidents of people and livestock, which are more important security problems. The usually occurring pesticide poisoning conditions are:
( Poisoning occurs in the process of pesticide production or transportation;
( Poisoning is caused by mistake eating due to negligent management;
( Poisoning occurs in the process of usage because the dispensation and spraying do not comply with the operating rules, sufficient protection measures are not done;
( Acute or chronic poisoning caused by eating fruits and vegetables just sprayed with pesticides or by eating food and agriculture and forestry products polluted by pesticide residues for a long time.
( Most cases of livestock poisoning are caused by their mistake drinking of water polluted by pesticide, or by their mistake eating of feeding stuff just sprayed pesticide, or because pesticides is used for the prevention of livestock epizoite.
Pesticide enters into the bodies of people and animals through 3 ways:
(Pesticide enters in the digestive tract through the mouth, and poisoning happens because it is absorbed by stomach and intestines. In most cases, the poisoning is due to mistake eating or eating food or mistake using instruments contaminated by pesticide, and generally, the situation is more serious.
( Pesticide enters into the body through the skin, and is spread into various organs by blood transmission, and causes acute poisoning. In most cases, the poisoning is due to direct contact with pesticides, or because clothes are contaminated during spraying, and pesticide enter into the eye, nose, wounds, and is absorbed by the skin or mucous membrane.
( Pesticide enters into the respiratory tract through nostril. In most cases, the gas or smoke of pesticides, or very fine mist point and powder, is spread into the blood through the trachea or the lung, and causes acute poisoning. If the poisonous gas is formed by fumigants, poisoning is quick and very dangerous.
Pesticide poisoning can be divided into acute poisoning and chronic poisoning. In acute poisoning, a large quantity of dose is taken or contacted with, and the poisoning symptoms show quickly. Acute poisoning can be divided into 3 types of mild, moderate, and severe levels. Symptoms of mild poisoning are: dizziness, headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blurred vision, and narrowness of pupils for a few patients. Besides the symptoms of mild poisoning, in moderate poisoning, typical symptoms, such as tremors of muscles bunches and moderate narrowness of pupils (1-2 mm) and others, will appear, in addition, there my be symptoms of mild disorder of consciousness, tightness of the whole body, stiff action, slurred speech, chest distress, etc. Besides the signs and symptoms of the above two types, in severe cases, when poisoning occurs, the patient loses consciousness quickly, the pupils narrow as needle point, breathing is extremely difficult, muscle bunches tremor more apparently, the heart beats faster, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, incontinence, convulsions or respiratory paralysis occur. Chronic poisoning happens when the people are exposed to pesticides for a long time, and they gradually show poisoning symptoms such as dizziness, headache, anorexia, nausea, shortness of breath, chest distress, lack of power, and hidrosis.
In the process pesticide production, transportation, storage and use, Notes for Safety Use of Pesticide must be strictly abided by. People should not be too cautious to use pesticide, but carelessness must be forbidden. Jobs of pesticide transport, storage, dispensation, spraying, protection and security work after spraying must be well done to ensure the safety of people, livestock, poultry and fishes. At the same time, pesticide poisoning symptoms and the basic common knowledge of emergency treatments also need to be understood.
7.2.2 Attention in Pesticide Use
(1) Pay special attention to the packing of the pesticide to prevent leakage when buying pesticide. Pay attention to pesticide’s name, effective content, production date, instructions and so on. Do not use pesticide that is difficult to identify or passes shelf life.
(2) In transportation process, check whether the packaging is complete, if leakage or breaking is found, repackage it with specified materials before transportation, and promptly and properly handle the contaminated ground, transportation tools and packing materials.
(3) Take and put the pesticide gently during transportation.
(4) Pesticides shall not be mixedly transported and stored with grains, vegetables, fruits, food, daily necessities and so on.
(5) During dispensing, the dispensing personnel should wear rubber glove, and they must measure drug solution or powder with measuring tool according to the prescribed dosage, which should not be increased at will. It is strictly prohibited mix pesticides with hands.
(6) During the mixing of seeds with pesticides, mix according to needs. Sow the mixed seeds with machines if possible. If the seeds are sowed by hands or sowed in holes, wear protective gloves to prevent poisoning through the skin.
(7) The rest of the poisoned seeds should be destroyed, they can not used as food or feeding stuff.
(8) Dispensing and seeds mixing should be carried out at safe places far away from drinking water and residential places, special persons should be sent to take care of the working places to prevent poisoned seeds from being stolen or mistakenly eaten by people, livestock and poultry.
(9) Spray with intervals when using manual sprayer. Do not spray at the right side and the left side simultaneously whether the sprayer is manual and mobile. Stop spraying in strong winds, at high temperature plants or at noon.
(10) Do not fill the drug barrel too full with drug liquids, so that the liquids will not be shaken out, and contaminate the body of the spraying people.
(11) Check carefully whether the machine’s switch, joint and nozzle before are screwed tightly, and whether there is leakage in the drug barrel to prevent leak medicine pollution.
(12) If clogging happens during spraying, rinse with water before handling faults. It is absolutely prohibited to blow and suck nozzles and screens with the mouth.
(13) Set up signs at places where high poison pesticide has been sprayed, grazing cutting grass, digging wild vegetables should be forbidden in such places for some time to prevent people and livestock from poisoning.
(14) Wash the sprayer clean in time after drug spraying work, take it back along with the remaining drugs to the warehouse for storage, and do not bring it home.
(15) Choose safe place to properly handle the contaminated cleaning water, must not splat it anywhere to prevent the pollution of drinking water and fish pond.
(16) Must not use packaging materials that had contained pesticides to contain food such as grains, oil, wine and water, or feeding stuff. Dispose collectively the empty boxes, bottles, bags and so on that had once been filled with pesticides. Wash and keep the jars and vessels used for seeds soaking collectively.
7.2.3 Selection of Spraying Personnel and Personal Protection
(1) Healthy youth are suggested to act as the spraying personnel, and they should be trained for a certain techniques.
(2) The following persons should not spray or stop spraying: the weak, the sick, the unrecovering patient suffering from skin disease and pesticide poisoning and other disease, women in the period of lactation, pregnancy and menstruation.
(3) Do not take children to the work site when spraying.
(4) When spraying when, the spraying personnel must wear a poison proof mask, long sleeve blouses, long trousers, shoes and socks.
(5) During operation, the spraying persons are forbidden to smoking, drink wine, drink water, eat food, and they can not use their hands to wipe mouths, faces, eyes, and mutual ejection for frolic is absolutely forbidden.
(6) After the daily work, wash face, hands and mouth thoroughly with soap before drinking, smoking and eating. Take a bath if conditions permit.
(7) Change and wash work clothes contaminated by pesticide timely.
(8) The spraying personnel’s spraying time every day shall not exceed six hours. When mobile knapsack sprayer is used, two people are needed for rotation. One day should be arranged for rest if the personnel have continuously sprayed for three to five days.
(9) If the operators show such symptoms as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and so on, they should immediately leave the scene, take off the contaminated clothes, gargle, scrub and wash the exposed parts of face and hands, and be send to a hospital in time for treatment.
7.3 Environmental, Occupational and Health Risks
7.3.1 Environmental Risks of Pesticide Use
(1) The major environmental risks of the project in the process of pesticide use include:
(The pesticide residue may lead to water quality deterioration, the potential risk is the reduction of the number of aquatic organisms (such as fish and aquatic insects);
( Spraying pesticides near the source of the drinking water or the leakage of chemical materials may lead to the pollution of the water source supply;
( Non target species (birds, animals, the natural enemies of pests) may be affected possibly because of the using the highly toxic pesticides;
( Drug resistance of insect and mice is increased because of the long-term excessive use of certain pesticides;
( Soil quality is polluted through soil residue;
(2) Measures to reduce the above risks include:
( Train the country leadership, the flower farmers (men and women), flower and seedling operators and chemical dealers about the effects of certain chemicals on the environment, recommend better spray methods, instruments and equipments;
( Cooperate with county leaders, flowers operators and other personnel to monitor pesticide spray to ensure that no toxic pesticide is sprayed near the water source;
( The project need to purchase safe spraying equipments as approved;
( Chose high-efficiency low-poison pesticides;
( Chose low-residue half-life pesticides;
( Improve the promotion of biological control measures; try to reduce the use of chemical pesticides;
( Apply series of comprehensive pest prevention and control means to ensure that the drug resistance of pest will not increase;
7.3.2 Professional/health Risk of Pesticide Use
(1) the main application of pesticide produces professional/health risks include:
( Body discomfort caused by the pesticide smoke sucked in when preparing chemical drugs density and by the gas sent out by pesticides when spraying without protective masks;
( Skin burns from pesticide sprays or leakage in the condition that protective clothes are not put on;
( Drinking water pollution if pesticide spray places are near the drinking water source, or chemical leakage happened near the drinking water source;
(2) Measures to reduce the above risks include:
( Train the country leadership, the flower farmers (men and women), flower and seedling operators and chemical dealers about and make exhibition. Mainly included are: professional/health effects caused by some particular pesticides, operation and spraying method recommended; the approved instruments and their usage methods (such as sprayer, nozzle size, etc.); wearing safety clothing (long sleeve clothes, mask, hats, gloves, long trousers and shoes); spray in still condition (no wind); storing chemical substances safely in locked cabinets to prevent children’s contact; safety treatment of chemical waste and its packing through the deep burying or burning;
( Monitor the implementation of the above measures, and make further training if implementation is not satisfactory.
8 IPM Training and Promotion
8.1 IPM Training Measures
The purpose of training is to strengthen the farmers’ safety and effective pest control ability, including how to identify pests, make proper management decision adopt appropriate integrated control measures and use pesticides safely, scientifically and reasonably, etc.
Select from the project base the basic-level backbone agro-technique personnel, principals of the flowers and trees cooperation, big agricultural families. Hold two trainings each of more than five days at agricultural colleges, research institutes, demonstration bases and families. Gradually raise the basic-level agro-technique personnel’s business ability, improve the present situations of lagging in disease and insect pests monitoring and prevention and in pest integrated control technique, and enhance knowledge of reasonable, scientific and safe pesticides use.
The training contents mainly include:
(1) Selection of fine flowers;
(2) Recognition of pest disease of flowers, the natural enemies of main pests;
(3) Damage and loss caused by different pests;
(4) Monitoring pest disease epidemic, sampling method of field survey;
(5) The control range and strength (threshold value of control, pest disease);
(6) Integrated control measures, including the comprehensive pest disease prevention and control techniques of garden, physics, biology and chemistry.
(7) Safe storage of agricultural chemicals and disposal of packaging waste of agricultural chemical;
(8) Usage methods of chemical pesticides and protective clothing;
The training objects include:
(1) The flower farmers, demonstration family and cooperations that play a leading role;
(2) The forestry techniques popularization personnel in township, town, county and city;
(3) Professional pest control and prevention units and the agencies;
(4) Pesticides dealers.
Units providing training include:
(1) Large flowers demonstration bases;
(2) Service promotion units of districts, counties and towns trained;
(3) Pesticide dealers;
(4) Plants protection stations and etc of the provincial and municipal governing units;
(5) Other national and provincial organizations able to provide training;
(6) The International Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO);
Training forms and other arrangements
Trainings are mainly implemented by personnel from national insect pest research institutions such as China Forestry Science Research Institute, Southern China Forestry Science University and others, and are supplemented by relative teaching materials. The training may take the form of collective teaching at the scientific research training center of flower seedlings bases, the form of direct instruction in the fields, or the form of practices and others. For the flower farmers, flower seedlings base staff and other relevant persons, two times training of more than 5 days’ training courses will be held in each quarter, and the specific time will be arranged according to actual local conditions. See Table 9 for the annual training plan and budget.
Table 9 IPM Annual Training Plan and Budget
|Training content |Training objects |Object |Training|Training |Training place |Budget |Execution |Monitoring |
| | |number | |time | |(10,000 |organization |organization|
| | | |days | | |yuan) | | |
|Disease & insect |Flower farmers, |200 |3 |2nd season|ZhentouTown |6 |Zhentou Town |Province |
|pest control in |demonstration | | | |demonstration | |flower |Project |
|spring |families, principals | | | |base and flower | |seedlings |Office |
| |of flower farmer | | | |seedlings | |association | |
| |cooperation, forest | | | |planting site | | | |
| |technique promoting | | | | | | | |
| |personnel, | | | | | | | |
| |professional disease | | | | | | | |
| |and insect pest | | | | | | | |
| |control organizations| | | | | | | |
|Disease & insect |Flower farmers, |200 |3 |2nd season|ZhentouTown |6 |Province |World Bank |
|pest identifying |demonstration | | | |demonstration | |Project Office| |
|methods |families, principals | | | |base and flower | | | |
| |of flower farmer | | | |seedlings | | | |
| |cooperation, forest | | | |planting site | | | |
| |technique promoting | | | | | | | |
| |personnel, | | | | | | | |
| |professional disease | | | | | | | |
| |and insect pest | | | | | | | |
| |control | | | | | | | |
| |organizations, | | | | | | | |
| |disease and insect | | | | | | | |
| |pest monitoring | | | | | | | |
| |personnel | | | | | | | |
|Disease & insect |Flower farmers, |200 |2 |2nd season|ZhentouTown |4 |Province |World Bank |
|pest monitoring |demonstration | | | |demonstration | |Project Office| |
|methods |families, principals | | | |base and flower | | | |
| |of flower farmer | | | |seedlings | | | |
| |cooperation, forest | | | |planting site | | | |
| |technique promoting | | | | | | | |
| |personnel, | | | | | | | |
| |professional disease | | | | | | | |
| |and insect pest | | | | | | | |
| |control | | | | | | | |
| |organizations, | | | | | | | |
| |disease and insect | | | | | | | |
| |pest monitoring | | | | | | | |
| |personnel | | | | | | | |
|Disease & insect |Flower farmers, |200 |3 |3rd season|ZhentouTown |6 |Province |World Bank |
|pest control |demonstration | | | |demonstration | |Project Office| |
| |families, principals | | | |base and flower | | | |
| |of flower farmer | | | |seedlings | | | |
| |cooperation, forest | | | |planting site | | | |
| |technique promoting | | | | | | | |
| |personnel, | | | | | | | |
| |professional disease | | | | | | | |
| |and insect pest | | | | | | | |
| |control | | | | | | | |
| |organizations, | | | | | | | |
| |pesticide dealers | | | | | | | |
|Resonable&safe |Flower farmers, |200 |2 |3rd season|ZhentouTown |4 |Province |World Bank |
|usage of |demonstration | | | |demonstration | |Project Office| |
|pesticides |families, principals | | | |base and flower | | | |
| |of flower farmer | | | |seedlings | | | |
| |cooperation, forest | | | |planting site | | | |
| |technique promoting | | | | | | | |
| |personnel, | | | | | | | |
| |professional disease | | | | | | | |
| |and insect pest | | | | | | | |
| |control | | | | | | | |
| |organizations, | | | | | | | |
| |pesticide dealers | | | | | | | |
|Disease & insect |Flower farmers, |200 |3 |4th season|ZhentouTown |6 |Zhentou Town |Province |
|pest integrated |demonstration | | | |demonstration | |flower |Project |
|control methods in|families, principals | | | |base and flower | |seedlings |Office |
|winter |of flower farmer | | | |seedlings | |association | |
| |cooperation, forest | | | |planting site | | | |
| |technique promoting | | | | | | | |
| |personnel, | | | | | | | |
| |professional disease | | | | | | | |
| |and insect pest | | | | | | | |
| |control | | | | | | | |
| |organizations, | | | | | | | |
|Safe usage of |Flower farmers, |200 |2 |4th season|ZhentouTown |4 |Province |World Bank |
|pesticides and |demonstration | | | |demonstration | |Project Office| |
|human body health |families, principals | | | |base and flower | | | |
| |of flower farmer | | | |seedlings | | | |
| |cooperation, forest | | | |planting site | | | |
| |technique promoting | | | | | | | |
| |personnel, | | | | | | | |
| |professional disease | | | | | | | |
| |and insect pest | | | | | | | |
| |control | | | | | | | |
| |organizations, | | | | | | | |
| |pesticide dealers | | | | | | | |
|Total |400,000 |
Note: The budget of training at provincial and municipal flower and seedling bases is RMB 1000 yuan every person every day, the budget of training at bases and sites is RMB 100 yuan every person every day;
8.2 Construction of the Flower Demonstration Base
Establish an integrated flower disease and insect pest control base according to the specific situation in Zhentou Town, and choose one to two flowers cooperatives or large flowers families as demonstration family to demonstrate integrated flower disease and insect pest control technology, and to promote disease and insect pest control technology in the whole Zhentou Town and surrounding flower planting areas.
Flower seedlings association to be established in Zhentou Town is responsible for the selection, construction and management of the demonstration bases of integrated flower disease and insect pest control. The demonstration families, and the government will provide certain economy and policy support. Demonstration bases and demonstration families must carry out disease and insect pest control in accordance with the requirements of the integrated diseases and insect pest control, and are responsible for the training of the integrated disease and insect pest control technology, and for the promotion, technical support and guidance and so on of integrated flower disease and insect pest control technology.
Demonstration base and demonstration families must exhibit the fruits, technology and experience in integrated disease and insect pest control to the local flower farmers, provide free of charge support the local flower farmers for integrated disease and insect pest control management to finally realize the aim of realizing integrated flower disease and insect pest control and reasonable and safe use of pesticides in the whole Zhengtou Town. After the implementation of integrated disease and insect pest control measures, the whole town will be able to reduce losses caused by disease and insect pest, and morbidity of disease and insect pest can be controlled below 10%. And the whole town can reduce the use of chemical pesticides by 20%-50% in three to five years; eliminate poisoning accidents caused by improper storage and unreasonable waste processing; and achieve the aims that pesticide residues of agricultural products can comply with the standards of Hunan Safety Regulations of Forest Products Quality and others.
Responsible unit for the demonstration base construction:
Zhentou Town government and flower seedlings association.
Construction purpose of the demonstration base:
Demonstrate integrated flowers disease and insect pest control technology, and promote integrated disease and insect pest control technology in the whole Zhentou Town and the surrounding flower seedlings planting areas.
Supervision unit of the demonstration base:
Province Project Office, the World Bank Project Office.
Main functions of the demonstration base:
(1) Demonstration of the results of integrated flowers disease and insect pest management;
(2) Demonstration of the technology of integrated flowers disease and insect pest control;
(3) Demonstration of the safe, scientific and reasonable use methods of chemical pesticides;
(4) Promotion of the technology of integrated flowers disease and insect pest control;
(5) Promotion of the safe, scientific and reasonable application methods of chemical pesticides;
(6) Provision of guidance materials for technical support and field training;
(7) Selecting technology supervisor to provide technical support and guidance for the local flower farmers.
Through the construction of disease and insect pest control base, enhance the fostering of science and technology demonstration family, at the same time, exert the radiating and leading role of science and technology demonstration family to develop science and technology training work of new farmers and enlarge training coverage.
8.3 Team Building for Professional Pest Control:
Through the construction of integrated disease and insect pest control base and training, choose flower farmers, principals of cooperations and staffs of agricultural technology station with solid experience in integrated disease and insect pest control technology as professional personnel of integrated disease and insect pest control, and hold trainings for them. The township government provides certain funds for the economic compensation, further learning and training and etc of professional personnel of disease and insect pests control, and improve their learning and receptivity ability, self development capability and radiating leading competence. So that science and technology demonstration families can become important members of agricultural technology promotion system, agriculture situation investigators, technology promoters, policy propagandists, and the “local experts” that famers can see, ask questions and retain. And professionals of disease and insect pests control are also responsible for the monitoring and reporting of local disease epidemic, as well as communication with superior leadership and experts, etc, in order to ensure the timely reporting of disease and insect pest epidemic and taking measures of control policy.
Construction of professional disease and insect pest control team:
The township government and flower seedlings association organize professional disease and insect pest control team, and the above mentioned professional disease and insect pest control personnel act as technical backbone, who guide the implementation of integrated disease and insect pest control of Zhentou Town to ensure the integrated disease and insect pest control and the safe and reasonable use of pesticides in Zhentou Town.
The township government makes capital contribution for the purchase of unified disease and insect pest control equipments and pesticides, and carries out integrated management for the chemical control of disease and insect pest of the entire town so as to avoid blind usage and over usage of chemical pesticides. Control the morbidity of disease and insect pest below 10%; reduce the use of chemical pesticides by 20%-50% in three to five years; eliminate poisoning accidents caused by improper storage and unreasonable waste processing; and can achieve the aims that pesticide residues of agricultural products can comply with the standards of Hunan Safety Regulations of Forest Products Quality and others.
8.4 Promoting Integrated Management Technologies and Reasonable Use of Pesticides
In addition to the above promotion measures, various forms and methods are adopted by Zhentou Town, such as blackboard newspaper, book data, leaflets, bulletin board, online community and experience exchange meeting, to promote integrated control technology and reasonable pesticide application and harms of chemical substances on human bodies, expand the use of low-poison and high-efficiency reasonable pesticides, reduce the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment of the regional groundwater, soil and etc. Specific form and budget are below:
a) Publicity materials (leaflets, notices)
b) Books data, electronic CD
c) Network publicity material
d) Experience exchange forum
Table 10 IPM Annual Promotional Plan and Budget
|Publicity modes |Publicity frequency|Publicity object |Execution unit |Budget |
| | | | |(10,000 yuan) |
|Publicity material (leaflets, |4 times/year |Flower farmers, |Flower seedlings |1.2 |
|notices) | |cooperation |association | |
|Books data, electronic CD |twice/year | | |8 |
|Network publicity material |12 times/year | | |1 |
|Experience exchange forum |4 times/year | | |0.5 |
|Total |10.7 |
9 IPM Implementation Capacity
9.1 Policy Support for Pest Control
In addition to the early policy support of forest disease and insect pest control set by the state, in recent years, Hunan Province has issued a series of policies and regulations on forest disease and insect pest control and forest products quality management, which can guarantee the smooth implementation of the project’s disease and insect pest management and improve project’s disease and insect pest management ability. Now, the main laws and regulations of forest disease and insect pest control in Hunan Province are listed below:
Notice about the Implementation of the Administrative Licensing Law & Strengthen the Law Enforcement of the Plant Quarantine issued by the province in 2004;
Hunan Province Regulations of Forestry Harmful Organism Control & Quarantine adopted and released on the fifth meeting of the standing committee of the 11th people's congress of Hunan Province on November 28th, 2008, and executed from March 1st, 2009;
Hunan Safety Regulations of Forest Products Quality adopted and released on the fifth meeting of the standing committee of the 11th people's congress of Hunan Province on November 27th, 2009, and executed from March 1st, 2010;
Implementation Plan of Reforming & Improving the Agricultural Technology Promotion & Service Organizations in Villages & Towns formulated by the provincial Agriculture Department, the provincial Compiling Office, provincial Finance Department, provincial Human Resources & Social Security Department on Dec. 30th, 2010 approved and forwarded by the Hunan Province People's Government Office, which required to complete all the reform tasks of the agricultural technology promotion and service organizations in villages & towns before the end of 2011;
Notice on Further Strengthening the Work of Pesticide Market Supervision and Implementation Method of Pesticide Operation Conditions Review of Hunan Province (executed since June 1st, 2011,) released by Hunan Province Agriculture Industrial Department and Commercial Bureau on April 8th, 2011;
Exotic Species Management Regulation (executed since October 1st, 2011), adopted and issued on the 22nd meeting of the standing committee of the 11th people's congress of Hunan Province on May 27th, 2011;
To ensure the smooth progress of the World Bank Projects, in addition to the above laws, other provisions about pesticide management issued by the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other agencies also shall be strictly abided by:
FAO standards and norms about pesticides rules, distribution, and use (or the corresponding Chinese standards and norms);
FAO specifications on pesticide packaging and storage (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);
FAO specifications on the labels of the outer packing of pesticide (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);
FAO specifications about the disposal of pesticide residual and the pesticide packaging container (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);
Loans granting department should strictly regulate that the loans can only be used for pesticides recommended by the project and registered;
State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) formulates the discharge standard of pesticide pollutants;
Other related laws and regulations.
9.2 Objectives of Integrated Pest Management
1) Enhance the consciousness of policy implementation
Through the project execution, consciousness of implementing the disease and insect pest management policy will be strengthened as shown below:
(1) Reducing chemical pesticide use within the project scope;
(2) Prohibiting the use unregistered pesticide within the project scope;
(3) Prohibiting the use high toxic pesticides (WTO I kind of pesticide) within the project scope, and replace with low-toxic pesticide;
(4) Implementing regulations of the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) about the limits, distribution and application of the pesticide (or corresponding Chinese regulations);
(5) Implementing FAO guidelines on pesticide packaging and storage (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);
(6) Implementing FAO guidelines on the labels of the outer packing of pesticide (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);
(7) Implementing FAO guidelines about the disposal obsolete pesticides and packing materials (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);
(8) The project should immediately prepare and implement such guidelines when there are no corresponding FAO guidelines in China;
(9) Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans
Pest Management Plan (PMP)
In addition, district/county and township government are encouraged to promote and support the IPM methods through discussion and project implementation (especially for long-term benefits).
2) Strengthening the disease and insect pest control ability of the basic level
Through the project implementation, the disease and insect pest control ability of the basic level is strengthened as follows:
(1) Training district/county disease and insect pest control experts, agricultural technology popularization workers and farmers in villages and towns.
(2) In the project execution process, professional disease and insect pests control personnel will be familiar with and master the IMP methods, the farmers will have some knowledge of IMP methods.
(3) Through the project implementation, the contact among city, district/county, town and village about disease and insect pests monitoring will be strengthened to promote the implementation of the disease and insect pest management plan.
9.3 Infrastructure, Management Ability, Institutional Arrangements and Mutual Coordination
Project will control the sale and use of pesticides through strengthening the construction of the basic infrastructure of diseases and insect pests control and implementing institutional monitoring on pesticides distribution and use. This project will be carried out through the following methods:
(1) Strengthening the training of forestry techniques popularization personnel and forest farmers by forest disease and insect pest control technical personnel and experts from the city or county (district) (section 7.4.1);
(2) Preparing monitoring plans to make an assessment of diseases and insect pests control and adopting integrated diseases and insect pests management technology in the process of project implementation;
(3) The project office appoints a full-time person to specifically supervise the execution process diseases and insect pests control measures;
(4) The operation of forestry techniques popularization institutions and professional diseases and insect pest control institutions will get government’s financial support;
(5) The project office will establish cooperation relations with China Forestry Science Research Institute, Southern China Forestry Science University and other national insect pests research institutions to enrich diseases and insect pest control knowledge in the project area and improve the integrated diseases and insect pest management ability;
(6) Strengthening the exchange of the diseases and insect pest control technology and experience in the project area to share the fruit;
(7) Encouraging and supporting the leaders of the relevant district, county, township and village to promote and use the safe measures of disease and insect pest control and the integrated disease and insect pest management technology;
9.4 IPM Monitoring and Evaluation
9.4.1 Project Supervision and Management Contents
During the period when the project supervision and inspection team of the World Bank will carry out project supervision, they will do the following work and implement site monitoring, the main monitoring indexes are:
(1) Survey the pesticide investigation situation through consulting the use of flower seedlings pesticide;
(2) Survey whether the pesticides of Type 1 have been used (high toxic pesticides) through checking the sales records of pesticide sales agency;
(3) Survey the implementation of the policy of integrated disease and insect pest control through visiting the farmers and hearing the disease and insect pest control work reports of the township government;
(4) Survey the implementation of the scene monitoring plan and the remedial measures for the analysis results through checking monitoring list;
The project supervision and inspection team of the World Bank should conduct twice project supervision and inspection annually, and it will generally be appropriate for this to be carried out in the high-risk period of disease and insect pest, which will be convenient for observing the implementation of disease and insect pest control at site.
The project supervision and inspection team of the World Bank should consist of experts in diseases and insect pests control, and the fees of the supervision and inspection activities should supported by the project.
Monitoring should be carried out in the project area by personnel from the agricultural technology promotion departments accompanied by specialized technical personnel of professional diseases and insect pests control departments of the city, county and district.
Personnel sent by the World Bank should help to establish appropriate monitoring system and sampling procedures at early time, and provide training in the implementation and analysis of the monitoring system.
9.4.2 Supervision Evaluation and Budget
(1) Supervision implementation
Flower seedlings production is completed by the flower seedlings base, the planting farmers and flower seedlings association, and it will be reported to higher level units after summary;
The distribution process of flower seedlings is monitored by city’s agricultural product quality monitoring center and its subordinate market testing station, including agricultural products access quality testing and agricultural products of agricultural production base exporting quality testing;
Flower seedlings diseases and insect pests control work should be carried out together by the professional city and county diseases and insect pests control institutions, project office and flower seedlings planting farmers that are involved in the project, once diseases and insect pests are found, it must be immediately reported and handled;
Environment, professional and health risk are supervised and implemented by the related environmental protection agencies and forestry administrative law enforcement agencies.
[pic]
Figure 3 Schematic Diagram for Disease & Insect Pest Management & Monitoring
(2) Supervision plan
Project offices at all levels shall be responsible to guarantee normal implementation of the regular supervision activities. In the high-risk period of diseases and insect pests, diseases and insect pests control agencies at various levels shall be responsible for the supervision and control.
Diseases and insect pests control agencies at various levels should be responsible to provide guidance, supervision and monitoring and training of integrated diseases and insect pests control technology and plan. Project offices and loans granting units at various levels are responsibility to timely find and report pest conditions so as to implement integrated disease and insect pests control plan according needs.
(3) Forecast and evaluation of monitoring and supervision
Disease and insect pest control agencies at all levels shall forecast and evaluate the disease and insect pest epidemic situation according to disease and insect pest monitoring results, make corresponding prevention and control measures, and provide professional technical support.
The World Bank assessment team will evaluate the project implementation and disease and insect pest control situation according to the supervision and inspection result, and will submit assessment report and concrete improvement suggestions and measures.
(4) Supervision plan and budget
The flowers and trees association of Zhentou Town has integrated disease and insect pest control into the daily work scope, and will make no separate budget.
Table 11 Pest Management Monitoring and Supervision Plan and Budget
| |Frequency |Monitoring/supervision contents |Execution units |Budget (10,000 |
| | | | |yuan） |
|Disease and |12 |Planting acreage, species and modes of flower seedlings; |Flower seedlings|3 |
|insect pests |times/year |Flower seedlings’ production, quality (pesticide residual |association, | |
|monitoring | |checking results); |professional | |
| | |Flower seedlings’ quarantine situation before planting and |disease and | |
| | |sales; |insect pests | |
| | |Flower seedlings disease and insect pests situation (species, |control staff | |
| | |acreage, pattern, etc ); | | |
| | |Integrated flower seedlings disease and insect pests control | | |
| | |situation(main control methods and measures adopted); | | |
| | |Pesticide use situation (kinds, quantity, density, etc) of | | |
| | |flower seedlings; | | |
|Disease and |twice/year |Survey pesticide registration situation (certificating |World Bank, |10 |
|insect pests | |documents); |Project | |
|management & | |Survey whether the first I kind of pesticides have been used |Management | |
|supervision | |(high toxic pesticides); |Office of Hunan | |
|plan | |Survey the implementation of the policy of integrated disease |Province | |
| | |and insect pest control; |Development and | |
| | |Survey the implementation of the scene monitoring plan and the |Reform | |
| | |remedial measures for the analysis results |Commission | |
9.5 Project Budget for Pest Management
The project’s disease and insect pest management budget amounts to RMB 607,000 yuan, mainly including 3 parts: disease and insect pest control training, the popularization of integrated disease and insect pest control and the management and supervision of disease and insect pest, the details are instructed respectively in section 6.1, 6.4 and 7.4.
Table 12 Pest Management Budget
|Items |objects |Budget （10,000 yuan） |Execution units |Supervision units|
|Promotion of |Flower farmers, demonstration family, |10.7 |Zhentou Town |Provincial |
|integrated disease |cooperations, etc | |flower seedlings|project office |
|and insect control | | |association | |
|Training of |Flower farmers, demonstration families, |40 |Project |Provincial |
|integrated disease |principals of flower farmer cooperation,| |Management |project office, |
|and insect control |forest technique promoting personnel, | |Office of Hunan |World Bank |
| |professional disease and insect pest | |Province, | |
| |control organizations, disease and | |Zhentou Town | |
| |insect pest monitoring personnel, etc | |flower seedlings| |
| | | |association | |
|Disease and insect | |3 |Zhentou Town |Provincial |
|pest monitoring | | |flower seedlings|project office, |
| | | |association |World Bank |
|Disease and insect |Project’s integrated disease and insect |10 |World Bank, |World Bank |
|pest supervision and|pest management | |Project | |
|management | | |Management | |
| | | |Office of Hunan | |
| | | |Province | |
|Total (yuan) |607,000 yuan |
Appendix 1 Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Diseases in the Project Area and Integrated Control Program
1.1 Anthrax
Flowers’ anthrax is a common kind of flower and plant disease, anthrax often occurs in plant flowers, woody flower, etc. Anthrax can be counted as the most frequent disease among flower diseases, and its harm is also very severe. Flowers, such as lucky grass, dwarf lily turf, day lily, JinZhan chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum, cockscombs and so on, are often attacked by anthrax.
[pic]
Basic features:
Flowers and trees suffer anthrax, the disease often infects all the parts except the root. If seeds, bulb, bulb are infected, it may cause decay in seeds, seedlings or bulb, and the seedling can not sprout out of the earth; and disease spots appear on those leaves shooting out of the earth, photosynthesis is suppressed, seedlings become emaciated or dead. When the squama of lily or other flower are infected, shallow brown spots grow on them, then the squamas turn dark brown and slightly concave, at this time, the bud stops growing, and can blossom; if anthrax happens in the seedling stage, it often causes lack of seedlings and vacancy in the ridge, also, the disease can harm stems, branches and lowers. Its harm on flowers can rot the inflorescence, for instance, of the fire crane spathes. Its harm on fruit of, for instance, the citron, will bring irregular form of fruit spots on the citron.
Most of the anthrax will bring harm to the lamina, cause leaf spots, such as Xi spots, which is a major kind of common leaf diseases. For example, the round or irregular forms of disease spots on the leaves of Philodendron, they are brown or beige, with darker edge, sometimes they have yellow halo of different size scattering on the spots, there are small black wheel-line shaped grain points or reddish brown sticky conidia group. The anthrax disease spots of schefflera, rubber trees, Hoya carnosa, and maguey are pale, the leaf spots are depressed or not obvious, with obvious darker edge, and there are irregular small black grain points on them. The anthrax disease spots of peony, gardenia, cinnamon, jasmine, cockscombs are auburn. When anthrax attacks China orchids, moth orchids, paphiopedilum and so on, nearly round or elongated brown spots will appear, the moire edges with the healthy part is deep and wider, when it happens on the tip, it often causes the tip spot. Although the various kinds of the above flower and tree anthrax shape has different colors and shapes, the common point is that, after the conidia dish of the later germ has matured, they will produce small black grain spots of homocentric wheel vein shape or scattering, they will overflow with reddish brown sticky conidia group. Pick these small black grain points under the microscope, according to the conidia dish, conidia and the shape of the adhesive spore, they can be diagnosed as epiphyte of thorn dish spore category, that is, the etiology of the disease.
These anthrax bacteria exist as conidia dish on the infected flowers and trees or enter into the earth to pass the winter with infected leaves, in the next spring when conditions are met, the bacteria will produce a lot of conidia in the infected parts, spread through wind, rain or they are sputtered, or they may invade directly from wounds. The suitable temperature for conidia germination is 20 to 25 ℃, they require relative humidity of 80% or higher, in the condition of pH3-11, pH4-8, germination rate is the highest. If flowers and trees grow in moisture retention environment or with too much nitrogen, and if plants’ cell gaps are big because plants are thin and weak, bacteria will invade easily. After several days of hidden nourishing, when plants enter into the period of blossom and fruits or when their disease resistance performances are weakened, the bacteria will often causes disease. The disease has the characteristics of latent infection, sometimes the disease does not come on for a long time, and only shows symptoms when the plants become debilitating.
Prevention treatment:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthening seedlings management in transportation and transplanting. For seedlings to be transported, spray drugs once before digging them up, such as 1000 times liquid of 50% carbendazim and other systemic fungicides.
(2) Garden control
Water and fertilize scientifically and reasonably according to the biological characteristics of flowers and trees, and enhance the flowers and trees disease resistance, which can reduce the occurrence of the disease.
Select anthrax resistance species of flowers and trees.
(3) Physical control
When flowers and trees are infected by anthrax, pick off the leaves and branches infected, and promptly remove the diseased leaves and branches, and destroy them collectively. Or it will be effective to daub medical 'better ointment.
(4) Chemical control
When the seeds or seed squamas are infected by the bacteria, soak them with warm water of 50 ℃ for 20 minutes or with warm water of 55 ℃ for 10 minutes, then spoon out and make dry. Also they can be soaked in 500 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 1 hour to perish the bacteria on the seed surface.
When flowers and trees are attacked, spray 1000 times liquid of 50% benomyl wettable powder, or 1000 times liquid of 50% Sporgon wettable powder.
1.2 Damping off
Damping off is also called as “dead plants”, which is a kind of seedling diseases caused by fungus infection. The bacteria often infect roots and stem bases from the surface soil, the suffering parts cave in and shrink, and look dark brown. If it happens just when seedlings are shooting out of the soil, the symptom is a sudden fall; if the seedlings’ tissues have bee lignified, the symptom is damping off. When the environment is damp, white mycelia or pink mildew layer will appear on the diseased parts. When the disease is serious, the infected plants will become withered and dead.
[pic]
Basic features:
Damping off occurs in the middle and late period of seedling culture and it mainly harms stem bases or underground roots of seedlings. It begins with oval or irregular dark brown disease spots, and at the early stage, the diseased seedlings early wilt during the day and recover at night, the infected parts become depressed, shrinked and gradually change brown and black. When the disease spots expandingly circle stems for a week, the plants finally dry to death, but do not fall. Lightly diseased plants only show brown sag disease spots and do not die. When the seedbed’s humidity is high, unobvious spider-filaments-shaped mould can be seen on the diseased parts. Because of its features that it does not produce garrulous white mold, does not fall and it has long disease course, damping off can be separated from pythium aphanidermatum.
The bacteria live in soil or diseased tissues to pass the winter as mycelia and sclerotia, they have strong saprophyticus nature, and general they can live in the soil for 2-3 years. They are spread through the rain, water, compost and farm tools infected. The optimum temperature for germ development is 20 to 24 ℃. Both the seedlings just shooting out of the soil and the grown up plants can suffer from it, generally it happens in the middle or later period of seedling culture, when the seedling bed temperature is higher, the weather is rainy and wet, and the soil is too sticky. And it often happens repeatedly in continuous cropping. So, dense planting, delayed seedling thinning and excessive high temperature will easily induce the occurrence of the disease.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Disinfect the soil before sowing with 0.15 0.3% formalin, 0.25-0.5% thiram, 0.5% nitrobenzene five chlorine and etc; and disinfect seeds with 0.1% potassium permanganate;
(2) Garden control
It is required to use new uninfected soil or disinfected soil for seedbed soil and potted soil. The soil disinfection method is: for every square metre, water the soil surface with the mixture of 50 ml 40% formalin and 8-12.5 kg water, cover the soil with plastic film for 4 to 5 days, take off the covering, and sow 7 to 10 days later; or，before planting and sowing, apply in furrow 8-10 grams of equal quantity mixture of 70% five chlorine nitrobenzene powder and 80% zineb for every square meter of soil.
(3) Physical control
Irrigate before sowing or planting, keep the soil wet enough, and strictly control the irrigation for 20 days after the seedlings have grown out of the earth.
(4) Chemical control
At the initial stage of seedling’s disease course, irrigate with 200-300 times seedling bacteria cure liquid or 70% 700-800 times topsin-m liquid, which will have the function of sterilization and seedling protection.
At the initial stage of disease course, spray and water with 500 times liquid of 50% captan, or with 800 times liquid of 75% chlorothalonil.
1.3 Rust disease
Rust is common disease on flowers, especially for the rose, Jangmi, chrysanthemum, Chinese rose, and so on. It can produce great harm, severely influence growth and development, and reduce flowers’ ornamental value.
[pic]
Basic features:
Rust can injure flower’s lamina, petioles and bud with three types of symptoms. In the first type, laminas and scapes are injured. At the beginning, bubbly spots (germs and uredinium) appear on the laminas and scapes. Initially, the spots are covered by the epidermis, when the epidermis breaks, tawny power-shape uredospores scatter out. Sometimes a lot of spores merge into one piece, the epidermis turn up, and the leaves are covered with a layer of tawny power-shape uredospores. Chlorosis happens around the uredinium, and leaves turn pale yellow. In serious conditions, the leaves turn yellow, even leaves of a whole plant become dead, pedicels turn red-brown, bud become dry or shed off. Another type mainly harms the leaves and also the stems. At the beginning, light yellow blobs appear, then, they change into brown, bulge like small pustules, when they burst, yellow-brown powders will be exposed. Later, dark brown or black brown oval swollen spots grow out on the laminas, petiole and stem, and chestnut brown powders appear after they burst. In serious situation, the laminas of the whole plant will die, and when it happens to flowers like the chrysanthemum, etc, the state of the disease will be very graze. In another type, in the next spring, the germs enter into the plant from tender stems and the veins of the reversed side of the leaf base. In May, orange yellow uredinium may appear on the leaves, then, it generates dark brown telium. In serious situation, all the laminas will suffer, the leaf back is covered by a layer of yellow powders, and leaves become withered and fall off early. The disease will seriously affect growth and development, and it often occurs in the rose, Jangmi, etc.
There are kinds of rust pathogenic bacteria, including rose rust polytope, rose short sharp rust polytope, Manshan rust polytope, rose davurica rust polytope, chrysanthemum rust fungus, day lily stem rust fungus. The bacteria live through the on the diseased host plant body. The disease often occurs in September, when the temperature is 24-26 ℃, and the relative humidity is about 85%, which are suitable for its spread. The urediospore of the bacteria will easily die in the high temperature and high humidity of summer; in winter, temperature is too low, the teliospore will easily die. So, in the long and cold winter and the hot summer, the disease is not serious, but, in a year when the four seasons are warm, rainy and foggy, its harm will be very severe. The disease will easily occur in the following situations: poor cultivation management, planting too close, bad ventilation, low-lying terrain, bad drainage, hard soil, heavy and stick soil, too much nitrogen or lack of fertilizer, too sterile soil, etc. Conversely, flowers, that are cultivated and managed properly and grow robustly, are infected lighter. There is great difference in the host’s disease resistance.
Prevention and treatment:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthen the inspection and quarantine, and choose plants free from disease as breeding materials.
Many tree branch rusts are the object of quarantine. Introduce seedlings from area free from the disease, and collect asexual reproduction materials, such as inarching branches, from uninfected stock plants.
Different types and varieties of flowers and trees have different rust resistance abilities. Therefore, selecting rust resistance breeds is the effective and economic way to control rust disease.
(2) Garden control
Strengthen culture management, fertilize reasonably, add more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and do not only use nitrogen. If the soil humidity is high, drain water timely; open windows frequently to ventilate and reduce the humidity.
Control planting density, it should not be too close; drain water promptly; fertilize scientifically, add more rotten organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, do not only use nitrogen; prune regularly, eliminate weak branches attacked by diseases and pests, better the light transmission and ventilation; Facility culture to strengthen the ventilation of facilities and cultivation, reduce the humidity of the greenhouse.
(3) Physical control
Pay attention to sanitation and hygiene, cut off diseased leaves and branches immediately if discovered, and burn them collectively.
(4) Chemical control
Winter spray
Winter spray is carried out from late autumn to the next year before sprouting. Clean the field and cut diseased branches before spraying of prevention. Lime and sulfur mixture of 2-5 degrees or 100 150 times liquid of 45% crystal lime sulfur mixture can be sprayed. To prevent the rust on the seedlings from changing hosts, spray 1-2 times in early spring march to kill the bacteria source teliospore.
Spray in growing season
Spray lime and sulfur mixture of 3-4 Baume degrees before germination. In growing season, the spray of the following drugs will achieve better results: 1000 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder liquid, 250-300 times sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate liquid, 10% bordeaux mixture and other bactericides can also be used.
At the initial stage of the disease course, the following drugs can be used: 0.2-0.3 Baume degrees lime and sulfur mixture, 300 500 times liquid of 45% crystal lime and sulfur mixture, 500 times liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder and 1000 times liquid of 70% topsin-M.
1.4 Powdery mildew (PM)
Powdery mildew
It is harmful to many flowers, in serious cases, and it can lead flowers to death. It belongs a kind of worldwide disease, brings great loss to flowers production and ornamental value. Due to the different varieties and disease-resistant ability, powdery mildew can cause different degree of injure to the flowers below: Chinese rose, rose, Jangmi, dahlia, Cineraria, peony, gardenia, hydrangeas, JinZhan chrysanthemum, begonia, impatiens, plum blossom, holly, elecampane, clove, crape myrtle, hydrangea, chrysanthemum and so on. Usually, the flowers get infected in the summer of May or June, and they are apt to show the symptoms of yellow and withered leaves, bending of the tender tips and so on. In most cases, harms happen to tender tips, tender sprouts and tender leaves and buds. At the early period, faded green spots appear at the suffering parts, and then they gradually turn into white powder spots, as if covered with white powder; later, the disease spots turn gray. The suffering plants become increasingly small, tender tips bend, leaves are uneven, flowers are less and small or unable to bloom, or the flower shapes are distorted. In serious cases, leaves huddle up and become dry, and even the whole plant dies
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Basic features:
PM has various kinds, but the common bacteria pathogens that attract the above flowers can be divided into 7 kinds, including erysiphe cichoracearum and single spore PM. During the winter, hyphae and conidia parasiticparasitize the in the sprout, branches and leaves of flowers, but when the temperature is below 16 ℃, the germs do not grow. While, in early spring, when temperature rises to 18 ℃, the germs begin to germinate, conidia are spread with air. When temperature rises to 20 ℃, symptoms are more obvious. Generally speaking, at night, the low temperature and high humidity are propitious for conidia’s breeding; and the higher temperature and lower humidity are propitious for the conidia to mature up and spread off. What needs more attentions is that: in the growth period, the PM can infect the plants repeatedly, so, one-time drug spray shall not become the reason of rest. The harm will be more serious in blossom period. At the early stage of PM, green irregular spots appear on the laminas, and they are not obvious. When younger leaves are infected, they stop growth; when old leaves are infected, their color change into light yellow, and the leaves become thick, uneven or curly wilting, and even die. In serious cases, the disease can spread to stems, branches, tips, buds, etc, and cover them with gray carpet-like hyphae layer; the whole plant is small, deformed and not exuberant.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthen the inspection and quarantine, and choose plants free from disease as breeding materials. Introduce seedlings from area free from the disease, and collect asexual reproduction materials, such as inarching branches, from uninfected stock plants.
(2) Garden control
Choose disease-free plant, plant disease resistant varieties; strengthen maintenance and management, there should be no phenomenon of too much nitrogen but too less phosphorus and potassium; water irritation should not to excessive, and the humidity should not be too high.
Too close planting is unsuitable. Prune timely, and especially, the diseased and dead branches and the introverted branches must be removed to ensure good ventilation. Cut off sick branches and leaves immediately after discovery, and destroy them collectively. Pay attention that the temperature difference between day and night must not be more than 10 ℃.
(3) Physical control
Some flowers, such as Chinese rose, can bear the low temperature of -17 ℃, while PM bacteria will be frozen to death when the temperature is below 0 ℃. So, temperature change can be used to control bacteria breeding.
(4) Chemical control
If there are chimneies in the greenhouse, smear them with the equal quantity liquid mixture of lime and sulfur, the sulfur smoke volatilized will be effective.
Before infection, spray potassium permanganate liquid of 1 ‰, 1-0. 7:20 0 bordeaux liquid, or 65% zineb wettable powder, each method will have good effect.
After infection, spray 800-1000 times liquid of 1% iodine, then 5 days later, spray 600 times liquid of 75% chlorothalonil for 2-3 times. Spray again when new sprouts shoot out, and this will reduce morbidity by a large scale.
500 ~ 600 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, or 600 ~ 800 times liquid of 70% topsin-m wettable powder, etc, can also be used. When the disease is serious, spary every 7-10 days, and continue for 2 ~ 3 times. Different drugs should be used alternately to prevent bacteria from drug resistance
1.5 Leaf Spot
Generally injuring leaves, it is a kind of disease on leaves commonly happening to ball-root begonia, and it may also infect many other flowers and trees, including: michelia, caryota ochlandra, canna, crape myrtle, chaenomeles speciosa Japanese quince, osmanthus, rhododendron, impatiens, geranium, dwarf lilyturf, etc. Local leaves become dead, and display different spots symptoms, they are commonly grey, black or brown horn spots, bar spots, round spots. In serious cases, different spots symptoms will appear.
Cockscombs leaf spot (also called as brown spot) infects laminas, petioles and stalks. Spots on the leaves are round, then, they expand into irregular big spots, with wheel lines, and the color changes from red brown into dark brown, with grey brown in the middle. Disease spots on stems and petioles are brown and in strip form.
Caryota ochlandra leaf spot (also called as black spot). Dark brown small round spots appear on leaves, then, they expand or connect into irregular big patches, the margins bulge slightly, and little black dots scatter on both sides of leaves.
Clivia miniata leaf spot (dry spot disease). There are elliptic and elongated red brown disease spots on the leaves, with fading green circle around, then, they expand into irregular big patches, and there are black spots on the disease spots.
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Basic features:
When infected by pathogens, necrotic spots will appear on local of the laminas, which may be caused by fungi, bacteria, or worms. Pathogens are mainly fungi, such as the Cercospora, Helminthosporium, Septoria, Phyllosticta, Alternaria, etc. In addition, Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas also can cause leaf spot disease. Some pathogens exist in different small physiological species. The Bacteria live through the winter by remaining in the diseased and injured plant body or falling on the earth surface. And in the next year, they will infect the hosts through wind and rain spread. Cockscomb leaf spot disease is serious between summer and autumn (August -September), caryota ochlandra leaf spot disease is serious in the hot summer, Clivia miniata leaf spot disease usually occurs in spring and autumn, but in greenhouse, it can happen in all four seasons. Continuous cropping, excessive density, poor ventilation and too high humidity are beneficial for the occurrence of the disease.
Leaf spot bacteria mainly live through the winter in the diseased and injured plant organs and seeds, and become initial infectious source in the next growing season. Most germs rely on air, wind, rain, and, sometimes, insects to spread. The infections usually constantly happen in the growing season. The prevalence of the disease needs weather conditions of sufficient rainfall, enough rainfall times and more suitable temperature.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthen the inspection and quarantine, and choose plants free from disease as breeding materials. Introduce seedlings from area free from the disease, and collect asexual reproduction materials, such as inarching branches, from uninfected stock plants.
(2) Garden control
Crop rotation (earth change allowed in a greenhouse). It is not appropriate to spray water on plants.
(3) Physical control
Timely remove diseased tissues, and burn them collectively.
(4) Chemical control
Spray from the beginning of disease to prevent disease spread. Commonly used drugs are: 300-600 times liquid of 25% carbendazim wettable powder (1000 times for 50%, 600-800 times SC for 40%), 1000 times 50% Topsin, 500 times 70% maneb, 400 600 times 80% mancozeb, 500 times captan, etc. Attention should be paid to the alternate use of drugs to prevent bacteria lest resistance.
Flowers botrytis is a kind of most common disease in flower production, especially, in the winter and spring, when the flowers grow in the green houses, the pathogenic bacteria can infect any part of the plant above the ground. The neglect in cultivation management can cause the occurrence and prevalence of the disease. In serious cases, the disease can cause great quantity of falling of flowers and leaves, influence plants’ blossom, reduce the value of appreciation and cause great harm to flower quality and yield.
1.6 Botrytis
Botrytis can injure many kinds of herb flowers and woody flowers, such as rieger begonias, New Guinea impatiens, cyclamen, cineraria, Phalaenopsis, poinsettia, Primula obconica, Callistephus chinensis, begonia, dahlia, Fuchsia, Calceolaria, gloxinia, geranium, gladiolus, Strelitzia, etc, 50 kinds of flowers.
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Basic features:
The disease brings harm to laminas, flowers, peduncle, petioles and tender stems, and also the fruit, make leaves and flower rotten and the tender stems broken. When botrytis invades laminas, there are often dark green water-soaked spots (as if scalded by water) at leaf edges or leaf tips, and it continuously expands towards the inner of the leaves. When humidity is high, it caused brown decay, and it is covered with grey mildew ; when humidity becomes low, the diseased parts turn into brown, shallow brown, or yellow dry form (different due to flowers species). Brown, shallow brown and white water-soaked spots appear on petals (different due to flowers species), which then decay. Brown patches appear on tender stems or stems containing more water, in appropriate temperature and humidity, disease spots soon expand in all directions, which causes brown decay to the disease parts, branch, makes branches and stem broken or fallen, and causes the parts above the diseased parts wilt, wither and die. When the disease is serious, the whole plant dies. No matter which part of the flowers is infected, in high humidity, the common characteristic is grey mildew grows out, and this is the disease’s important symptom.
Pathogen is botryis cinerea of moniliales, the gray powders at the diseased parts are conidiophore and conidia.Conidiophore is slender and upright with branches. It is 1.3 mm long, its end cells swell as spheres on which there are many small peduncles with conidia growing on. Conidia gather as grape ears, they are ovate or elliptic (very few are spherical), and they are colorless or light colored. The bacteria adhere to the sick body in the form of mycelia, conidia and sclerotia, or they stay in the soil to live through the winter. The optimal temperature for the bacteria’s growth is 10 ℃-32 ℃, the lowest is 4 ℃, and the required relative humidity is above 90%.
Large number of conidia, produced at the diseased parts when the weather is wet, are the main disease source for reinfection. Temperature and humidity are the major conditions for the prevalence of botrytis. The bacteria live through the winter in sick body in the soil, and the mature conidia rely on airflow, rain water and irrigation water, green house dropping water and farming operation to spread. The bacteria have strong virulence to flower organs and laminas, it mainly infect through the plant wounds, also, it can directly invade through falling organs, necrosis tissues and skin, while the healthy plants are not easy to be infected. In the conditions of 90% relative humidity and 18 ℃-25 ℃ temperature, botrytis happens most easily. When the air humidity is high, the disease develops rapidly; when the air is dry, its development is slow, and grey mildew is less. The disease in greenhouses, where flowerpots are placed too close and ventilation is poor, is serious. If nitrogen is too much, plant tissues are tender and weak, the disease is serious. Continuous rain, insufficient sunlight, too much nitrogen, poor soil drainage and continuous cropping for years all can cause easy infection and serious disease condition. When the weather clears up and humidity rises after continuous overcast and low temperature, botryis breaks out easily. The old leaves of some flowers are more sensitive to botryis; the downfall leaf layers and flowers are often the place where botrytis multiplies. A large number of spores fly into the air, cause disease in suitable temperature and humidity conditions. The water spraying in greenhouse also can promote germs to spread. At the time of raising seedlings by cutting, because the roofs are made up by the film, the humidity in it is very high, if there is too much condensed water on the film, this also can increase the happening of the disease. In poor ventilation, shaded and wet environment, the plants can got infected easily. Generally, in northern winter and spring, temperature in greenhouses are not high enough, while humidity is high, the disease is heavier.
Control methods
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthen the inspection and quarantine, and choose plants free from disease as breeding materials. Introduce seedlings from area free from the disease, and collect asexual reproduction materials, such as inarching branches, from uninfected stock plants.
Disinfect seeds to kill fungi attached to the flower seeds surface. Soak seeds with 10% triSodium Phosphate for 20 minutes, rinse with for 40 minutes before use. Also, the seeds can soaked in 52 ℃ warm water for 30 minutes, then, dry them up for use.
Germs mainly live through the winter in soil, therefore, whether flowers are planted in garden or in pots, the soil is required to be new soil with no disease, and the basin soil, flower pots and seed balls must be disinfected.
When adopting seed balls or seedlings for planting, eliminate diseased plants before planting, soak with 0.3% - 0.5% copper sulfate for a half hour, then wash with eater and dry up before planting.
(2) Garden control
The control technology and measures include breeds selection, cultivation techniques of disease prevention and drug prevention and protection.
Choosing disease-resistant varieties for cultivation is the most economic means to control botrytis. For example, carnation red flower is more disease-resistant than yellow flower, so, under the same conditions, disease occurrence of red flower is lighter than that of the yellow flower.
Fertilize sufficiently when planting, which can promote plant growth and strengthen the immune system. Fertilize with rotten organic fertilizer as much as possible, increase phosphatic fertilizer and potash fertilizer; and, at the same time, control nitrogen fertilizer, to prevent worsened disease due to rapid growth and keep the plant robust with increased disease resistance.
Strengthen the cultivation and management of potted flowers, pay attention to ventilation of wind and light, reserve sufficient space between flowerpots; watering should be “thorough dry and thorough wet”, basin soil should not be too wet to prevent water ponding.
For field planting, pay attention to ventilation of wind and light between plants, and drain in time after rain. In the process of management, try to reduce damages to plants to prevent germ invasion.
(3) Physical control
In the early disease stage, remove the diseased parts timely, do not directly place them in the greenhouse or on garbage pile, they should be concentrated for high temperature pile retting or deep bury in soil 15 cm under the ground to reduce the bacteria source of the initial infection in the following year.
The appropriate temperature for botrytis is 20-25 ℃, so, when the temperature is higher than 32 ℃, germs’ infection, growth and reproduction will stop. Make use of this character to protect cultivation by raising temperature to control the bacteria growth and infection. The effect of the measure is obvious in the autumn. Generally, ventilate in fresh air in the morning, but in the afternoon, temperature should be maintained at 20 ℃-25 ℃, when it drops to 20 ℃, the vents must be closed to keep the temperature at night at15 ℃-17 ℃. If the method is well mastered, the purpose of botrytis control can be achieved with no drug use.
(4) Chemical control
For the control of the disease by drugs, there is still no specific kind of pesticide, so prevention and control shall be the main means, and which should be carried out by seizing the right opportunities. Foliar spray, fumigation, powder dust can be used.
Before and after the occurrence of the disease, spray 1:200 bordeaux liquid once every two weeks.
After the occurrence of the disease, cut off diseased leaves timely, and spray drugs for control and treatment. Commonly, protective disinfectants are used, such as 1000-2000 times liquid of 50% procymidone, 500-800 times liquid of 50% carbendazim, 500-800 times liquid of 65% zineb wettable powder, etc. Usually spray once every 7-10 days. Drug spray should be carried out carefully and thoroughly, it is preferable to spray in the morning after 9 o’clock, and drug spray in high temperature and rainy weather should be avoided. In drug spray, it is appropriate to alternately use various drugs to prevent drug resistance.
In fumigation, ignite fumigant pieces or powder fumigants, and split drug’s effective ingredients into small particles by heating, which quickly fill up the entire planting field and evenly reach the surface of all the object, so that they can reach the place which can not be easily reached by liquid spray, and germs killing effect is good. The optional drugs include: 10% procymidone fumicants (200-250 g/mu), 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent (250 g/mu), and 3% probenazole smoke agent (50 g/m3). Let in fresh air 3 to 4 hours after fumigation. Fumigation may be executed on cloudy or rainy days or after watering, and it is best to be executed in the evening after the wind gaps has been closed. The effect is very good when the air humidity is too high for drug liquid spray.
Dust spray can be used in the windless dense plot and inside closed greenhouse. Basically, it is to scatter the pesticide of small grain and strong floating force in the air by dust blower, so that the pesticide can settle and spread slowly on the function places and achieve sterilization effect. Effective drugs include: 5% chlorothalonil composite powder, 6.5% Wanmeiling dust agent, 10% Shameiling dust agent, and 5% Miemeiling dust agent. Use it once every 9-10 days, or alternately use it for 2-3 times with other methods. The dosage is 1 kg/mu. Spray directly at the tops of the plants, close down the greenhouses after spray to prevent dust from drifting under the impact of airflow. It is preferable to spray pesticides in the evening or on the rainy days of the peak time of the disease course.
1.7 Bacterial Soft Rot Disease
Bacterial soft rot disease is a bigger threat to flowers’ growth. There are two main kinds of pathogenic bacteria, namely the carrot soft rot bacillus and callia lilies bacteria, the hazard area is wider, and is easy to spread without restriction.
Bacteria infect roots, bulbs, squamous bulb, petioles, laminas and other parts. It may happens to Zantedeschia, lily, Gladiolus, fleur-de-lis, cyclamen, hyacinth, Clivia miniata, dahlia，etc. It is a kind of devastating diseases, usually, the suffering parts look as if soaked, and then, they turn brown, sticky, soft and rotten. In high humidity, they become a pack of putrid oar soup, and in drying condition, they are turned into powdery dry things.
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Basic features:
Bacterial soft rot disease is a common disease for Clivia miniata and other flowers. It lives through winter as bacteria in the sick body or soil, it infects from the wound, and spreads by rain and irrigation. In the growing season of Clivia miniata, the flower can be infected for several times. The disease’s latent period is two to three days, and it mainly brings harm to the leaves and stems. In the disease’s initial period, dark green soaked disease spots appear on leaves, the diseased tissues become brown, soft and rotten. The diseased parts gradually expand and spread, and finally they become dry and caved in, the whole leaves prolapse. The disease in stems can cause the stems become soft and rotten and lead to the falling and death of plants. Generally, the disease occurrence is severe in June-August, and in the conditions of high temperature, high humidity, too munch nitrogen, improper irritation, bad wind and light ventilation, serious coccid calamity, the disease situation will be worsened.
For bacterial soft rot disease, the main infection approaches are: 1. When plants suffer factitious mechanical trauma, pathogen invades from the wound. When the temperature is as high as 27-30 ℃, coupled with poor ventilation, low-lying plot or sticky heavy land of poor drainage, the disease occurs and develops faster. 2. Flowers plants are bitten by insects, and they are infected from the insect mouths. 3. Flowers infect this disease because the storage, growth and processing environments are not thoroughly sterilized.
Control methods
(1) Inspection and quarantine
When seedlings, seed balls and seed roots are introduced and purchased or sold in other places, strict quarantine procedures and systems must be strictly applied and carried out to the effect that no harm is introduced in or spread to others.
(2) Garden control
In the management of repositories and the rooms for growth, operating and cultivation, they should be disinfected by 1:8 formalin.
Before sowing, choose roots, ball roots, bulbs and squamous bulbs and other planting materials, and soak them with agricultural streptomycin 350-700 unit/ml for 30-40 minutes.
Disinfect the production equipments before use. The disinfection drugs generally include 0.1% potassium permanganate, 5% carbolic acid or 75% alcohol.
Reduce and eliminate mechanical broken injury and contact transmission due to insects and human beings.
(3) Physical control
In the plant growth period, when diseased leaves are discovered, they must be cut off timely, and the waste should be cleaned up, buried deeply or burned. Disinfect polluted and used flowerpot and tools with 40 times liquid of 40% formaldehyde.
(4) Chemical control
The infected soil can not be used continuously, the infected flowerpots must be heated for sterilization before being used again, and tools contacted with diseased plants must be disinfected with 0.1% potassium permanganate or 70% alcohol before being used again.
The disease spreads quickly, so prevention work must be strengthened. In early period of the disease, spray 600 times liquid of 50% carbendazim, or daub the diseased plants with 1000 times agricultural streptomycin liquid to control the spread of the disease.
1.8 Root cancer
Also called as root tip bulge cancer, root cancer is the most common root disease in garden flowers and seedlings. According to statistics, its hosts are as many as 300 species from 60 families. In early disease period, small and nearly round tumor-like tissues show up, they gradually become big and hardened, with rough and cracked surface, and their colors change from shallow into dark brown or black brown, the inner tumor turn woodened. Tumors differ in size, the large one is like fist or larger, and their numbers differ from several to a dozen. Because the root systems are damaged, the diseased plants grow slow growly, and for the seriously infected, the whole plants die. In addition to harm the cherry blossom, Chinese rose, the disease still can harm other 300 plants, including dahlias, clove, begonia, geranium, Jangmi, the plum flower, forest trees and fruit trees, etc.
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Basic features:
Pathogenic bacteria and disease tumors live through the winter in the surface layer and soil, and they can live more than a year with the disease tissue residues in the soil. The bacteria’ spread rely on water flow, underground pest, grafting tools, operation farm tools, etc, and they can be spread far when the diseased seedlings or seed branches are transported. Germs invade from the wound, and symptoms show up weeks or 1 year later. The disease incidence is high in sandy soil of too much alkali and high humidity, continuous cropping is beneficial, and the disease is more serious if there are more wounds at roots.
Root cancer mainly damage root necks, top roots and lateral roots. For seedlings, it often occurs at the healing place between the scions and parental stocks. In early disease period, small and nearly round tumor-like tissues show up, they gradually become later and hardened, with rough and cracked surface, and their colors change from shallow into dark brown or black brown, the inner tumors turn woodened. Tumors differ in size, the large one is like fist or larger, and their numbers differ from several to a dozen. Because the root systems are damaged, the diseased plants grow slowly, and for the seriously infected, the whole plants die. Root cancer is very stubborn, even if the tumors are removed, they are able to grow out again.
Pathogenetic bacteria live through the winter in tumor tissue, or when the tumor tissue decay and break, the bacteria get mixed in soil, the tumor bacteria in soil can survive more than a year. The bacteria’s spread rely on water flow, underground pest, grafting tools, operation farm tools, etc, and they can be spread far when the diseased seedlings or seed branches are transported. Germs invade in the hosts through wounds, insect injury, mechanical injury resulted from farming, stock cuttings, graft cuttings and other damages can become germs’ invading approaches. The happening of the disease is closely related with soil temperature and humidity, high soil humidity is helpful for germs infection; soil temperature of 22 ℃ is most suitable for tumor formation, when the soil temperature is more than 30 ℃, tumors almost can not be formed. The PH values of the soil are related to disease occurrence too, alkaline soil is beneficial for the occurrence of root cancer, while the diseases are less in acid soil. In sticky, heavy, low-lying, poorly drained soil, the disease is serious. Continuous cultivation will make flowers and trees liable to severe disease. In addition, if farming management is inefficient, the underground pest and soil nematodes are numerous and there are all kinds of mechanical damages in flowers and trees gardens, the disease will be severe. If the wounds of the grafting seed stalks do not heal well, the cultivated seedlings are easy to be attacked by the disease.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthen the quarantine, abandon diseased plants that are taken out of gardens or brought from other places. If suspicious seedlings are discovered, soak them in 500-2000ppm streptomycin liquid for 30 minutes, in 1% copper sulfate liquid for 5 minutes, or in 2% of limewater for 1-2 minutes, then, rinse with water before planting. In planting seedlings, it is forbidden to introduce the seedlings or cuttings from infected areas, if there are diseased seedlings, they should be completely cleared and burned.
(2) Garden control
For neutral or slightly alkaline soil, which is suitable for the occurrence of root cancer, more organic fertilizers should be applied to increase soil acidity and improving soil structure; in weeding and other operating, try to decrease injures to roots or damages to the bases of stems and tendrils of flowers and trees; pay attention to timely prevent underground pest and soil nematodes to reduce insect injury; drain the water logging after rain to reducing soil humidity, promote flower and tree growth, and improve the disease resistance.
Prevent the cutting from contact with soil in grafting. Grafting tools should be disinfected with 75% alcohol or 1% formaldehyde solution.
(3) Physical control
When flowers and trees in the garden or flowerpots are found infected by the bacteria, soil around should be timely dug out, the tumor should be removed completely until the xylem is exposed, at the same time, the wound should be protected with high density of lime and sulfur mixture or bordeaux liquid to avoid infection. As for the seriously diseased plants unable to be cured, they must be eliminated and their remained roots must be cleared up and burned collectively.
(4) Chemical control
For lightly infected plants, irritate their roots with 300-400 times liquid of “402” antimicrobial agent, or daub the wounds, after the tumors being cut out, with 500-2000ppm streptomycin, 500-1000ppm terramycin, or 5% ferrous sulfate. Additionally, it is reported that daubing the tumors with ice iodine solution (methanol 50 portions, glacial acetic acid 25 portions, and iodine tablets 12 portions) is medicative. Also agrobacterium radiobacter of No. 84can be applied for biological control.
In severely infected areas, carry out crop rotation if the same plants have been continuously cropped for above 2 years in one field, or plant crops after the soil has been disinfected with Lubiku.
Appendix 2 Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Pests in the Project Area and Integrated Control Program
1.1 Nematodes disease
Nematodes disease causing harm by invading into the root nematode, leaves, buds and blossoms, it usually infects plants of compositae, primulaceae, rosaceae, balsaminaceae and begoniaceae. When nematode invades into seedlings’ roots, it produces, in the top roots and lateral roots, tumor-shaped substances of different sizes, whose surfaces are rough and brown. When the suffering is serious, the fine roots will rot, and the leaves will scorch and die. When nematodes invade into the internal tissues of laminas, the suffered laminas turn into light green with light yellow spots, and later, the spots become brown, the laminas become black and dry. When the disease is serious, flowers are small, deformed and easy to wilt. There are two main types of symptoms:
(1) symptoms above the ground:
Such symptoms are similar with those of slide knife nematodes. The leaves show polygonal necrotic spots, buds are deformed, the whole plant is dwarfed. The disease brings harm to chrysanthemum, dahlia, Dendranthema morifolia, etc. The insect infringes leaves and buds. For stem nematodes, laminas are deformed, flowers are dwarfed, or they even can blossom. It brings harm to tulips, hyacinth, gladiolus, daffodils, etc. The insect infringes bulbs and tubers, etc.
(2) Symptoms on roots:
The roots are swollen and deformed like chicken feet, the root tissues turn black and rotten. It brings harm to peonies, Chinese herbaceous peony, wax begonia, Chinese rose, impatiens, cyclamen, etc. The insect infringes plants’ root systems. For some plants, spherical root knots may appear.
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Basic features:
In different areas and for different flowers, the yearly numbers of nematodes generations are different, generally, it changes from several to a dozen. Nematodes live through winter in the forms of eggs, larvae and imagoes in the diseased plants and soil. The insect body spread with the rain, irrigation, tools, soil, flower seedlings, bulb, etc. In the next spring when soil temperature rises, after eggs’ hatching, larvae invade from pores, lenticels and the wound. Soil temperature of 15-30 ℃ is beneficial for the development of root knot nematodes and stem nematodes in detail. In suitable conditions, they can complete a generation within 20-30 days. Generally, the disease is serious in sandy soil. Some nematodes can also spread virus. From spring to autumn, the population quantity shows a trend of increasing, and the group structures develop in a diversified way.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine
Strengthen quarantine. The newly introduced flower varieties must be planted experimentally in isolation at appointed place after being approved by quarantine institutions.
(2) Garden control
Establish disease-free gardens by planting healthy disease-free seedling in selected disease-free field. Plant disease-free seedlings for cultivation. Do well the cleaning and sanitation work in the gardens. Clear up the dead flowers and weeds and miscellaneous trees inside and outside of the gardens. Irrigate with clean water and underground water, improve drainage facilities, and prevent foreign polluted water from flowing into the gardens. Pay special attention to the disinfection work of seedlings and training media. Use rolling cultivation frame, and adopt planting form of planting above the ground and in hard bottom, which can effectively prevent the spread and occurrence of nematodes and other insect pests
Increase organic fertilizer, which can promote the propagation of beneficial microbes, control the occurrence of nematodes, stimulate the healthy growth of flowers and trees, and strengthen the disease resistance force. The organic fertilizer used must be fully rotten and free from nematodes.
Soak asexual reproduction materials, such as seedlings, cutting branches and bulbs, in hot water, drug solution or both. Experiments should be carried out before large scale processing to determine the hot water temperature, solution density and the processing time that are both harmless to the growth of flowers and trees and are able to kill nematodes.
(3) Biological control
Nematodes’ main natural enemies in the soil are fungi, followed by bacteria, predatory nematodes, insects, and mites, etc. There are two kinds of fungi: predatory fungi and parasitic fungi, which play great roles in nematodes control. All the collembola larva and imagoes can prey nematodes of each state (including the eggs).
Choose new soil for seedling cultivation. In summer, continuously dry the soil and stroma in the sun for a week, which can kill nematodes and other disease and insect pest that spread in soil.
(4) Physical control
Timely remove diseased plants, sick body and diseased soil and burn diseased plants. After flowers and trees being sold, timely clear the sick bodies on the ground, pull out and pick up the diseased roots scattered in the soil, regularly remove nematodes’ weed hosts. These measures will cut down the number of nematodes and reduce disease occurrence.
In the sheds and greenhouses, in high temperature summer season, use straw stalks 600-1000kg/mu, cut them into small segments of 4-6cm, add lime nitrogen 50-100kg/mu, mix well and furrow into the depth of 20cm, and make several small pieces of fields, fill them with water, cover them with films, close the sheds or green houses for more than 20 days, the disease can be killed by solar energy.
In greenhouses or sheds, before sowing or transplanting, apply 30-60kg nitrogen liquid every mu, or furrow ammonium bicarbonate 50-60kg into the soil, airtight doors and windows, and open them after about one week, plough soil deeply to emit ammonia, and plant 2-3 days later. If the drugs are applied in the open, cover films for a week immediately after the application, and plant until ammonia has been sent out completely.
When soil is soaked for 1-3 weeks in summer and 3-5 weeks in winter, the prevention and control effect is better.
(5) Chemical control
To eliminate root knot nematode, stem eelworm and aphelenchoides besseyi, the flower corms and bulbs are soaked in 50 times liquid of 50% phoxim EC for 2 hours and in 44.4-46.7℃ for 3 hours.
1.2 Aphids (aphid)
Aphids are pests that can bring the most severe harms to flower seedlings (nursery stocks), and almost every kind of seedlings will suffer from one or several aphids. It absorbs large numbers of juice with thorn sucking trophy, deteriorates seedlings nutrition, stops or delays their growths, makes their growth serious deformed, induces sooty mould disease, and spreads various kinds of plant virus. Flowers aphids injures flowers such as tulips, peach blossom, Oriental cherry, plum flower, orchid, chrysanthemum, dianthus, lily, apricot, and solanaceae, cruiferae, bryony, etc. As the temperature increases, aphid disease will grow in number and become serious. Prevention and control must be carried out early.
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Basic features:
There are two kinds of aphids, those have wings and those have not. The body color is black. They cluster on the leaf backs, tender stems, growing points or flowers as adult or young aphids. They suck plants’ juice with needle-like thorn trophi, making the cells damaged, the growth out of balance, and the leaves shrinking curly to the back, and heart leaves growth suffocated. When the harm is serious, the plants stop growing, and even the whole plants wilt to death. When aphids do harms, they discharge a lot of water and honey syrup, when they roll on the lower leaves, they causes the occurrence of mycosis, which will impede leaves’ physiological functions and reduce the accumulation of dry substances.
Aphids are 1.5-4.9mm long, most are about 2 mm. sometimes they are covered with wax powder, but lack of wax disks. Their tentacles have 6 sections, a few have 5 sections, few have 4, the feeling circles are round, few are oval shaped, and the end the last section is often longer than that of the base. Their eyes are large, and many have small eye faces often with 3 small protruding eye tumors of eye surfaces. The end part of the peak is small or short blunt. The abdomen is greater than the sum of the head and chest. Usually, there are edge tumors on the sections of chest and abdomen. Siphuncles are usually tube-shaped, the length is usually bigger than width, the base is thick, and becomes gradually thin towards the ends, sometimes, the middle or end parts are swollen. Often, there are edge bulges on the top of the siphuncles, the surface are smooth or there are tile lines, or there are net lines at the end, rare siphuncles have hair less or more, and rare have cricoid lacks. Cauda are cone shaped, finger shaped, sword shaped, triangle, pentagon and helmet shaped or half moon shaped. The ends of the pygidia are round, and their surfaces are smooth, with net lines, wrinkles or strips composed by tiny thorns or granules. The body hair is sharp or its end parts bulge like heads or fans. Winged aphids usually have 6 parts, and there are secondary feeling circles on the 3rd, between the 3rd and 4th, or the 3rd and 5th parts. The mid veins of the front wings are often divided into three branches, a few are divided into two. The back wings usually have two cubits veins. The back wings are rarely smaller, or degenerated. Sometimes, the wing veins are bordered with black edges.
The woody plants aphids parasitize on almost include all the families of the cypresses class of the angiosperms and gymnosperms, while, some species parasitize on plants of bryophytes, ferns and equisetum. Some species change hosts in their life stages, the plants, that change hosts between woody hosts and herb hosts, take woody plants as the first host, live through winter on them as fertilized eggs, in the spring, they are hatched into fundatrix, parthenogenetically reproduce the 2nd or 3rd generations. In the early summer, the winged aphids migrate to the herbal and second hosts, where they parthenogenetically reproduce the 2nd to 20th generations. In the autumn, the winged female and male aphids fly from the second hosts to the first hosts. Winged sex mother eggs produce zoogony female aphids, which mate with the male aphids, and lay eggs live through the winter. Most species live on the same hosts in all their life cycles with no migration between the woody hosts and the herb hosts, they just migrate within the same types host plants. Both the female and male have no wings, sometimes the male aphids have wings, and live through the winter as fertilized eggs. Many species or units below species parthenogenetically reproduce in the tropic area, sub tropic area, greenhouse or small warm living environment all year round with no fertilized eggs to live through the winter. They often cause deformation or discoloration in host plant tissues, or shorten the internodes. The female aphids born to bear, and aphids can get pregnant without males. Aphids have strong reproductive capacities, they can reproduce 10-30 generation in a year, and generation overlapping phenomena are prominent. When the average temperatures are stably above 12 ℃ for 5 days, they start to breed. In the early spring and late autumn low when temperature is lower, it takes 10 days to complete a generation, and in warm summer conditions, it only takes 4 to 5 days. They live through the winter as eggs on the branches of the Chinese prickly ashes, the pomegranates and others, they also live through the winter as imagoes in the protected fields. The temperatures of 16-22 ℃ are most appropriate for aphids to breed, drought or too big plant density are suitable for aphids to do evil.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine:
Strictly inspect the newly introduced flowers and flower seedlings to prevent the invasion of the new pests from the outside, disinfect soil and old flowerpots to kill the ovum remainders.
(2) Garden control:
Flowers differ in pest resistance, disease resistance varieties should be chosen to both reduce aphids harm and save drug costs. Eliminate insect sources, clean up greenhouses, and destroy winter insect source. If flower seedlings are cultivated in greenhouses, strengthen aphid prevention for the growing flowers. Thoroughly clear up with trimming the residual flowers, diseased and withered branches and leaves, on which aphids have lived or worm eggs have concealed, and burn them collectively.
(3) Biological control:
Control aphids by the natural enemies, such as ahidiidae, beetles, syrphidae, hover flies, aphid lion, spiders, aphid eating trombidiidae, etc. Control with microorganisms (such as aphid fungi, etc) that can produce disease in aphids.
(4) Physical control:
Expel aphids with silver grey films. Before sowing and seedling transfer, lay silver grey film strips around the seedbeds or on the seedbeds working paths with interval. For peach aphids, lure them to be pasted on yellow boards daubed with sticky oil, generally, the board is 1metre long and 20 centimeters wide. Kill aphids by luring them with black lights. The phototaxis of aphids is very strong, place the black lights made in advance in the plant site where aphids occur enormously, the trap and kill effects are remarkable.
(6) Chemical control:
1000 times liquid of 20% Compound Liuyangmycin missible oil are mainly sprayed to the growing points and the back of leaves.
13 Red spiders
Red spiders are mite animals, they are also called as leaf mite, and commonly known as red spider, Huolong, or stubble mite. It is a link of common flower disease, it brings harm particularly to flowers’ laminas and blossoms. Its distribution range is wide, and the hosts are very common: including herb plants, woody plants, fruit trees and miniascapes of wild elm, sageretiatheezans and five pine needles. The plants suffered from it include: Chinese rose, aglaia odorata, jasmine, rhododendron, camellia, kumquat, Chinese flowering crab-apple, osmanthus, Salvia splendens Sello, flos citri sarcodactylis, chrysanthemum, etc. Most red spiders cluster on leaf backs, spinning and netting.
[pic] Basic features
As big as needle tips, red spider’s body is very little, its length is below 1 mm. Red spiders are round or oval, the bodies are orange, brown, or etc. under naked eyes, and they are only small red dots, too small to be seen. Under magnifying glass, what can bee seen is but red-orange transparent spherical ovum. Red spider’s body can be divided into several sections, but there are no obvious knots, and they have no wings. Their lives can be divided into four stages: eggs, larvae, nymphs and imagoes, but they have no stage of pupa, so, they belong to the incomplete metamorphosis. Red spider’s reproduction ability is very strong, and generally, it can reproduce more than 10 generations annually. Red spiders begin to do evil from March to April every year, in June and July, their hazard are serious. Under the conditions of high temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation, red spiders breed fast. The larva often cluster on the leaf backs and buds of some flowers, and harm plants by sucking juice with thorn sucking trophi. In the initial stage, the laminas’ green color fades away, leaf edges turn up, then, leaves wither and fall down, buds shrink early, and the whole plants die in serious cases. Besides their own sprawling, the spread and expansion of red spiders mostly rely on the wind, rain and being carried around through people’s operation. Most species of red spiders live under the leaf surface, and a few move on leaf’s upper surface. They live through the winter in the form of female imagoes or eggs on the branches and in the seams of dried barks or soil cracks.
The flowers injuring red spiders are not active in term of life habit. They cluster on leaf backs, spin out silk and weave webs. They cause chlorosis spots on the leaves, when the disease is serious, leaves wither and fall out. The dark red female imagoes are 0.5 to 0.7 mm long and 0.3 mm wide. The dark orange male imagoes are 0.4 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Hawthorn red spiders general can reproduce 5 to 9 generations every year, and they live through the winter as fertilized female imagoes in the seams of the barks of the branches and trunks or in the soil cracks around the base of the trunk. In the following spring, the winter pests go out of hibernation and harm young tissues such as buds. In the hot and dry summer, their breeding are fast, and quantities are huge, the peak of the year occurs.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine:
Check whether there are mite eggs contained in the plants brought in seedbeds or greenhouses, timely move out all the old plants that have been cut, or contain pests or eggs.
(2) Garden control:
Add more organic fertilizers, reduce the use of nitrogen, enhance trees’ vigor, and improve plants’ resistant ability towards insect invasion.
In the hot and dry summer, open the holes in time and water to compensate plants water loss.
Strengthen pruning, improve the microclimate of plants growing, enhance plants’ light and wind ventilation to improve trees’ vigor and reduce the pest occurrence opportunity.
Irrigate moderately regarding the drought degree. Sprinkler irrigation and high pressure flushing of new shoots can reduce pest density. In addition, the right nutrition supply and watering are also very important, because plants in adverse conditions are more sensitive to diseases and insect pests.
(3) Physical control:
For those plants that have gravely suffered from red spiders, scrape off the upwarpings, clear up the withered and fallen leaves on their branches and the weeds where the pests live through the winter, and eliminate the winter female imagoes, eggs, etc, to reduce the potential insect sources.
For trees easy to be harmed by mites, in the end autumn, bind grass around their trunks to lure the clustering of winter female mites, and take off the grass in the early spring burn down; in the winter, remove weeds and leaves, and process collectively to reduce mites mouth density in the next year.
(4) Biological control:
The quantities and types of red spiders’ natural enemies are many, the main harmful mites preying insects are: mites eating thrips, small and big chrysopidae, Stethorus punctillum Weise, Delphastus catalinae, Orius minutus and so on. Predatory mites include long hair amblyseius, Lage amblyseius, Chile little amblyseius, etc. They belong to the Phytoseiidae, and they can play a positive role in the control of pest population. Breed and release natural enemies if conditions permit. Appropriately increase humidity in the process of protecting and using natural enemies, which is helpful in increasing the number of the natural enemies, and which can effectively control the insect pests when the ratio between the beneficial and the harmful is above 1:50.
According to the existing experience, Chile little amblyseius can effectively control tetranychus urticae. Chile little amblyseius is a kind of carnivorous mites. Release them at the first time when tetranychus urticae appear, and they should be continuously released in the high-risk areas of tetranychus urticae.
Out side the greenhouse, there are some insects in the nature, such as deep point food to two points, which eat tetranychus urticae. As a kind of predatory mites, carnivorous mites can not eradicate tetranychus urticae, but they can control the number of can eradicate tetranychus urticae under certain level so that they do not cause too big disasters.
Generally speaking, the release of predatory mites and the implementation of integrated control measures are based on conventional management, that is, the regularly checking of pest situations and the timely measures execution.
In high-risk areas, some low-poison high-efficient pesticides can be sprayed, but it should be called into attention that pesticides can not select, it will kill carnivorous mites at the same time. Besides, it should be noted that though Chile little amblyseius are effective biological weapons to kill tetranychus urticae, but their existence may also reduce plant heights.
Because pesticides do not have the ability to kill selectively, so, unless in high-risk areas of tetranychus urticae, do not use pesticides rashly. When predatory mites of tetranychus urticae, such as carnivorous mites and the Stethorus punctillum Weise mentioned above, appear, it is advocated to strengthen protection and management, but not use toxic chemicals.
(5) Chemical control:
Observation at normal times is important in the control of red spiders. When laminas’ colors are abnormal, check leaf backs carefully, and spray drugs timely if diseases appear on more leaves.
Red spiders are small in size, so, generally, they can not be easily discovered by naked eyes. Therefore, anatomical mirrors or magnifying glasses can be used for observation. Another method can be used too: first, take a piece of white paper, gather infected lamina or branch tips, beat them continuously for a few times, then check whether there are some moving “small black dots”, thus, the situation will be clear. Additionally, observe whether there are injured little spots on the laminas. Averagely, if there are more than 10 worms on each lamina, they will influence plant growth and afforest effects, and control measures should be taken.
In the early spring or winter, 0.2%-0.3% washing powder is sprayed on the plants to enhance the medicament’s spreading and attaching nature. So the overwintering eggs and mature mites can be killed and the density of the eggs can be lowered. Before sprouting, 5% heavy diesel fuel emu should be sprayed to kill the overwintering eggs.
From the middle and late March to April when trees are sprouting, 0.5-1 Baume lime sulphur should be sprayed to prevent and kill the newly incubated mites and the mature female mites.
During the red spider damage period, pot culture and bonsai should be applied with phoxim, etc. in the rhizosphere. The application quantity should depend on the size of the plant. After buried under the earth, they must be watered enough to promote the pesticide effect.
Most red spiders are more active in high temperatures. The dry and hot climate can cause an outburst in the disease. Therefore, the prevention must be done before the hot and dry season. Because the hot and dry weather in any period can cause the rampancy of the red spider, checking work should be carefully done and medicament should be sprayed in time according to the checking result. The effect should be consolidated after 10-15 days.
During the rampant period, 5% Nissorun missible oil 1500 times liquid (not effective for mature mites) can be sprayed, which should be done equally to the trees. All the new tips should be covered. In this way, the density of the mites can be decreased immensely.
In late May to early June, bio-acaricide Liuyang mycin (20% compound agent) 1000-2000 times liquid, or 20% chlorfenson wettable powder 800-1000 times liquid can be used to prevent the first generation of just incubated mites, nymph and the mature female mites which haven’t oviposited.
In June and July when the outburst happened, 73% propargite missible oil 4000 times liquid should be sprayed, which should be done every 10 days alternately for 3-4 times continuously. When spraying, the middle and bottom part of the plant and the back of the leaves should all be covered and sprayed equally.
In order to avoid the drug resistance in red spiders, it’s better other acaricides are used with alternately. The front and back side of the leaves should both be sprayed on to guarantee the effect. Because the chemical pesticide may easily cause drug resistance in pests, which will bring difficulty to the prevention, the drugs must be used alternately, and the concentration and frequency of the drugs shall be deliberately increased. Highly effective and safe pesticides should be chosen and the weak link of the pests should be focused on. To consolidate the pesticide effect, the spray interval should be 15-20 days, thus the mite disease can be totally controlled. The protective effect can be promoted by using two medicaments simultaneously or alternately.
1.4 Coccid (flower lice)
As one of the most common pests of flower seedling, coccids often cluster on the branches, leaves and fruits. Imagoes and nymphs insert their trophies in the tissues of flowers’ leaves and branches, sucking juice, which causes the symptoms of withering, deformity, shrinking and so on to branches and leaves, and leads to sooty mould of great danger. Coccids are small insect pests, and insect bodies are covered with waxy secretions. Male and female coccids have different forms. The female has no wings, while the male has a pair of membrane front wings, and the rear wings have degenerated into balancing sticks. Coccids have strong breeding abilities, and they can reproduce many generations in a year. Coccids have an outstanding characteristic: they form testas after a short time of crawling, and live a fixed life. Coccids have strong drug resistance, and it is difficult for common drugs to enter into them, so, the control work is more difficult. Therefore, once they occur, they are not easy to be cleared up.
[pic]
Basic features:
Coccids can bring harms to a wide rang of flowers, such as Chinese rose, fig, pomegranates, peony, jangmi, rose, lotus, Chinese hibiscus, osmanthus, box, kumquat, finger citron, pittosporum, magnolia, etc. The female imagoes and nymphs often cluster in leaf backs and twigs absorbing juice, endanger flowers’ growth and blossom. In serious cases, leaf color becomes yellow, branch tops wither, and the diseases can trigger sooty mould which will reduce the ornamental value. The female imagoes are oval, orange red, and 5-7mm long. The rearward face is flat, the back hunches with white waxy secretions and they have no wings. The male imagoes are about 2.8mm long, and the expansus is 8mm. The front wings are grey brown, and the rear wings have degenerated into balance sticks. The chest is black, and the abdomen is orange. Eggs are oblong oval, they are yellow after birth, and change into orange red later. One year old nymphs are oval and red, the backs of the 2 years old nymphs are reddish brown, and covered with light yellow wax powder. The male and female can be distinguished after they are 2 years old. Generally, Icerya purchasi Maskell can reproduce two to four generations in 1 year. Coccids live through the winter as female imagoes or nymphs on branches. The female imagoes lay eggs after winter, and hatch out larva, which will stay at the egg bags for a long time before climbing out, and scatter and settle on the laminas. The first age nymphs often parasitize at both sides of the back veins of leaves, and after they are 2 years old, they gradually move to and cluster at the shady side of stems and begin to do evil. After the female insect become mature, they eat at the original fixed place and do not move any longer. Warmth and moisture are beneficial for the occurrence of Icerya purchasi Maskell.
Control methods:
(1) Inspection and quarantine:
In the natural circumstances, coccids live a fixed life, and they generally don't move or rarely move, so, their own transmission ability and distribution are limited. But now, because of the rapid development of the flower industry, coccids can be spread through flowers and seedlings’ transportation, introduction, exchange, etc, so inspection and quarantine must be strengthened strictly avoid the introduction and delivery of diseased seedlings. If flowers and seedlings are found injured by coccids, drug spray or other measures must be performed in time. If the quantity is big, the method of drug fumigation can be used, if the quantity is small, the method of scratching can be used to ensure that the seedlings introduced are free of pests.
(2) Physical control:
When coccids are found, effective measures shall be immediately taken to eliminate them; if coccids are found on individual laminas or branches, brush them out with soft brush or wipe out with cotton wool or cloth, or cut off leaves and branches with coccids when pruning. It is required to brush and cut out them thoroughly, burn collectively, and littering is forbidden.
In the spring before the nymphs climb on plants, scratch down the raw barks at the trunk base, daub 30-50 centimeters isolation belt, regularly daub used oil or coccids against emulsion, or coat with insect sticker belt of 20 centimeters width. Insect sticker can be made by putting 0.5 kg rosin into 1kg of castor oil or used engine oil after the latter has been heated.
(3) Garden control:
Strengthen the field management, loosen the soil, fertilize, irrigate, trim timely, and ventilate wind and light into seedlings’ garden so as to improve the seedlings’ insect resistance ability. According coccids’ winter habits, combing with winter pruning, cut off branches where coccid density is high in order to reduce population base. As for the stems on which coccid occurrence is more serious, brush and scratch winter eggs and egg sacs with hard brush, fine steel wire, scraper, scuppit or others. Daub the trunks with mud to reduce pest population and protect trunks from germs’ infection at the same time, the shell and the old skin brushed off should be collectively burned.
The following measures also can be taken for coccid control: Irritate the surface of the soil in the basin with water and white wine mixture of ratio of 1:2. In the spring when the room temperature is 7 ℃, coccids start to move. Water such liquid mixture once in April, and then water once about every half month for four consecutive times, and then, the effect will show.
(4) Biological control:
In China, there are many natural enemies of coccids, basically, they are: red laybugs, Harmonia axyridis chrysopidae, Orius minutus, hover flies, ground beetles, parasitic bees, etc. These natural enemies should be fully used to control pests, and the concrete measures are as follows:
Directly protect and use natural enemies: make some natural pest enemies to live through the winter in the cracks of the upwarping, then, collect them in the sarongs to raise, and later release them into the fields. In addition, put some earth and stone lumps when loosening the soil of the plant bases in October to increase natural enemies’ winter sites. Meanwhile, note that the use of high toxic pesticides is forbidden in the eclosion period of natural enemies.
The artificial transfer help for natural enemies: based on the occurrence situation of coccids and the natural enemies in the different regions, artificially transfer the natural enemies from the places where their population and occurrence are huge to the places where their occurrences are small, but where coccid harms are severe, so as to increase the types and quantities of natural enemies in those areas and achieve the purpose of coccid harm control.
(5) Chemical control:
When coccids break out, drugs are used for control. Seize the opportunity of eggs hatching period to spray, because, at this time, testas have not been formed or thickened, so, the coccids can be killed easily by drugs. If wax shells have formed, the effect will not be good. The following drugs can be chosen, such as: 50% malathion and 30% Malathion-buprofezin emulsion (malathion & buprofezin), spraying once every 7-10 days for 2 to 3 times.
Appendix 3 Draft Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation
1 Site supervision index
1.1 The adoption degree of measures of no pesticides control or integrated disease and insect pest control
(1) the number of flower farmers/staff participating in the demonstration of adopting no pesticides control or integrated disease and insect pests control;
(2) the acreage of flowers and seedlings adopting no pesticides control or integrated disease and insect pests control;
(3) the number of flower farmers/staff adopting flower and seedling varieties that have high resistance against disease and insect pests;
(4) the number of flower farmers/staff able to identify the natural enemies of insect pests;
(5) the number of flower farmers/staff participating in the promotion plan about integrated disease and insect pests control technology in community;
1.2 Pesticides application patterns
( The pesticides application times for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year;
( The types and quantities of the pesticides used for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year;
( The costs of pesticides used for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year;
the number of flower farmers/staff implementing the safe disposal and application pesticides (namely, security storage, the use of labor protection articles, etc.);
1.3 Ecosystem situation
( The times and types of disease and insect pests occurring to various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year;
( The species and quantities of flower and seedling peasts of each sample area;
( The resources of beneficial insects indicated by unit types and amount (such as bees quantity in every unit sampling area);
The implementation of above monitoring items should be carried out by the personnel of forest pest control and quarantine station of the project county (district), and the relevant project area or economic forest farm will be chosen as prototype. In the early stage, the supervisory group of the project office, that assists the WB, should assist county forest pest control and quarantine station to establish applicable monitoring system and sampling procedures, and provide trainings about the use and analysis of the monitoring system. Once the monitoring system has settled that the forest pest control and quarantine station of the autonomous region should cooperate with the county-level forest pest control quarantine station, it is needed to make detailed budget, work plan and responsibility division.
2 Field supervisions to be executed in the process of project supervision visit
2.1 Pesticides registration
( Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to verify whether unregistered pesticides are sold/used in the project area;
( Examine pesticides registration list to verify the registration of new pesticides;
2.2 Use of pesticides of TypeⅠ
Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to verify whether pesticides listed as TypeⅠby the world health organization are sold/used in the project area;
2.3 Policy
( the government’s subsidies for the use of pesticides (if any);
( evaluate the effectiveness of loans application system in the control of rejecting to use unregistered pesticides;
( the local government’s policies and regulations about pesticide use and the technology promotion of integrated disease and insect pests management;
2.4 Implementation of field supervision plan
( Evaluate the implementation of the field supervision plan of the WB supervision and inspection group’s visit in the project area;
( help the relevant personnel of the project county to solve any problem occurring in the implementation process of field supervision plan;
( provide timely training for relevant personnel of the project county about the field supervision processes, data analysis, and interpretation of the results, and carry out adjustments of whatever needs improvement in the respect of disease and insect pests control;
The World Bank supervision and inspection group will supervise and inspect the project twice every year, and it is recommended to supervise and inspect at the peak period which is convenient to observe the implementation of the diseases and insect pests control on site. And the World Bank supervision and inspection group should be formed by experienced diseases and insect pests control experts.
Table 1 Project’s Field Supervision Contents of Integrated Disease & Insect Pests Control
|Items |Supervision Contents |Supervision Data |
|Degree of |number of flower farmers/staff participating in the demonstration of adopting no | |
|integrated disease|pesticides control or integrated disease and insect pests control; | |
|& insect pests | | |
|control | | |
| |acreage of flowers and seedlings adopting no pesticides control or integrated disease| |
| |and insect pests control; | |
| |number of flower farmers/staff adopting flower and seedling varieties that have high | |
| |resistance against disease and insect pests; | |
| |number of flower farmers/staff able to identify the natural enemies of insect pests; | |
| |number of flower farmers/staff participating in the promotion plan about integrated | |
| |disease and insect pests control technology in community; | |
|Pesticides |pesticides application times for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year; | |
|application | | |
| |types and quantities of the pesticides used for various kinds of flower seedlings per| |
| |mu per year; | |
| |costs of pesticides used for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year; | |
| |number of flower farmers/staff implementing the safe disposal and application | |
| |pesticides (namely, security storage, the use of labor protection articles, etc.); | |
|Ecosystem |times and types of disease and insect pests occurring to various kinds of flower | |
|situation |seedlings per mu per year; | |
| |the species and quantities of flower and seedling pests of each sample area; | |
| |resources of beneficial insects indicated by unit types and amount (such as bees | |
| |quantity in every unit sampling area); | |
|Total | | |
Table 2 Project Supervision & Inspection Activities
|Items |Supervision Contents |Results |
|Pesticides registration |Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to| |
| |verify whether unregistered pesticides are sold/used in the project area | |
| |Examine pesticides registration list to verify the registration of new | |
| |pesticides | |
|Use of pesticides of |Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to| |
|TypeⅠ |verify whether pesticides listed as TypeⅠby the world health organization are| |
| |sold/used in the project area | |
|Relevant policies |government’s subsidies for the use of pesticides (if any) | |
| |evaluate the effectiveness of loans application system in the control of | |
| |rejecting to use unregistered pesticides | |
| |local government’s policies and regulations about pesticide use and the | |
| |technology promotion of integrated disease and insect pests management | |
-----------------------
Hunan Provincial Department of Forestry
Provincial Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Station
Province Forest Pest Control and Quarantine ô¬ |
|
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Provincial Tree Seedlings Management Station
Changsha Forest Techniques Promotion Station
Changsha Forest Protection Station
Liuyang Forestry Bureau
Changsha Forestry bureau
Pest Monitoring Stations (Flower Nursery Stock Base\ Growers)
Agricultural administrative authority
Quality inspection organization of agricultural products
Quality and technology supervision authority
Pesticide detection identification organization
Agricultural administrative authority
Plant protection departments and agricultural technique centers
Industry and Commerce Administrative Authority
Production and processing of pesticides
Selling of pesticides
Professional agencies of disease prevention and control
Production base and growers
Safety and environment protection supervisory organ
Use of pesticides
Pesticides
Supervision framework of flower seedlings diseases and insect pests（project office）
Flower seedlings production
Flower seedlings diseases and insect pests
Supervision on pesticide use
Forest products quality supervision agency
Forest administrative law enforcement agency
Forest technology promotion agency
Forestry Administration Authority
Professional cooperation/association
Area
Quality
Yield
Kinds
Plant quarantine
Integrated control
Ecological environment
Concentration
Quantity
Kinds
EHS
Pest
Forest disease and insect pest control agency
Safety & environmental protection supervision agency
Agricultural administrative law enforcement agency农业行政执法机构
Forest seedlings management agency
Quality & technology supervision agency
Quality
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