Supplementary material: - Why Go Keto? Learn more here



Supplementary material:Kinetics of absorptionStudies investigating CO need to consider the kinetics of blood βHB concentrations following MCFA (or CO) intake to maintain optimal ketone body production in AD patients, in addition to accounting for effective yet safe doses. For example, Axona?, containing the MCFA caprylic acid (C8H16O2), retailed as a medical food, has been reported to improve cognitive performance and elevate serum βHB two hours post administration ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Henderson</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2396</RecNum><DisplayText>(Henderson et al., 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2396</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2396</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Henderson, S. T.</author><author>Vogel, J. L.</author><author>Barr, L. J.</author><author>Garvin, F.</author><author>Jones, J. J.</author><author>Costantini, L. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Accera, Inc,, 380 Interlocken Crescent, Suite 780, Broomfield, Colorado 80021, USA. shenderson@.</auth-address><titles><title>Study of the ketogenic agent AC-1202 in mild to moderate Alzheimer&apos;s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial</title><secondary-title>Nutr Metab (Lond)</secondary-title></titles><pages>31</pages><volume>6</volume><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 10</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1743-7075 (Electronic)&#xD;1743-7075 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19664276</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Henderson et al., 2009). As per the prescription information available on the Axona? website (), the intake of Axona? has been prescribed once daily following a substantial meal. However, further studies are required to investigate the kinetics of elevated serum βHB concentrations several hours following Axona? administration, and whether the addition of longer MCFA (such as capric acid and lauric acid) to caprylic acid can potentially extend the duration of elevated serum βHB concentrations, in turn extending the duration of its beneficial effects per dose. Additionally, investigating the intake of multiple daily doses of MCFA may also serve as an alternative strategy to maintain a steady yet safe source of ketone bodies for the brain, serving as an alternative source of energy in AD as well as other glucose hypometabolism disorders ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vandenberghe</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>2569</RecNum><DisplayText>(Vandenberghe et al., 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2569</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2569</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vandenberghe, C.</author><author>St-Pierre, V.</author><author>Pierotti, T.</author><author>Fortier, M.</author><author>Castellano, C. A.</author><author>Cunnane, S. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Departments of.&#xD;Pharmacology and Physiology and.&#xD;Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and.&#xD;Department of Biology-Health Sciences, Bishop&apos;s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.</auth-address><titles><title>Tricaprylin Alone Increases Plasma Ketone Response More Than Coconut Oil or Other Medium-Chain Triglycerides: An Acute Crossover Study in Healthy Adults</title><secondary-title>Curr Dev Nutr</secondary-title></titles><pages>e000257</pages><volume>1</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>acetoacetate</keyword><keyword>beta-hydroxybutyrate</keyword><keyword>coconut oil</keyword><keyword>ketones</keyword><keyword>medium-chain triglycerides</keyword><keyword>tricaprin</keyword><keyword>tricaprylin</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2475-2991 (Electronic)&#xD;2475-2991 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29955698</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Vandenberghe et al., 2017). However, a relatively recent study on an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis mouse model showed that lauric acid enhanced differentiation and proliferation of immune activating proinflammatory cells (T helper 1 and/or 17) and impaired their intestinal sequestration via a proinflammatory (p38-MAPK) pathway. In contrast, dietary short chain fatty acids (SCFA; C3, C4, C6) expanded gut T regulatory cells by suppression of proinflammatory pathways (JNK1 and p38) therefore ameliorating the proinflammatory signals in the gut PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IYWdoaWtpYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+

PFJlY051bT4yNTIwPC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihIYWdoaWtpYSBldCBhbC4sIDIwMTUp

PC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI1MjA8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZy

ZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjUyMDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlw

ZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+SGFnaGlraWEsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Kb3JnLCBTLjwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+RHVzY2hhLCBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QmVyZywgSi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0

aG9yPk1hbnplbCwgQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPldhc2NoYmlzY2gsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5IYW1tZXIsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MZWUsIEQuIEguPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhv

cj5NYXksIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XaWxjaywgTi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJhbG9n

aCwgQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk9zdGVybWFubiwgQS4gSS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNj

aGViYiwgTi4gSC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkFra2FkLCBELiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

R3JvaG1lLCBELiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2xlaW5ld2lldGZlbGQsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+

PGF1dGhvcj5LZW1wYSwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRob25lLCBKLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRo

b3I+RGVtaXIsIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NdWxsZXIsIEQuIE4uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhv

cj5Hb2xkLCBSLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TGlua2VyLCBSLiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9y

cz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkRlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgTmV1cm9sb2d5LCBS

dWhyLVVuaXZlcnNpdHkgQm9jaHVtLCA0NDgwMSBCb2NodW0sIEdlcm1hbnkuIEVsZWN0cm9uaWMg

YWRkcmVzczogYWlkZW4uaGFnaGlraWFAcnViLmRlLiYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOZXVyb2xv

Z3ksIEZyaWVkcmljaC1BbGV4YW5kZXItVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBFcmxhbmdlbi1OdXJlbWJlcmcsIDkx

MDU0IEVybGFuZ2VuLCBHZXJtYW55LiYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOZXVyb2xvZ3ksIFJ1aHIt

VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBCb2NodW0sIDQ0ODAxIEJvY2h1bSwgR2VybWFueS4mI3hEO01lZGljYWwgUHJv

dGVvbS1DZW50ZXIsIFJ1aHItVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBCb2NodW0sIDQ0ODAxIEJvY2h1bSwgR2VybWFu

eS4mI3hEO0V4cGVyaW1lbnRhbCBhbmQgQ2xpbmljYWwgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2VudGVyICZhbXA7IE1h

eC1EZWxicnVjayBDZW50ZXIgQmVybGluLCAxMzEyNSBCZXJsaW4sIEdlcm1hbnkuJiN4RDtJbnN0

aXR1dGUgZm9yIEZvb2QgVG94aWNvbG9neSBhbmQgQW5hbHl0aWNhbCBDaGVtaXN0cnksIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgb2YgVmV0ZXJpbmFyeSBNZWRpY2luZSBIYW5ub3ZlciwgMzA1NTkgSGFubm92ZXIsIEdl

cm1hbnkuJiN4RDtJbnN0aXR1dGUgZm9yIEZvb2QgVG94aWNvbG9neSBhbmQgQW5hbHl0aWNhbCBD

aGVtaXN0cnksIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgVmV0ZXJpbmFyeSBNZWRpY2luZSBIYW5ub3ZlciwgMzA1

NTkgSGFubm92ZXIsIEdlcm1hbnk7IERlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgRm9vZCBDaGVtaXN0cnksIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgb2YgV3VwcGVydGFsLCA0MjA5NyBXdXBwZXJ0YWwsIEdlcm1hbnkuJiN4RDtEZXBhcnRt

ZW50IG9mIEh1bWFuIEdlbmV0aWNzLCBSdWhyLVVuaXZlcnNpdHkgQm9jaHVtLCA0NDgwMSBCb2No

dW0sIEdlcm1hbnkuJiN4RDtUcmFuc2xhdGlvbmFsIEltbXVub2xvZ3ksIE1lZGljYWwgRmFjdWx0

eSBDYXJsIEd1c3RhdiBDYXJ1cywgVFUgRHJlc2RlbiwgMDEzMDcgRHJlc2RlbiwgR2VybWFueS4m

I3hEO0ludGVncmF0aXZlIE1ldGFib2xvbWljcyBhbmQgUHJvdGVvbWljcywgQmVybGluIEluc3Rp

dHV0ZSBvZiBNZWRpY2FsIFN5c3RlbXMgQmlvbG9neS9NYXgtRGVsYnJ1Y2sgQ2VudGVyIGZvciBN

b2xlY3VsYXIgTWVkaWNpbmUsIDEzMTI1IEJlcmxpbiwgR2VybWFueS4mI3hEO0RlcGFydG1lbnQg

b2YgTmV1cm9sb2d5LCBGcmllZHJpY2gtQWxleGFuZGVyLVVuaXZlcnNpdHkgRXJsYW5nZW4tTnVy

ZW1iZXJnLCA5MTA1NCBFcmxhbmdlbiwgR2VybWFueS4gRWxlY3Ryb25pYyBhZGRyZXNzOiByYWxm

LmxpbmtlckB1ay1lcmxhbmdlbi5kZS48L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5EaWV0

YXJ5IEZhdHR5IEFjaWRzIERpcmVjdGx5IEltcGFjdCBDZW50cmFsIE5lcnZvdXMgU3lzdGVtIEF1

dG9pbW11bml0eSB2aWEgdGhlIFNtYWxsIEludGVzdGluZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRs

ZT5JbW11bml0eTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz44MTctMjk8L3BhZ2Vz

Pjx2b2x1bWU+NDM8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+

QW5pbWFsczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BdXRvaW1tdW5pdHkvKmRydWcgZWZmZWN0czwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DZW50cmFsIE5lcnZvdXMgU3lzdGVtLyppbW11bm9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpZXRhcnkgRmF0cy8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5L3RveGljaXR5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPkR1b2RlbnVtLyppbW11bm9sb2d5L21ldGFib2xpc20vbWljcm9iaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkVuY2VwaGFsb215ZWxpdGlzLCBBdXRvaW1tdW5lLCBFeHBlcmltZW50YWwv

KmV0aW9sb2d5L2ltbXVub2xvZ3kvbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GYXR0eSBB

Y2lkcy9jaGVtaXN0cnkvKnBoYXJtYWNvbG9neS90b3hpY2l0eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5G

ZWNhbCBNaWNyb2Jpb3RhIFRyYW5zcGxhbnRhdGlvbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HYXN0cm9p

bnRlc3RpbmFsIE1pY3JvYmlvbWUvcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HZW5lIEV4

cHJlc3Npb24gUmVndWxhdGlvbi9pbW11bm9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhdXJpYyBB

Y2lkcy90b3hpY2l0eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MaXZlciBYIFJlY2VwdG9yczwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5MeW1waG9wb2llc2lzLypkcnVnIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TUFQIEtpbmFzZSBTaWduYWxpbmcgU3lzdGVtPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1pY2U8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TW9sZWN1bGFyIFdlaWdodDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5PcnBoYW4gTnVj

bGVhciBSZWNlcHRvcnMvYmlvc3ludGhlc2lzL2dlbmV0aWNzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJl

Y2VwdG9ycywgRy1Qcm90ZWluLUNvdXBsZWQvYmlvc3ludGhlc2lzL2dlbmV0aWNzPC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPlNwbGVlbi9pbW11bm9sb2d5L3BhdGhvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5U

LUx5bXBob2N5dGUgU3Vic2V0cy8qZHJ1ZyBlZmZlY3RzL2ltbXVub2xvZ3kvbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5ULUx5bXBob2N5dGVzLCBSZWd1bGF0b3J5L2ltbXVub2xvZ3k8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGgxIENlbGxzL2ltbXVub2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGgx

NyBDZWxscy9pbW11bm9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRyYW5zY3JpcHRvbWU8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNTwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPk9j

dCAyMDwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjEwOTctNDE4MCAoRWxlY3Ryb25p

YykmI3hEOzEwNzQtNzYxMyAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjY0ODg4MTc8

L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jYmku

bmxtLm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVkLzI2NDg4ODE3PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxl

bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDE2L2ouaW1tdW5pLjIwMTUuMDkuMDA3PC9lbGVj

dHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IYWdoaWtpYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+

PFJlY051bT4yNTIwPC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihIYWdoaWtpYSBldCBhbC4sIDIwMTUp

PC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI1MjA8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZy

ZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjUyMDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlw

ZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRo

b3JzPjxhdXRob3I+SGFnaGlraWEsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Kb3JnLCBTLjwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+RHVzY2hhLCBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QmVyZywgSi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0

aG9yPk1hbnplbCwgQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPldhc2NoYmlzY2gsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5IYW1tZXIsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MZWUsIEQuIEguPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhv

cj5NYXksIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XaWxjaywgTi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJhbG9n

aCwgQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk9zdGVybWFubiwgQS4gSS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNj

aGViYiwgTi4gSC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkFra2FkLCBELiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

R3JvaG1lLCBELiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2xlaW5ld2lldGZlbGQsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+

PGF1dGhvcj5LZW1wYSwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRob25lLCBKLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRo

b3I+RGVtaXIsIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NdWxsZXIsIEQuIE4uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhv

cj5Hb2xkLCBSLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TGlua2VyLCBSLiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9y

cz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkRlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgTmV1cm9sb2d5LCBS

dWhyLVVuaXZlcnNpdHkgQm9jaHVtLCA0NDgwMSBCb2NodW0sIEdlcm1hbnkuIEVsZWN0cm9uaWMg

YWRkcmVzczogYWlkZW4uaGFnaGlraWFAcnViLmRlLiYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOZXVyb2xv

Z3ksIEZyaWVkcmljaC1BbGV4YW5kZXItVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBFcmxhbmdlbi1OdXJlbWJlcmcsIDkx

MDU0IEVybGFuZ2VuLCBHZXJtYW55LiYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOZXVyb2xvZ3ksIFJ1aHIt

VW5pdmVyc2l0eSBCb2NodW0sIDQ0ODAxIEJvY2h1bSwgR2VybWFueS4mI3hEO01lZGljYWwgUHJv

dGVvbS1DZW50ZXIsIFJ1aHItVW5pdmVyc2l0eSBCb2NodW0sIDQ0ODAxIEJvY2h1bSwgR2VybWFu

eS4mI3hEO0V4cGVyaW1lbnRhbCBhbmQgQ2xpbmljYWwgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2VudGVyICZhbXA7IE1h

eC1EZWxicnVjayBDZW50ZXIgQmVybGluLCAxMzEyNSBCZXJsaW4sIEdlcm1hbnkuJiN4RDtJbnN0

aXR1dGUgZm9yIEZvb2QgVG94aWNvbG9neSBhbmQgQW5hbHl0aWNhbCBDaGVtaXN0cnksIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgb2YgVmV0ZXJpbmFyeSBNZWRpY2luZSBIYW5ub3ZlciwgMzA1NTkgSGFubm92ZXIsIEdl

cm1hbnkuJiN4RDtJbnN0aXR1dGUgZm9yIEZvb2QgVG94aWNvbG9neSBhbmQgQW5hbHl0aWNhbCBD

aGVtaXN0cnksIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgVmV0ZXJpbmFyeSBNZWRpY2luZSBIYW5ub3ZlciwgMzA1

NTkgSGFubm92ZXIsIEdlcm1hbnk7IERlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgRm9vZCBDaGVtaXN0cnksIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgb2YgV3VwcGVydGFsLCA0MjA5NyBXdXBwZXJ0YWwsIEdlcm1hbnkuJiN4RDtEZXBhcnRt

ZW50IG9mIEh1bWFuIEdlbmV0aWNzLCBSdWhyLVVuaXZlcnNpdHkgQm9jaHVtLCA0NDgwMSBCb2No

dW0sIEdlcm1hbnkuJiN4RDtUcmFuc2xhdGlvbmFsIEltbXVub2xvZ3ksIE1lZGljYWwgRmFjdWx0

eSBDYXJsIEd1c3RhdiBDYXJ1cywgVFUgRHJlc2RlbiwgMDEzMDcgRHJlc2RlbiwgR2VybWFueS4m

I3hEO0ludGVncmF0aXZlIE1ldGFib2xvbWljcyBhbmQgUHJvdGVvbWljcywgQmVybGluIEluc3Rp

dHV0ZSBvZiBNZWRpY2FsIFN5c3RlbXMgQmlvbG9neS9NYXgtRGVsYnJ1Y2sgQ2VudGVyIGZvciBN

b2xlY3VsYXIgTWVkaWNpbmUsIDEzMTI1IEJlcmxpbiwgR2VybWFueS4mI3hEO0RlcGFydG1lbnQg

b2YgTmV1cm9sb2d5LCBGcmllZHJpY2gtQWxleGFuZGVyLVVuaXZlcnNpdHkgRXJsYW5nZW4tTnVy

ZW1iZXJnLCA5MTA1NCBFcmxhbmdlbiwgR2VybWFueS4gRWxlY3Ryb25pYyBhZGRyZXNzOiByYWxm

LmxpbmtlckB1ay1lcmxhbmdlbi5kZS48L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5EaWV0

YXJ5IEZhdHR5IEFjaWRzIERpcmVjdGx5IEltcGFjdCBDZW50cmFsIE5lcnZvdXMgU3lzdGVtIEF1

dG9pbW11bml0eSB2aWEgdGhlIFNtYWxsIEludGVzdGluZTwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRs

ZT5JbW11bml0eTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz44MTctMjk8L3BhZ2Vz

Pjx2b2x1bWU+NDM8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjQ8L251bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+

QW5pbWFsczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BdXRvaW1tdW5pdHkvKmRydWcgZWZmZWN0czwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DZW50cmFsIE5lcnZvdXMgU3lzdGVtLyppbW11bm9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpZXRhcnkgRmF0cy8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5L3RveGljaXR5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPkR1b2RlbnVtLyppbW11bm9sb2d5L21ldGFib2xpc20vbWljcm9iaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkVuY2VwaGFsb215ZWxpdGlzLCBBdXRvaW1tdW5lLCBFeHBlcmltZW50YWwv

KmV0aW9sb2d5L2ltbXVub2xvZ3kvbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GYXR0eSBB

Y2lkcy9jaGVtaXN0cnkvKnBoYXJtYWNvbG9neS90b3hpY2l0eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5G

ZWNhbCBNaWNyb2Jpb3RhIFRyYW5zcGxhbnRhdGlvbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HYXN0cm9p

bnRlc3RpbmFsIE1pY3JvYmlvbWUvcGh5c2lvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5HZW5lIEV4

cHJlc3Npb24gUmVndWxhdGlvbi9pbW11bm9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxhdXJpYyBB

Y2lkcy90b3hpY2l0eTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MaXZlciBYIFJlY2VwdG9yczwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5MeW1waG9wb2llc2lzLypkcnVnIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

TUFQIEtpbmFzZSBTaWduYWxpbmcgU3lzdGVtPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1pY2U8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TW9sZWN1bGFyIFdlaWdodDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5PcnBoYW4gTnVj

bGVhciBSZWNlcHRvcnMvYmlvc3ludGhlc2lzL2dlbmV0aWNzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJl

Y2VwdG9ycywgRy1Qcm90ZWluLUNvdXBsZWQvYmlvc3ludGhlc2lzL2dlbmV0aWNzPC9rZXl3b3Jk

PjxrZXl3b3JkPlNwbGVlbi9pbW11bm9sb2d5L3BhdGhvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5U

LUx5bXBob2N5dGUgU3Vic2V0cy8qZHJ1ZyBlZmZlY3RzL2ltbXVub2xvZ3kvbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5ULUx5bXBob2N5dGVzLCBSZWd1bGF0b3J5L2ltbXVub2xvZ3k8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGgxIENlbGxzL2ltbXVub2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGgx

NyBDZWxscy9pbW11bm9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRyYW5zY3JpcHRvbWU8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNTwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPk9j

dCAyMDwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjEwOTctNDE4MCAoRWxlY3Ryb25p

YykmI3hEOzEwNzQtNzYxMyAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjY0ODg4MTc8

L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jYmku

bmxtLm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVkLzI2NDg4ODE3PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxl

bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4xMDE2L2ouaW1tdW5pLjIwMTUuMDkuMDA3PC9lbGVj

dHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Haghikia et al., 2015). SCFA are produced by the gut microbiota from dietary fibre, primarily comprising plant cell wall polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and resistant starches. Interestingly, studies have reported that the average western diet contains 20-25g fibre/day while a diet high in fruits and vegetables could contain up to 60g fibre/day, highlighting the importance of accompanying MCT intake with high fruit and vegetable intake. Clinical studies of ketone supplement dosage and effects on CMRA study conducted on mild to moderate AD patients found that 30g/d MCT supplementation for one month increased brain ketone consumption by 2-fold, without affecting glucose utilization PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Dcm90ZWF1PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjI1Mjk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KENyb3RlYXUgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE4KTwv

RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNTI5PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVsc3Rwd3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZl

dzBkcndwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI1Mjk8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

cz48YXV0aG9yPkNyb3RlYXUsIEUuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DYXN0ZWxsYW5vLCBDLiBBLjwv

YXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UmljaGFyZCwgTS4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkZvcnRpZXIsIE0u

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OdWdlbnQsIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MZXBhZ2UsIE0uPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5EdWNoZXNuZSwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPldoaXR0aW5nc3RhbGws

IEsuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5UdXJjb3R0ZSwgRS4gRS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJvY3Rp

LCBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RnVsb3AsIFQuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DdW5uYW5lLCBT

LiBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPlJlc2Vh

cmNoIENlbnRlciBvbiBBZ2luZywgVW5pdmVyc2l0ZSBkZSBTaGVyYnJvb2tlLCBTaGVyYnJvb2tl

LCBRQywgQ2FuYWRhLiYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOdWNsZWFyIE1lZGljaW5lIGFuZCBSYWRp

b2Jpb2xvZ3ksIFVuaXZlcnNpdGUgZGUgU2hlcmJyb29rZSwgU2hlcmJyb29rZSwgUUMsIENhbmFk

YS4mI3hEO0NlbnRyZSBkZSByZWNoZXJjaGUgQ0VSVk8gZGUgbCZhcG9zO0luc3RpdHV0IHVuaXZl

cnNpdGFpcmUgZW4gc2FudGUgbWVudGFsZSBkZSBRdWViZWMsIFF1ZWJlYywgUUMsIENhbmFkYS4m

I3hEO0RlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgUmFkaW9sb2d5LCBVbml2ZXJzaXRlIExhdmFsLCBRdWViZWMsIFFD

LCBDYW5hZGEuJiN4RDtEZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIFJhZGlvbG9neSwgVW5pdmVyc2l0ZSBkZSBTaGVy

YnJvb2tlLCBTaGVyYnJvb2tlLCBRQywgQ2FuYWRhLiYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBNZWRpY2lu

ZSwgVW5pdmVyc2l0ZSBkZSBTaGVyYnJvb2tlLCBTaGVyYnJvb2tlLCBRQywgQ2FuYWRhLjwvYXV0

aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPktldG9nZW5pYyBNZWRpdW0gQ2hhaW4gVHJpZ2x5Y2Vy

aWRlcyBJbmNyZWFzZSBCcmFpbiBFbmVyZ3kgTWV0YWJvbGlzbSBpbiBBbHpoZWltZXImYXBvcztz

IERpc2Vhc2U8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SiBBbHpoZWltZXJzIERpczwvc2Vjb25k

YXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogQWx6aGVpbWVycyBE

aXM8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz41NTEtNTYxPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1l

PjY0PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFjZXRvYWNl

dGF0ZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BbHpoZWltZXImYXBvcztzIGRpc2Vhc2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+WzExQ10tYWNldG9hY2V0YXRlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlsxOEZdLWZsdW9y

b2Rlb3h5Z2x1Y29zZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5iZXRhLWh5ZHJveHlidXR5cmF0ZTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5icmFpbiBlbmVyZ3kgbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5j

ZXJlYnJhbCBibG9vZCBmbG93PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmtldG9uZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+bWVkaXVtIGNoYWluIHRyaWdseWNlcmlkZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0

ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE4NzUtODkwOCAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykm

I3hEOzEzODctMjg3NyAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+Mjk5MTQwMzU8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jYmkubmxt

Lm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVkLzI5OTE0MDM1PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVj

dHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4zMjMzL0pBRC0xODAyMDI8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3Vy

Y2UtbnVtPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Dcm90ZWF1PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxODwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjI1Mjk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KENyb3RlYXUgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE4KTwv

RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNTI5PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVsc3Rwd3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZl

dzBkcndwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI1Mjk8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

cz48YXV0aG9yPkNyb3RlYXUsIEUuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DYXN0ZWxsYW5vLCBDLiBBLjwv

YXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UmljaGFyZCwgTS4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkZvcnRpZXIsIE0u

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OdWdlbnQsIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MZXBhZ2UsIE0uPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5EdWNoZXNuZSwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPldoaXR0aW5nc3RhbGws

IEsuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5UdXJjb3R0ZSwgRS4gRS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJvY3Rp

LCBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RnVsb3AsIFQuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DdW5uYW5lLCBT

LiBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPlJlc2Vh

cmNoIENlbnRlciBvbiBBZ2luZywgVW5pdmVyc2l0ZSBkZSBTaGVyYnJvb2tlLCBTaGVyYnJvb2tl

LCBRQywgQ2FuYWRhLiYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOdWNsZWFyIE1lZGljaW5lIGFuZCBSYWRp

b2Jpb2xvZ3ksIFVuaXZlcnNpdGUgZGUgU2hlcmJyb29rZSwgU2hlcmJyb29rZSwgUUMsIENhbmFk

YS4mI3hEO0NlbnRyZSBkZSByZWNoZXJjaGUgQ0VSVk8gZGUgbCZhcG9zO0luc3RpdHV0IHVuaXZl

cnNpdGFpcmUgZW4gc2FudGUgbWVudGFsZSBkZSBRdWViZWMsIFF1ZWJlYywgUUMsIENhbmFkYS4m

I3hEO0RlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgUmFkaW9sb2d5LCBVbml2ZXJzaXRlIExhdmFsLCBRdWViZWMsIFFD

LCBDYW5hZGEuJiN4RDtEZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIFJhZGlvbG9neSwgVW5pdmVyc2l0ZSBkZSBTaGVy

YnJvb2tlLCBTaGVyYnJvb2tlLCBRQywgQ2FuYWRhLiYjeEQ7RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBNZWRpY2lu

ZSwgVW5pdmVyc2l0ZSBkZSBTaGVyYnJvb2tlLCBTaGVyYnJvb2tlLCBRQywgQ2FuYWRhLjwvYXV0

aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPktldG9nZW5pYyBNZWRpdW0gQ2hhaW4gVHJpZ2x5Y2Vy

aWRlcyBJbmNyZWFzZSBCcmFpbiBFbmVyZ3kgTWV0YWJvbGlzbSBpbiBBbHpoZWltZXImYXBvcztz

IERpc2Vhc2U8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SiBBbHpoZWltZXJzIERpczwvc2Vjb25k

YXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogQWx6aGVpbWVycyBE

aXM8L2Z1bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz41NTEtNTYxPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1l

PjY0PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4yPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFjZXRvYWNl

dGF0ZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BbHpoZWltZXImYXBvcztzIGRpc2Vhc2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+

PGtleXdvcmQ+WzExQ10tYWNldG9hY2V0YXRlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlsxOEZdLWZsdW9y

b2Rlb3h5Z2x1Y29zZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5iZXRhLWh5ZHJveHlidXR5cmF0ZTwva2V5

d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5icmFpbiBlbmVyZ3kgbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5j

ZXJlYnJhbCBibG9vZCBmbG93PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmtldG9uZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+bWVkaXVtIGNoYWluIHRyaWdseWNlcmlkZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0

ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxODwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE4NzUtODkwOCAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykm

I3hEOzEzODctMjg3NyAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+Mjk5MTQwMzU8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jYmkubmxt

Lm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVkLzI5OTE0MDM1PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVj

dHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4zMjMzL0pBRC0xODAyMDI8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3Vy

Y2UtbnVtPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Croteau et al., 2018). Further, a study assessing the impact of diet-induced moderate ketosis on CMRGlu and CMRAcAc in healthy adults following a four-day high fat KD (4.5:1; lipid: protein plus carbohydrates), reported an 8-fold increase in plasma ketones and a 24% decrease in plasma glucose equating to a 6-fold increase in CMRAcAc and a 20% decrease in CMRGlu respectively. This boost in CMRAcAc represented 17% of the whole brain energy requirements in healthy adults with a 2-fold difference across brain regions (12-24%) whereas the combined CMR of AcAc and βHB was estimated to represent about 33% of the brain’s energy requirements PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Db3VyY2hlc25lLUxveWVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAx

NzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjI0NjM8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KENvdXJjaGVzbmUtTG95

ZXIgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE3KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNDYzPC9y

ZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVsc3Rw

d3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZldzBkcndwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI0NjM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNv

bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkNvdXJjaGVzbmUtTG95ZXIsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+

PGF1dGhvcj5Dcm90ZWF1LCBFLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Q2FzdGVsbGFubywgQy4gQS48L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlN0LVBpZXJyZSwgVi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhlbm5lYmVsbGUsIE0u

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DdW5uYW5lLCBTLiBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjEgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2VudGVyIG9uIEFnaW5nLCBTaGVyYnJv

b2tlLCBVbml2ZXJzaXRlIGRlIFNoZXJicm9va2UsIFF1ZWJlYywgQ2FuYWRhLiYjeEQ7MiBEZXBh

cnRtZW50IG9mIFBoYXJtYWNvbG9neSAmYW1wOyBQaHlzaW9sb2d5LCBVbml2ZXJzaXRlIGRlIFNo

ZXJicm9va2UsIFNoZXJicm9va2UsIFF1ZWJlYywgQ2FuYWRhLiYjeEQ7MyBEZXBhcnRtZW50IG9m

IE1lZGljaW5lLCBVbml2ZXJzaXRlIGRlIFNoZXJicm9va2UsIFNoZXJicm9va2UsIFF1ZWJlYywg

Q2FuYWRhLjwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkludmVyc2UgcmVsYXRpb25zaGlw

IGJldHdlZW4gYnJhaW4gZ2x1Y29zZSBhbmQga2V0b25lIG1ldGFib2xpc20gaW4gYWR1bHRzIGR1

cmluZyBzaG9ydC10ZXJtIG1vZGVyYXRlIGRpZXRhcnkga2V0b3NpczogQSBkdWFsIHRyYWNlciBx

dWFudGl0YXRpdmUgcG9zaXRyb24gZW1pc3Npb24gdG9tb2dyYXBoeSBzdHVkeTwvdGl0bGU+PHNl

Y29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5KIENlcmViIEJsb29kIEZsb3cgTWV0YWI8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+MjQ4NS0yNDkzPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjM3PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJl

cj43PC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFkdWx0PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipC

cmFpbi9kaWFnbm9zdGljIGltYWdpbmcvbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4qRGll

dCwgS2V0b2dlbmljPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZlbWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5G

bHVvcm9kZW94eWdsdWNvc2UgRjE4PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdsdWNvc2UvKm1ldGFib2xp

c208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPktldG9uZXMvKm1l

dGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+KktldG9zaXMvZGlhZ25vc3RpYyBpbWFnaW5nL21l

dGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWRkbGUg

QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qb3NpdHJvbi1FbWlzc2lvbiBUb21vZ3JhcGh5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJhZGlvcGhhcm1hY2V1dGljYWxzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPllvdW5n

IEFkdWx0PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1ldGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+YWNl

dG9hY2V0YXRlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmdsdWNvc2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+a2V0

b2dlbmljIGRpZXQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+a2V0b25lPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPm5l

dXJvaW1hZ2luZzwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDE3PC95ZWFyPjxw

dWItZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+SnVsPC9kYXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTU1OS03

MDE2IChFbGVjdHJvbmljKSYjeEQ7MDI3MS02NzhYIChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9u

LW51bT4yNzYyOTEwMDwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0

cHM6Ly93d3cubmNiaS5ubG0ubmloLmdvdi9wdWJtZWQvMjc2MjkxMDA8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGN1c3RvbTI+UE1DNTUzMTM0NjwvY3VzdG9tMj48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNv

dXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTE3Ny8wMjcxNjc4WDE2NjY5MzY2PC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51

bT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Db3VyY2hlc25lLUxveWVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAx

NzwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjI0NjM8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KENvdXJjaGVzbmUtTG95

ZXIgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE3KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNDYzPC9y

ZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVsc3Rw

d3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZldzBkcndwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI0NjM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVp

Z24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNv

bnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkNvdXJjaGVzbmUtTG95ZXIsIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+

PGF1dGhvcj5Dcm90ZWF1LCBFLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Q2FzdGVsbGFubywgQy4gQS48L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlN0LVBpZXJyZSwgVi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhlbm5lYmVsbGUsIE0u

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DdW5uYW5lLCBTLiBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjEgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2VudGVyIG9uIEFnaW5nLCBTaGVyYnJv

b2tlLCBVbml2ZXJzaXRlIGRlIFNoZXJicm9va2UsIFF1ZWJlYywgQ2FuYWRhLiYjeEQ7MiBEZXBh

cnRtZW50IG9mIFBoYXJtYWNvbG9neSAmYW1wOyBQaHlzaW9sb2d5LCBVbml2ZXJzaXRlIGRlIFNo

ZXJicm9va2UsIFNoZXJicm9va2UsIFF1ZWJlYywgQ2FuYWRhLiYjeEQ7MyBEZXBhcnRtZW50IG9m

IE1lZGljaW5lLCBVbml2ZXJzaXRlIGRlIFNoZXJicm9va2UsIFNoZXJicm9va2UsIFF1ZWJlYywg

Q2FuYWRhLjwvYXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkludmVyc2UgcmVsYXRpb25zaGlw

IGJldHdlZW4gYnJhaW4gZ2x1Y29zZSBhbmQga2V0b25lIG1ldGFib2xpc20gaW4gYWR1bHRzIGR1

cmluZyBzaG9ydC10ZXJtIG1vZGVyYXRlIGRpZXRhcnkga2V0b3NpczogQSBkdWFsIHRyYWNlciBx

dWFudGl0YXRpdmUgcG9zaXRyb24gZW1pc3Npb24gdG9tb2dyYXBoeSBzdHVkeTwvdGl0bGU+PHNl

Y29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5KIENlcmViIEJsb29kIEZsb3cgTWV0YWI8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48

L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+MjQ4NS0yNDkzPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjM3PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJl

cj43PC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFkdWx0PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipC

cmFpbi9kaWFnbm9zdGljIGltYWdpbmcvbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4qRGll

dCwgS2V0b2dlbmljPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZlbWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5G

bHVvcm9kZW94eWdsdWNvc2UgRjE4PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkdsdWNvc2UvKm1ldGFib2xp

c208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPktldG9uZXMvKm1l

dGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+KktldG9zaXMvZGlhZ25vc3RpYyBpbWFnaW5nL21l

dGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWRkbGUg

QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qb3NpdHJvbi1FbWlzc2lvbiBUb21vZ3JhcGh5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJhZGlvcGhhcm1hY2V1dGljYWxzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPllvdW5n

IEFkdWx0PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1ldGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+YWNl

dG9hY2V0YXRlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmdsdWNvc2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+a2V0

b2dlbmljIGRpZXQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+a2V0b25lPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPm5l

dXJvaW1hZ2luZzwva2V5d29yZD48L2tleXdvcmRzPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4yMDE3PC95ZWFyPjxw

dWItZGF0ZXM+PGRhdGU+SnVsPC9kYXRlPjwvcHViLWRhdGVzPjwvZGF0ZXM+PGlzYm4+MTU1OS03

MDE2IChFbGVjdHJvbmljKSYjeEQ7MDI3MS02NzhYIChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9u

LW51bT4yNzYyOTEwMDwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0

cHM6Ly93d3cubmNiaS5ubG0ubmloLmdvdi9wdWJtZWQvMjc2MjkxMDA8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQt

dXJscz48L3VybHM+PGN1c3RvbTI+UE1DNTUzMTM0NjwvY3VzdG9tMj48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNv

dXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTE3Ny8wMjcxNjc4WDE2NjY5MzY2PC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51

bT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Courchesne-Loyer et al., 2017). Given the potential of a KD, potent ketone fuels such as MCT from coconut oil need to be investigated such that the availability of the specific fatty acids in CO/MCT can be optimized. Conflicting information concerning the saturated fats in COA presidential advisory issued by the American Heart Association (AHA) on dietary fats and CVD, concluded that lowering saturated fat intake and replacing it with unsaturated fat, would decrease the incidence of CVD PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TYWNrczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT4yNDU5PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihTYWNrcyBldCBhbC4sIDIwMTcpPC9EaXNw

bGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0NTk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5

cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3MGRy

d3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjQ1OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+U2Fja3MsIEYuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MaWNodGVuc3RlaW4sIEEuIEguPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XdSwgSi4gSC4gWS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkFwcGVsLCBMLiBKLjwv

YXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Q3JlYWdlciwgTS4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktyaXMtRXRoZXJ0

b24sIFAuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NaWxsZXIsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5SaW1t

LCBFLiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UnVkZWwsIEwuIEwuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Sb2Jp

bnNvbiwgSi4gRy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlN0b25lLCBOLiBKLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

VmFuIEhvcm4sIEwuIFYuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5BbWVyaWNhbiBIZWFydCwgQXNzb2NpYXRp

b248L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+RGlldGFy

eSBGYXRzIGFuZCBDYXJkaW92YXNjdWxhciBEaXNlYXNlOiBBIFByZXNpZGVudGlhbCBBZHZpc29y

eSBGcm9tIHRoZSBBbWVyaWNhbiBIZWFydCBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbjwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10

aXRsZT5DaXJjdWxhdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz5lMS1lMjM8

L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MTM2PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPipBbWVyaWNhbiBIZWFydCBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DYXJk

aW92YXNjdWxhciBEaXNlYXNlcy8qZGlldCB0aGVyYXB5LyplcGlkZW1pb2xvZ3kvcHJldmVudGlv

biAmYW1wOyBjb250cm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpZXRhcnkgRmF0cy9hZG1pbmlzdHJh

dGlvbiAmYW1wOyBkb3NhZ2UvYWR2ZXJzZSBlZmZlY3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpZXRh

cnkgRmF0cywgVW5zYXR1cmF0ZWQvKmFkbWluaXN0cmF0aW9uICZhbXA7IGRvc2FnZS9hZHZlcnNl

IGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGVhbHRoeSBMaWZlc3R5bGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipOdXRyaXRpb24gUG9saWN5L3RyZW5kczwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qcm9zcGVjdGl2ZSBTdHVkaWVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJh

bmRvbWl6ZWQgQ29udHJvbGxlZCBUcmlhbHMgYXMgVG9waWMvbWV0aG9kczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzL2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BSEEgU2Np

ZW50aWZpYyBTdGF0ZW1lbnRzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmJsb29kIGNob2xlc3Rlcm9sPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmNhcmRpb3Zhc2N1bGFyIGRpc2Vhc2VzLCBhdGhlcm9zY2xlcm9zaXM8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Y2hvbGVzdGVyb2wsIExETDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5kaWV0

YXJ5IGZhdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+ZmF0dHkgYWNpZHMsIHNhdHVyYXRlZDwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5mYXR0eSBhY2lkcywgdW5zYXR1cmF0ZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+cG90

ZW50aWFsIGNvbmZsaWN0cyBvZiBpbnRlcmVzdCB0aGF0IG1heSBhcmlzZSBhcyBhIHJlc3VsdCBv

ZiBhbiBvdXRzaWRlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnJlbGF0aW9uc2hpcCBvciBhIHBlcnNvbmFs

LCBwcm9mZXNzaW9uYWwsIG9yIGJ1c2luZXNzIGludGVyZXN0IG9mIGEgbWVtYmVyIG9mIHRoZTwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD53cml0aW5nIHBhbmVsLiBTcGVjaWZpY2FsbHksIGFsbCBtZW1iZXJz

IG9mIHRoZSB3cml0aW5nIGdyb3VwIGFyZSByZXF1aXJlZCB0bzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5j

b21wbGV0ZSBhbmQgc3VibWl0IGEgRGlzY2xvc3VyZSBRdWVzdGlvbm5haXJlIHNob3dpbmcgYWxs

IHN1Y2ggcmVsYXRpb25zaGlwczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD50aGF0IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHBlcmNl

aXZlZCBhcyByZWFsIG9yIHBvdGVudGlhbCBjb25mbGljdHMgb2YgaW50ZXJlc3QuPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTc8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5KdWwg

MTg8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xNTI0LTQ1MzkgKEVsZWN0cm9uaWMp

JiN4RDswMDA5LTczMjIgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjI4NjIwMTExPC9h

Y2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwczovL3d3dy5uY2JpLm5s

bS5uaWguZ292L3B1Ym1lZC8yODYyMDExMTwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxl

Y3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTE2MS9DSVIuMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDUxMDwvZWxlY3Ry

b25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TYWNrczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl

Y051bT4yNDU5PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihTYWNrcyBldCBhbC4sIDIwMTcpPC9EaXNw

bGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0NTk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5

cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3MGRy

d3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjQ1OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+U2Fja3MsIEYuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MaWNodGVuc3RlaW4sIEEuIEguPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XdSwgSi4gSC4gWS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkFwcGVsLCBMLiBKLjwv

YXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Q3JlYWdlciwgTS4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktyaXMtRXRoZXJ0

b24sIFAuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NaWxsZXIsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5SaW1t

LCBFLiBCLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UnVkZWwsIEwuIEwuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Sb2Jp

bnNvbiwgSi4gRy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlN0b25lLCBOLiBKLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

VmFuIEhvcm4sIEwuIFYuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5BbWVyaWNhbiBIZWFydCwgQXNzb2NpYXRp

b248L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+RGlldGFy

eSBGYXRzIGFuZCBDYXJkaW92YXNjdWxhciBEaXNlYXNlOiBBIFByZXNpZGVudGlhbCBBZHZpc29y

eSBGcm9tIHRoZSBBbWVyaWNhbiBIZWFydCBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbjwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10

aXRsZT5DaXJjdWxhdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz5lMS1lMjM8

L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MTM2PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxr

ZXl3b3JkPipBbWVyaWNhbiBIZWFydCBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DYXJk

aW92YXNjdWxhciBEaXNlYXNlcy8qZGlldCB0aGVyYXB5LyplcGlkZW1pb2xvZ3kvcHJldmVudGlv

biAmYW1wOyBjb250cm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpZXRhcnkgRmF0cy9hZG1pbmlzdHJh

dGlvbiAmYW1wOyBkb3NhZ2UvYWR2ZXJzZSBlZmZlY3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpZXRh

cnkgRmF0cywgVW5zYXR1cmF0ZWQvKmFkbWluaXN0cmF0aW9uICZhbXA7IGRvc2FnZS9hZHZlcnNl

IGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SGVhbHRoeSBMaWZlc3R5bGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipOdXRyaXRpb24gUG9saWN5L3RyZW5kczwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qcm9zcGVjdGl2ZSBTdHVkaWVzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlJh

bmRvbWl6ZWQgQ29udHJvbGxlZCBUcmlhbHMgYXMgVG9waWMvbWV0aG9kczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVzL2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BSEEgU2Np

ZW50aWZpYyBTdGF0ZW1lbnRzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmJsb29kIGNob2xlc3Rlcm9sPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPmNhcmRpb3Zhc2N1bGFyIGRpc2Vhc2VzLCBhdGhlcm9zY2xlcm9zaXM8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Y2hvbGVzdGVyb2wsIExETDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5kaWV0

YXJ5IGZhdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+ZmF0dHkgYWNpZHMsIHNhdHVyYXRlZDwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD5mYXR0eSBhY2lkcywgdW5zYXR1cmF0ZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+cG90

ZW50aWFsIGNvbmZsaWN0cyBvZiBpbnRlcmVzdCB0aGF0IG1heSBhcmlzZSBhcyBhIHJlc3VsdCBv

ZiBhbiBvdXRzaWRlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPnJlbGF0aW9uc2hpcCBvciBhIHBlcnNvbmFs

LCBwcm9mZXNzaW9uYWwsIG9yIGJ1c2luZXNzIGludGVyZXN0IG9mIGEgbWVtYmVyIG9mIHRoZTwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD53cml0aW5nIHBhbmVsLiBTcGVjaWZpY2FsbHksIGFsbCBtZW1iZXJz

IG9mIHRoZSB3cml0aW5nIGdyb3VwIGFyZSByZXF1aXJlZCB0bzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5j

b21wbGV0ZSBhbmQgc3VibWl0IGEgRGlzY2xvc3VyZSBRdWVzdGlvbm5haXJlIHNob3dpbmcgYWxs

IHN1Y2ggcmVsYXRpb25zaGlwczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD50aGF0IG1pZ2h0IGJlIHBlcmNl

aXZlZCBhcyByZWFsIG9yIHBvdGVudGlhbCBjb25mbGljdHMgb2YgaW50ZXJlc3QuPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTc8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5KdWwg

MTg8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xNTI0LTQ1MzkgKEVsZWN0cm9uaWMp

JiN4RDswMDA5LTczMjIgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjI4NjIwMTExPC9h

Y2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwczovL3d3dy5uY2JpLm5s

bS5uaWguZ292L3B1Ym1lZC8yODYyMDExMTwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxl

Y3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTE2MS9DSVIuMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDUxMDwvZWxlY3Ry

b25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Sacks et al., 2017). This advice also warned against the dietary intake of CO. The core evidence for this conclusion was primarily based on observations from four clinical trials PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UdXJwZWluZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTc5PC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+MjQ1NTwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oRGF5dG9uIGV0IGFsLiwgMTk2OTsg

TGVyZW4sIDE5NzA7IFR1cnBlaW5lbiBldCBhbC4sIDE5NzkpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3Jk

PjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0NTU8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4i

IGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0i

MCI+MjQ1NTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGlj

bGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VHVycGVpbmVu

LCBPLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2Fydm9uZW4sIE0uIEouPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5QZWtr

YXJpbmVuLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TWlldHRpbmVuLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

RWxvc3VvLCBSLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGFhdmlsYWluZW4sIEUuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRo

b3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkRpZXRhcnkgcHJldmVudGlvbiBvZiBj

b3JvbmFyeSBoZWFydCBkaXNlYXNlOiB0aGUgRmlubmlzaCBNZW50YWwgSG9zcGl0YWwgU3R1ZHk8

L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SW50IEogRXBpZGVtaW9sPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPjk5LTExODwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT44PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4y

PC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFkaXBvc2UgVGlzc3VlL2FuYWx5c2lzPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFkdWx0PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJsb29kIFByZXNzdXJlPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNob2xlc3Rlcm9sL2Jsb29kPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNsaW5pY2Fs

IFRyaWFscyBhcyBUb3BpYzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db3JvbmFyeSBEaXNlYXNlL2VwaWRl

bWlvbG9neS8qcHJldmVudGlvbiAmYW1wOyBjb250cm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipEaWV0

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZhdHR5IEFjaWRzL2FuYWx5c2lzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PkZpbmxhbmQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWlkZGxlIEFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+T2Jlc2l0eS9j

b21wbGljYXRpb25zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMvYmxvb2Q8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U21va2luZy9jb21wbGljYXRpb25zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRyaWds

eWNlcmlkZXMvYmxvb2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk3OTwveWVh

cj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPkp1bjwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjAz

MDAtNTc3MSAoUHJpbnQpJiN4RDswMzAwLTU3NzEgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjM5MzY0NDwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cHM6

Ly93d3cubmNiaS5ubG0ubmloLmdvdi9wdWJtZWQvMzkzNjQ0PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+

PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRheXRvbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy

PjE5Njk8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yNDU2PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNDU2

PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVs

c3Rwd3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZldzBkcndwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI0NTY8L2tleT48L2Zv

cmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+

PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkRheXRvbiwgUzwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

UGVhcmNlLCBNTDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFzaGltb3RvLCBTPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5E

aXhvbiwgV0o8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRvbWl5YXN1LCBVPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwv

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkEgQ29udHJvbGxlZCBDbGluaWNhbCBUcmlhbCBv

ZiBhIERpZXQgSGlnaCBpbiBVbnNhdHVyYXRlZCBGYXQgaW4gUHJldmVudGluZyBDb21wbGljYXRp

b25zIG9mIEF0aGVyb3NjbGVyb3NpczwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5DaXJjdWxhdGlv

bjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz5JSS0xLUlJLTYzPC9wYWdlcz48dm9s

dW1lPjQwPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4xUzI8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk2OTwveWVh

cj48L2RhdGVzPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTE2MS8w

MS5jaXIuNDAuMXMyLmlpLTE8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0

ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkxlcmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk3MDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjI0

NTc8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0NTc8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24t

a2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3

MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjQ1Nzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBu

YW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+TGVyZW4sIFAuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRs

ZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBPc2xvIGRpZXQtaGVhcnQgc3R1ZHkuIEVsZXZlbi15ZWFyIHJlcG9ydDwv

dGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5DaXJjdWxhdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0

bGVzPjxwYWdlcz45MzUtNDI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NDI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjU8L251

bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWR1bHQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlIEZhY3Rv

cnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qmxvb2QgUHJlc3N1cmU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9k

eSBXZWlnaHQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hvbGVzdGVyb2wvYmxvb2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+RGVhdGgsIFN1ZGRlbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4qRGlldCBUaGVyYXB5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipEaWV0YXJ5IEZhdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RWxlY3Ryb2NhcmRp

b2dyYXBoeTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Gb2xsb3ctVXAgU3R1ZGllczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWRk

bGUgQWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NeW9jYXJkaWFsIEluZmFyY3Rpb24vbW9ydGFsaXR5

LypwcmV2ZW50aW9uICZhbXA7IGNvbnRyb2w8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Tm9yd2F5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlByb2dub3Npczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TbW9raW5nPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5NzA8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5Ob3Y8

L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4wMDA5LTczMjIgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAw

OS03MzIyIChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT41NDc3MjYxPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwczovL3d3dy5uY2JpLm5sbS5uaWguZ292

L3B1Ym1lZC81NDc3MjYxPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0

ZT48Q2l0ZSBFeGNsdWRlQXV0aD0iMSIgRXhjbHVkZVllYXI9IjEiPjxSZWNOdW0+MjQ1ODwvUmVj

TnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjQ1ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxr

ZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9IjB3OXZ2cjllbHN0cHd2ZXo1dnB4enNzbnpkZnJmZXcwZHJ3cCIg

dGltZXN0YW1wPSIwIj4yNDU4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9Ikpv

dXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5Nb3JyaXMsIEouIE4uIDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QmFsbCwgSy4gUC4gPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5BbnRvbmlzLCBBLiA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJyaWdkZW4sIFcuIFcuIDwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+QnVybnMtQ294LCBDLiBKLiA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkZ1bHRvbiwgTS48L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhhaWdoLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFsbCwgRy4gSi4gTC4gPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5IYW5pbmd0b24sIEUuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5IZWFkeSwgSi4gQS4g

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NQ2FsbGVuLCBQLiBNLiA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlBpbGtpbmd0

b24sIFQuIFIuIEUuIDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Um95c3RvbiwgRy4gUi4gPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5TaGFybGFuZCwgRC4gRS4gPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Tb3dyeSwgRy4gUy4gQy4gPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XaWxzb24sIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

Pjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkNvbnRyb2xsZWQgdHJpYWwgb2Ygc295YS1iZWFuIG9pbCBpbiBteW9j

YXJkaWFsIGluZmFyY3Rpb248L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+VGhlIExhbmNldDwvc2Vj

b25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz42OTMtNzAwPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjI5Mjwv

dm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NzU3MDwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTY4PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0

ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5FbHNldmllcjwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAxNDAtNjczNjwvaXNibj48

dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9InVuZGVybGluZSIgZm9udD0iZGVm

YXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTAxNi9TMDE0MC02NzM2KDY4

KTkwNzQ2LTA8L3N0eWxlPjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1y

ZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTAxNi9TMDE0MC02NzM2KDY4KTkwNzQ2LTA8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVz

b3VyY2UtbnVtPjxhY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT4yMDE4LzAyLzA4PC9hY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT48L3JlY29yZD48

L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UdXJwZWluZW48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4xOTc5PC9ZZWFy

PjxSZWNOdW0+MjQ1NTwvUmVjTnVtPjxEaXNwbGF5VGV4dD4oRGF5dG9uIGV0IGFsLiwgMTk2OTsg

TGVyZW4sIDE5NzA7IFR1cnBlaW5lbiBldCBhbC4sIDE5NzkpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3Jk

PjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0NTU8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4i

IGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0i

MCI+MjQ1NTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGlj

bGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VHVycGVpbmVu

LCBPLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2Fydm9uZW4sIE0uIEouPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5QZWtr

YXJpbmVuLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+TWlldHRpbmVuLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

RWxvc3VvLCBSLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UGFhdmlsYWluZW4sIEUuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRo

b3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkRpZXRhcnkgcHJldmVudGlvbiBvZiBj

b3JvbmFyeSBoZWFydCBkaXNlYXNlOiB0aGUgRmlubmlzaCBNZW50YWwgSG9zcGl0YWwgU3R1ZHk8

L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SW50IEogRXBpZGVtaW9sPC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+

PC90aXRsZXM+PHBhZ2VzPjk5LTExODwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT44PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4y

PC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFkaXBvc2UgVGlzc3VlL2FuYWx5c2lzPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFkdWx0PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJsb29kIFByZXNzdXJlPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNob2xlc3Rlcm9sL2Jsb29kPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNsaW5pY2Fs

IFRyaWFscyBhcyBUb3BpYzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db3JvbmFyeSBEaXNlYXNlL2VwaWRl

bWlvbG9neS8qcHJldmVudGlvbiAmYW1wOyBjb250cm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipEaWV0

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZhdHR5IEFjaWRzL2FuYWx5c2lzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PkZpbmxhbmQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWlkZGxlIEFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+T2Jlc2l0eS9j

b21wbGljYXRpb25zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBob3NwaG9saXBpZHMvYmxvb2Q8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+U21va2luZy9jb21wbGljYXRpb25zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlRyaWds

eWNlcmlkZXMvYmxvb2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk3OTwveWVh

cj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPkp1bjwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjAz

MDAtNTc3MSAoUHJpbnQpJiN4RDswMzAwLTU3NzEgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjM5MzY0NDwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cHM6

Ly93d3cubmNiaS5ubG0ubmloLmdvdi9wdWJtZWQvMzkzNjQ0PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+

PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkRheXRvbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFy

PjE5Njk8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4yNDU2PC9SZWNOdW0+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNDU2

PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVs

c3Rwd3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZldzBkcndwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI0NTY8L2tleT48L2Zv

cmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+

PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkRheXRvbiwgUzwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+

UGVhcmNlLCBNTDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFzaGltb3RvLCBTPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5E

aXhvbiwgV0o8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlRvbWl5YXN1LCBVPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwv

Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkEgQ29udHJvbGxlZCBDbGluaWNhbCBUcmlhbCBv

ZiBhIERpZXQgSGlnaCBpbiBVbnNhdHVyYXRlZCBGYXQgaW4gUHJldmVudGluZyBDb21wbGljYXRp

b25zIG9mIEF0aGVyb3NjbGVyb3NpczwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5DaXJjdWxhdGlv

bjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz5JSS0xLUlJLTYzPC9wYWdlcz48dm9s

dW1lPjQwPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4xUzI8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk2OTwveWVh

cj48L2RhdGVzPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTE2MS8w

MS5jaXIuNDAuMXMyLmlpLTE8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0

ZT48Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkxlcmVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk3MDwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjI0

NTc8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0NTc8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24t

a2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3

MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjQ1Nzwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBu

YW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3Jz

PjxhdXRob3I+TGVyZW4sIFAuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjx0aXRs

ZXM+PHRpdGxlPlRoZSBPc2xvIGRpZXQtaGVhcnQgc3R1ZHkuIEVsZXZlbi15ZWFyIHJlcG9ydDwv

dGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT5DaXJjdWxhdGlvbjwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0

bGVzPjxwYWdlcz45MzUtNDI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+NDI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjU8L251

bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWR1bHQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlIEZhY3Rv

cnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qmxvb2QgUHJlc3N1cmU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9k

eSBXZWlnaHQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hvbGVzdGVyb2wvYmxvb2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+RGVhdGgsIFN1ZGRlbjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD4qRGlldCBUaGVyYXB5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipEaWV0YXJ5IEZhdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RWxlY3Ryb2NhcmRp

b2dyYXBoeTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Gb2xsb3ctVXAgU3R1ZGllczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5IdW1hbnM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NaWRk

bGUgQWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NeW9jYXJkaWFsIEluZmFyY3Rpb24vbW9ydGFsaXR5

LypwcmV2ZW50aW9uICZhbXA7IGNvbnRyb2w8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Tm9yd2F5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlByb2dub3Npczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5TbW9raW5nPC9rZXl3b3Jk

Pjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjE5NzA8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5Ob3Y8

L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4wMDA5LTczMjIgKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAw

OS03MzIyIChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT41NDc3MjYxPC9hY2Nlc3Npb24t

bnVtPjx1cmxzPjxyZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PHVybD5odHRwczovL3d3dy5uY2JpLm5sbS5uaWguZ292

L3B1Ym1lZC81NDc3MjYxPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0

ZT48Q2l0ZSBFeGNsdWRlQXV0aD0iMSIgRXhjbHVkZVllYXI9IjEiPjxSZWNOdW0+MjQ1ODwvUmVj

TnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MjQ1ODwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxr

ZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9IjB3OXZ2cjllbHN0cHd2ZXo1dnB4enNzbnpkZnJmZXcwZHJ3cCIg

dGltZXN0YW1wPSIwIj4yNDU4PC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9Ikpv

dXJuYWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhv

cj5Nb3JyaXMsIEouIE4uIDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QmFsbCwgSy4gUC4gPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5BbnRvbmlzLCBBLiA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJyaWdkZW4sIFcuIFcuIDwvYXV0aG9y

PjxhdXRob3I+QnVybnMtQ294LCBDLiBKLiA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkZ1bHRvbiwgTS48L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhhaWdoLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+SGFsbCwgRy4gSi4gTC4gPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5IYW5pbmd0b24sIEUuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5IZWFkeSwgSi4gQS4g

PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NQ2FsbGVuLCBQLiBNLiA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlBpbGtpbmd0

b24sIFQuIFIuIEUuIDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Um95c3RvbiwgRy4gUi4gPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5TaGFybGFuZCwgRC4gRS4gPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Tb3dyeSwgRy4gUy4gQy4gPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5XaWxzb24sIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

Pjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkNvbnRyb2xsZWQgdHJpYWwgb2Ygc295YS1iZWFuIG9pbCBpbiBteW9j

YXJkaWFsIGluZmFyY3Rpb248L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+VGhlIExhbmNldDwvc2Vj

b25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwYWdlcz42OTMtNzAwPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjI5Mjwv

dm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NzU3MDwvbnVtYmVyPjxkYXRlcz48eWVhcj4xOTY4PC95ZWFyPjwvZGF0

ZXM+PHB1Ymxpc2hlcj5FbHNldmllcjwvcHVibGlzaGVyPjxpc2JuPjAxNDAtNjczNjwvaXNibj48

dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+PHN0eWxlIGZhY2U9InVuZGVybGluZSIgZm9udD0iZGVm

YXVsdCIgc2l6ZT0iMTAwJSI+aHR0cDovL2R4LmRvaS5vcmcvMTAuMTAxNi9TMDE0MC02NzM2KDY4

KTkwNzQ2LTA8L3N0eWxlPjwvdXJsPjwvcmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1y

ZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTAxNi9TMDE0MC02NzM2KDY4KTkwNzQ2LTA8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVz

b3VyY2UtbnVtPjxhY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT4yMDE4LzAyLzA4PC9hY2Nlc3MtZGF0ZT48L3JlY29yZD48

L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Dayton et al., 1969; Leren, 1970; Turpeinen et al., 1979) that compared high intake of saturated fat with high intake of polyunsaturated fat. However, the literature cited was primarily based on studies that employed saturated fats predominantly comprising animal fats (palmitate and stearate, not laurate/myristate). Moreover, the study ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keys</Author><Year>1957</Year><RecNum>2464</RecNum><DisplayText>(Keys et al., 1957)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2464</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keys, A.</author><author>Anderson, J.T.</author><author>Grande, F. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet. </title><secondary-title>Lancet</secondary-title></titles><pages>959-966</pages><dates><year>1957</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Keys et al., 1957) that involved CO, employed a hydrogenated variety of CO (likely to have high trans-fat content ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hilditch</Author><Year>1929</Year><RecNum>2460</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hilditch and Vidyarthi, 1929)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2460</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2460</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hilditch, T. P. </author><author>Vidyarthi, N. L. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The products of partial hydrogenation of higher monoethylenic esters</title><secondary-title>Proc. Roy. Soc. A</secondary-title></titles><pages>552-563</pages><volume>122</volume><number>790</number><dates><year>1929</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Hilditch and Vidyarthi, 1929)) instead of VCO or natural CO. Furthermore, the different properties (digestion and metabolism) of fatty acids based on carbon chain length PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CcmFnZG9uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2MDwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjI0MTk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEJyYWdkb24gYW5kIEthcm1lbiwgMTk2

MDsgTWNDYXJ0eSBhbmQgRGlOaWNvbGFudG9uaW8sIDIwMTYpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3Jk

PjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0MTk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4i

IGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0i

MCI+MjQxOTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGlj

bGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+QnJhZ2Rvbiwg

Si5ILjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2FybWVuLCBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgZmF0dHkgYWNpZCBjb21wb3NpdGlvbiBvZiBjaHls

b21pY3JvbnMgb2YgY2h5bGUgYW5kIHNlcnVtIGZvbGxvd2luZyB0aGUgaW5nZXN0aW9uIG9mIGRp

ZmZlcmVudCBvaWxzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkogTGlwaWQgUmVzPC9zZWNvbmRh

cnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBMaXBpZCBSZXM8L2Z1

bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xNjctMTcwPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjE8L3Zv

bHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjI8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk2MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjx1

cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0NhcnR5PC9BdXRob3I+

PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjI0MjE8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVy

PjI0MjE8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2

dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjQyMTwva2V5

PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYt

dHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+TWNDYXJ0eSwgTS4gRi48L2F1dGhv

cj48YXV0aG9yPkRpTmljb2xhbnRvbmlvLCBKLiBKLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkNhdGFseXRpYyBMb25nZXZpdHkgLCBFbmNpbml0YXMsIENh

bGlmb3JuaWEgLCBVU0EuPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+TGF1cmljIGFjaWQt

cmljaCBtZWRpdW0tY2hhaW4gdHJpZ2x5Y2VyaWRlcyBjYW4gc3Vic3RpdHV0ZSBmb3Igb3RoZXIg

b2lscyBpbiBjb29raW5nIGFwcGxpY2F0aW9ucyBhbmQgbWF5IGhhdmUgbGltaXRlZCBwYXRob2dl

bmljaXR5PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPk9wZW4gSGVhcnQ8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRs

ZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+ZTAwMDQ2NzwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4zPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJl

cj4yPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPmtldG9uZSBib2RpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+bGF1cmljIGFjaWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+bWVkaXVtLWNoYWluIHRyaWdseWNl

cmlkZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+bmV1cm9wcm90ZWN0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

Pm9iZXNpdHk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNjwveWVhcj48L2Rh

dGVzPjxpc2JuPjIwNTMtMzYyNCAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+Mjc1NDc0

MzY8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5j

YmkubmxtLm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVkLzI3NTQ3NDM2PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxz

PjxjdXN0b20yPlBNQzQ5NzU4Njc8L2N1c3RvbTI+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEw

LjExMzYvb3BlbmhydC0yMDE2LTAwMDQ2NzwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNv

cmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CcmFnZG9uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MTk2MDwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjI0MTk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KEJyYWdkb24gYW5kIEthcm1lbiwgMTk2

MDsgTWNDYXJ0eSBhbmQgRGlOaWNvbGFudG9uaW8sIDIwMTYpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3Jk

PjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI0MTk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4i

IGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0i

MCI+MjQxOTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGlj

bGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+QnJhZ2Rvbiwg

Si5ILjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+S2FybWVuLCBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5UaGUgZmF0dHkgYWNpZCBjb21wb3NpdGlvbiBvZiBjaHls

b21pY3JvbnMgb2YgY2h5bGUgYW5kIHNlcnVtIGZvbGxvd2luZyB0aGUgaW5nZXN0aW9uIG9mIGRp

ZmZlcmVudCBvaWxzPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkogTGlwaWQgUmVzPC9zZWNvbmRh

cnktdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+SiBMaXBpZCBSZXM8L2Z1

bGwtdGl0bGU+PC9wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4xNjctMTcwPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjE8L3Zv

bHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjI8L251bWJlcj48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MTk2MDwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjx1

cmxzPjwvdXJscz48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NY0NhcnR5PC9BdXRob3I+

PFllYXI+MjAxNjwvWWVhcj48UmVjTnVtPjI0MjE8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVy

PjI0MjE8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2

dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpzc256ZGZyZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjQyMTwva2V5

PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYt

dHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+TWNDYXJ0eSwgTS4gRi48L2F1dGhv

cj48YXV0aG9yPkRpTmljb2xhbnRvbmlvLCBKLiBKLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRy

aWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aC1hZGRyZXNzPkNhdGFseXRpYyBMb25nZXZpdHkgLCBFbmNpbml0YXMsIENh

bGlmb3JuaWEgLCBVU0EuPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+TGF1cmljIGFjaWQt

cmljaCBtZWRpdW0tY2hhaW4gdHJpZ2x5Y2VyaWRlcyBjYW4gc3Vic3RpdHV0ZSBmb3Igb3RoZXIg

b2lscyBpbiBjb29raW5nIGFwcGxpY2F0aW9ucyBhbmQgbWF5IGhhdmUgbGltaXRlZCBwYXRob2dl

bmljaXR5PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPk9wZW4gSGVhcnQ8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRs

ZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+ZTAwMDQ2NzwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT4zPC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJl

cj4yPC9udW1iZXI+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPmtldG9uZSBib2RpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+bGF1cmljIGFjaWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+bWVkaXVtLWNoYWluIHRyaWdseWNl

cmlkZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+bmV1cm9wcm90ZWN0aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

Pm9iZXNpdHk8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNjwveWVhcj48L2Rh

dGVzPjxpc2JuPjIwNTMtMzYyNCAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+Mjc1NDc0

MzY8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5j

YmkubmxtLm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVkLzI3NTQ3NDM2PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxz

PjxjdXN0b20yPlBNQzQ5NzU4Njc8L2N1c3RvbTI+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEw

LjExMzYvb3BlbmhydC0yMDE2LTAwMDQ2NzwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNv

cmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Bragdon and Karmen, 1960; McCarty and DiNicolantonio, 2016), have until recently, rarely been considered. For example, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis on the comparison of the effects of saturated MCFA (6-12 carbon atoms) versus saturated LCFA on lipid profiles showed that MCFA significantly increased plasma HDL-C as well as plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein A-1, the major protein component of HDL particles, compared to LCFA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Panth</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2530</RecNum><DisplayText>(Panth et al., 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2530</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2530</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Panth, N.</author><author>Abbott, K.A.</author><author>Dias, C.B.</author><author>Wynne, K.</author><author>Garg, M.L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Differential effects of medium and long-chain saturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis</title><secondary-title>Amer J Clin Nutr</secondary-title></titles><volume>in press</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Panth et al., 2018). This review underscores the importance of considering the effect of the saturated fatty acid chain length on lipid profiles and CVD risk and discusses points which may address concerns raised by the AHA. Needless to say, caloric intake always needs to be considered; if the caloric intake exceeds daily requirements, MCFA will tend to be stored in adipose tissue ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hill</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>2592</RecNum><DisplayText>(Hill et al., 1990)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2592</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="1549837692">2592</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hill, J. O.</author><author>Peters, J. C.</author><author>Swift, L. L.</author><author>Yang, D.</author><author>Sharp, T.</author><author>Abumrad, N.</author><author>Greene, H. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.</auth-address><titles><title>Changes in blood lipids during six days of overfeeding with medium or long chain triglycerides</title><secondary-title>J Lipid Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Lipid Res</full-title></periodical><pages>407-16</pages><volume>31</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/blood</keyword><keyword>Chromatography, Gas</keyword><keyword>Diet</keyword><keyword>Fasting</keyword><keyword>Fatty Acids/administration &amp; dosage/blood</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Insulin/blood</keyword><keyword>Lipids/*blood</keyword><keyword>Liver/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/*administration &amp; dosage/blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-2275 (Print)&#xD;0022-2275 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2187945</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Hill et al., 1990). It is also important to note that the beneficial effects of MCFA are modulated by the overall dietary pattern, as this influences MCFA transport to the liver via the portal vein ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Swift</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>2420</RecNum><DisplayText>(Swift et al., 1990)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2420</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2420</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Swift, L. L.</author><author>Hill, J. O.</author><author>Peters, J. C.</author><author>Greene, H. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2561.</auth-address><titles><title>Medium-chain fatty acids: evidence for incorporation into chylomicron triglycerides in humans</title><secondary-title>Am J Clin Nutr</secondary-title></titles><pages>834-6</pages><volume>52</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>Chylomicrons/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Fatty Acids/analysis/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Food, Formulated/analysis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/analysis/*metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9165 (Print)&#xD;0002-9165 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2239759</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Swift et al., 1990). Supplementary table 1. Evidence from clinical trials on the effect of coconut oil on blood lipids and lipoprotein profilesReference (Country)SubjectsStudy design and lengthInterventionObservations (Mean ± standard deviation, mmol/L unless otherwise stated)LimitationsFisher et al, 1983 (USA) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fisher</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>2546</RecNum><DisplayText>(Fisher et al., 1983)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2546</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2546</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fisher, E. A.</author><author>Blum, C. B.</author><author>Zannis, V. I.</author><author>Breslow, J. L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Independent effects of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein E</title><secondary-title>Journal of lipid research</secondary-title><alt-title>J Lipid Res</alt-title></titles><alt-periodical><full-title>J Lipid Res</full-title></alt-periodical><pages>1039-1 048</pages><volume>24</volume><dates><year>1983</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Fisher et al., 1983) 9 healthy men18-37 years old healthy weight normo-lipidemic Non-randomized, cross-over64 days (9-day oil then 9-day oil + cholesterol, 1-month wash out, 9-day alternate oil then 9-day alternate oil + cholesterol).Isocaloric diets providing 15%E protein, 54%E carbohydrate and 31%E fat.Fat sources: corn oil (corn), corn oil + 1g/day cholesterol (corn+), coconut oil (CO), coconut oil + 1g/day cholesterol (CO+).TC: CO (4.29±0.70) = CO+ (4.65±0.75) > corn (2.95±0.36) = corn+ (3.05±0.28)LDL-C+IDL-C: CO (2.72±0.65) = CO+ (3.00±0.72) > corn (1.76±0.41) = corn+ (1.78±0.44)VLDL-C: CO (0.52±0.23) = CO+ (0.67±0.26) > corn (0.34±0.18) = corn+ (0.39±0.18)HDL-C: CO (1.06±0.18) = CO+ (0.98±0.18) > corn (0.88±0.16) = corn+ (0.88±0.13)TG: CO (0.89±0.49) = CO+ (1.12±0.25) > corn (0.67±0.19) = corn+ (0.55±0.17)ApoE (mg/dL): CO (32.0±6.2) = CO+ (32.2±8.5) > corn (24.1±2.7) = corn+ (24.2±3.8); the coconut oil diet shifted ApoE towards lipoproteins of lower density (VLDL, IDL, and LDL) compared with the corn oil diet.No randomizationNo power calculation Small sample size Only men recruitedNot defined if coconut oil was refined or virgin.Mendis and Kumarasundaram, 1990(Sri Lanka) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mendis</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>2547</RecNum><DisplayText>(Mendis and Kumarasundaram, 1990)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2547</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2547</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mendis, Shanthi</author><author>Kumarasundaram, Ravi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effect of daily consumption of coconut fat and soya-bean fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of young normolipidaemic men</title><secondary-title>British Journal of Nutrition</secondary-title></titles><pages>547-252</pages><volume>63</volume><number>03</number><section>547</section><dates><year>1990</year></dates><isbn>0007-1145&#xD;1475-2662</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1079/bjn19900141</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Mendis and Kumarasundaram, 1990)25 healthy men20-26 years oldRandomized cross-over19 weeks (8-week feeding, 3-week wash out, 8-week feeding)Consumption of 2 high fat meals (lunch and dinner) containing either coconut fat or soya-bean oil and a low-fat high-carbohydrate breakfast.TC: Coconut (4.61±039) > Soya-bean (3.68±042)LDL-C: Coconut (2.84±0.37) = Soya-bean (2.27±0.36)HDL-C: Coconut (1.14±0.27) = Soya-bean (0.94±0.26)TG: Coconut (1.45±0.41) = Soya-bean (1.06±0.42)Only men recruitedHeber et al, 1992 (USA) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Heber</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>2548</RecNum><DisplayText>(Heber et al., 1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2548</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2548</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Heber, D.</author><author>Ashley, J.M.</author><author>Solares, M.E.</author><author>Wang, H-J.</author><author>Alfin-Slater, R.B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effects of a palm-oil enriched diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy young men</title><secondary-title>Nutrition Research</secondary-title><alt-title>Nutr Res</alt-title></titles><pages>53-59</pages><volume>12</volume><number>Suppl 1</number><dates><year>1992</year><pub-dates><date>1992</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Heber et al., 1992)9 healthy males22-43 years oldRandomized crossover13 weeks (2-week washout, 3x3-week diet)Substitution of 50% of total fat and 17.5% of total energy with either (P) palm oil, (CO) coconut oil or (HS) hydrogenated soybean oil.TC (change): CO significant increase; P and HS not significantLDL-C (change): CO significant increase; P and HS not significantHDL-C (change): P significant increase; CO and HS not significantTG (change): CO, P and HS not significantApoAI (change): CO, P and HS not significantApoB (change): CO, P and HS not significantSmall sample sizeDoes not compare dietsCox et al, 1995 (New Zealand) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cox</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>2549</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cox et al., 1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2549</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2549</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cox, Charlotte</author><author>Mann, Jim</author><author>Sutherland, Wayne</author><author>Chisholm, Alexandra</author><author>Skeaff, Murray</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of coconut oil, butter, and safflower oil on lipids and lipoproteins in persons with moderately elevated cholesterol levels</title><secondary-title>Journal of lipid research</secondary-title><alt-title>J Lipid Res</alt-title></titles><alt-periodical><full-title>J Lipid Res</full-title></alt-periodical><pages>1787-1795</pages><volume>37</volume><dates><year>1995</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Cox et al., 1995)28 subjects (13 men, 15 women), 29-67 years old5.5-7.9 mmol/L TC< 3 mmol/L TGRandomized, cross-over, no wash out24 weeks (6-week run in + 3x6-week diet)Diets providing 17%E protein, 47%E carbohydrate, 36%E fat and cholesterol matched (300-350mg/day). Fat sources: coconut oil (CO) or butter (B), providing 20%E as SFA, or safflower oil (SA), providing 10%E PUFA and 10%E SFA.TC: B (6.8±0.9) > CO (6.4±0.8) > SA (6.1 ± 0.8)LDL-C: B (4.5±0.8) > CO (4.2±0.8) > SA (3.9±0.7)VLDL-C: B (0.65±0.65) = CO (0.54±0.51); B > SA (0.53±0.54); CO = SAHDL-C: B (1.4±0.4) = CO (1.5±0.4) = SA (1.4±0.3)ApoAI (mg/L): B (141±23) = CO (157±17) > SA (132±22)ApoB (mg/dL): B (86 ± 20) = CO (91±32) > SA (77±19)TG: B (2.0±1.3) > CO (1.8±1.0) = SA (1.7±1.0)Unbalanced male and female ratiosNo wash outCox et al, 1998(New Zealand) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cox</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>2550</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cox et al., 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2550</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2550</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cox, Charlotte</author><author>Sutherland, Waynne</author><author>Mann, Jim</author><author>Jong, S de</author><author>Chisholm, Alexandra</author><author>Skeaff, Murray</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of dietary coconut oil, butter and safflower oil on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lathosterol levels</title><secondary-title>European Journal of Clinical Nutrition</secondary-title><short-title>Dietary fat type and lathosterol levels</short-title></titles><pages>650-654</pages><volume>52</volume><dates><year>1998</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Cox et al., 1998)37 healthy pacific island Polynesians (24 men and 17 women)19-72 years old4.2-7.5 mmol/L TC < 3 mmol/L TGSequential, cross over, no wash out24 weeks (6-week run in + 3x6-week diet)Diet providing 17%E protein, 47%E carbohydrate, 36%E fat and cholesterol matched (250±300 mg/d).Fat sources: (B) Butter, 39g butter + palmitic acid rich (~17g palmitic acid); (CO) Coconut oil, 39g coconut oil (~17g lauric acid); (SA) Safflower, 24g safflower oil (~17g linoleic acid)TC: B (5.61±0.96) = CO (5.47±0.91) > SA (5.10±0.93)VLDL-C: B (0.34±0.18) = CO (0.41±0.36) = SA (0.45±0.45)LDL-C: B (4.08±0.89) > CO (3.79±0.75) > SA (3.50±0.84)HDL-C: B (1.16±0.24) = CO (1.21±0.27) > SA (1.06±0.21)ApoAI (g/L): B (1.23±0.18) = CO (1.33±0.28) > SA (1.15±0.14)ApoAII (g/L): B (0.34±0.08) = CO (0.35±0.08) = SA (0.35±0.08)ApoB (g/L): B (1.00±0.22) > CO (0.87±0.38) = SA (0.76±0.18)TG: B (1.86±0.89) = CO (1.61±0.93) = SA (1.77±.25)No randomizationNo wash outUnblindedAssuncao et al, 2009 (Brazil) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Assuncao</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2551</RecNum><DisplayText>(Assuncao et al., 2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2551</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2551</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Assuncao, M. L.</author><author>Ferreira, H. S.</author><author>dos Santos, A. F.</author><author>Cabral, C. R., Jr.</author><author>Florencio, T. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Faculdade de Nutricao, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, AL 57072-970, Brazil.</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity</title><secondary-title>Lipids</secondary-title></titles><pages>593-601</pages><volume>44</volume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>Abdominal Fat/*drug effects</keyword><keyword>Adiposity/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>Body Weight/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Body Weights and Measures</keyword><keyword>*Cocos/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/*pharmacology/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Dietary Supplements</keyword><keyword>Double-Blind Method</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Lipids/blood</keyword><keyword>Obesity/blood/*diet therapy/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1558-9307 (Electronic)&#xD;0024-4201 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19437058</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Assuncao et al., 2009)40 women20–40 years old>88cm waist circumfe-renceRandomized,double-blind, clinical trial12 weeksS: 30 mL of soy bean oilCO: 30mL of coconut oilBoth combined with a balanced hypocaloric diet and a 50min daily walk. TC (change): S significant increase; CO not significantLDL-C (change): S significant increase; CO not significantHDL-C (change): S significant decrease; CO not significantLDL-C/HDL-C (change): S significant increase; CO not significantTG (change): S and CO not significantNo power calculationSmall sample sizeOnly womenDoes not compare dietsVoon et al, 2011(Malaysia) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Wb29uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVj

TnVtPjI1NTI8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFZvb24gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDExKTwvRGlzcGxh

eVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNTUyPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVsc3Rwd3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZldzBkcndw

IiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI1NTI8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0i

Sm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0

aG9yPlZvb24sIFAuIFQuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OZywgVC4gSy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9y

PkxlZSwgVi4gSy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk5lc2FyZXRuYW0sIEsuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRo

b3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOdXRyaXRpb24g

YW5kIERpZXRldGljcywgSW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBNZWRpY2FsIFVuaXZlcnNpdHksIEt1YWxhIEx1

bXB1ciwgTWFsYXlzaWEuIHBoMDgwOTI1OTA3QGltdS5lZHUubXk8L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0

bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5EaWV0cyBoaWdoIGluIHBhbG1pdGljIGFjaWQgKDE2OjApLCBsYXVyaWMgYW5k

IG15cmlzdGljIGFjaWRzICgxMjowICsgMTQ6MCksIG9yIG9sZWljIGFjaWQgKDE4OjEpIGRvIG5v

dCBhbHRlciBwb3N0cHJhbmRpYWwgb3IgZmFzdGluZyBwbGFzbWEgaG9tb2N5c3RlaW5lIGFuZCBp

bmZsYW1tYXRvcnkgbWFya2VycyBpbiBoZWFsdGh5IE1hbGF5c2lhbiBhZHVsdHM8L3RpdGxlPjxz

ZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+QW0gSiBDbGluIE51dHI8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48

cGFnZXM+MTQ1MS03PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjk0PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj42PC9udW1iZXI+

PGVkaXRpb24+MjAxMS8xMC8yODwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWR1bHQ8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QmlvbWFya2Vycy9ibG9vZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Dcm9zcy1P

dmVyIFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+KkRpZXQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGll

dGFyeSBGYXRzLyphZG1pbmlzdHJhdGlvbiAmYW1wOyBkb3NhZ2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

RmFzdGluZzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GYXR0eSBBY2lkcy8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZhdHR5IEFjaWRzLCBVbnNhdHVyYXRlZC8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZlbWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Ib21vY3lzdGVpbmUvKmJsb29k

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFuczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5JbmZsYW1tYXRpb24g

TWVkaWF0b3JzLypibG9vZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXVyaWMgQWNpZHMvcGhhcm1hY29s

b2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGF5c2lhPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TXlyaXN0aWMgQWNpZHMvcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPk9sZWljIEFjaWQvcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk9saXZlIE9pbDwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5QYWxtaXRpYyBBY2lkL3BoYXJtYWNvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5QbGFudCBPaWxzL2NoZW1pc3RyeS8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PlBvc3RwcmFuZGlhbCBQZXJpb2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+WW91bmcgQWR1bHQ8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMTwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPkRl

YzwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE5MzgtMzIwNyAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykm

I3hEOzAwMDItOTE2NSAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjIwMzAyMjQ8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jYmkubmxt

Lm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVkLzIyMDMwMjI0PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVj

dHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4zOTQ1L2FqY24uMTExLjAyMDEwNzwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1y

ZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Wb29uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMTwvWWVhcj48UmVj

TnVtPjI1NTI8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KFZvb24gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDExKTwvRGlzcGxh

eVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNTUyPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+

PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVsc3Rwd3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZldzBkcndw

IiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI1NTI8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0i

Sm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0

aG9yPlZvb24sIFAuIFQuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5OZywgVC4gSy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9y

PkxlZSwgVi4gSy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk5lc2FyZXRuYW0sIEsuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRo

b3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOdXRyaXRpb24g

YW5kIERpZXRldGljcywgSW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBNZWRpY2FsIFVuaXZlcnNpdHksIEt1YWxhIEx1

bXB1ciwgTWFsYXlzaWEuIHBoMDgwOTI1OTA3QGltdS5lZHUubXk8L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0

bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5EaWV0cyBoaWdoIGluIHBhbG1pdGljIGFjaWQgKDE2OjApLCBsYXVyaWMgYW5k

IG15cmlzdGljIGFjaWRzICgxMjowICsgMTQ6MCksIG9yIG9sZWljIGFjaWQgKDE4OjEpIGRvIG5v

dCBhbHRlciBwb3N0cHJhbmRpYWwgb3IgZmFzdGluZyBwbGFzbWEgaG9tb2N5c3RlaW5lIGFuZCBp

bmZsYW1tYXRvcnkgbWFya2VycyBpbiBoZWFsdGh5IE1hbGF5c2lhbiBhZHVsdHM8L3RpdGxlPjxz

ZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+QW0gSiBDbGluIE51dHI8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48

cGFnZXM+MTQ1MS03PC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjk0PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj42PC9udW1iZXI+

PGVkaXRpb24+MjAxMS8xMC8yODwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWR1bHQ8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QmlvbWFya2Vycy9ibG9vZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Dcm9zcy1P

dmVyIFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+KkRpZXQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGll

dGFyeSBGYXRzLyphZG1pbmlzdHJhdGlvbiAmYW1wOyBkb3NhZ2U8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+

RmFzdGluZzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GYXR0eSBBY2lkcy8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZhdHR5IEFjaWRzLCBVbnNhdHVyYXRlZC8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZlbWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Ib21vY3lzdGVpbmUvKmJsb29k

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFuczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5JbmZsYW1tYXRpb24g

TWVkaWF0b3JzLypibG9vZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5MYXVyaWMgQWNpZHMvcGhhcm1hY29s

b2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGF5c2lhPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1hbGU8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TXlyaXN0aWMgQWNpZHMvcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3

b3JkPk9sZWljIEFjaWQvcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk9saXZlIE9pbDwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5QYWxtaXRpYyBBY2lkL3BoYXJtYWNvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5

d29yZD5QbGFudCBPaWxzL2NoZW1pc3RyeS8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

PlBvc3RwcmFuZGlhbCBQZXJpb2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+WW91bmcgQWR1bHQ8L2tleXdv

cmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxMTwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPkRl

YzwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1kYXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE5MzgtMzIwNyAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykm

I3hEOzAwMDItOTE2NSAoTGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjIwMzAyMjQ8L2Fj

Y2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVybHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jYmkubmxt

Lm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVkLzIyMDMwMjI0PC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVj

dHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT4xMC4zOTQ1L2FqY24uMTExLjAyMDEwNzwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1y

ZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT5=

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Voon et al., 2011)45 apparently healthy subjectsCrossover, 3 x 3 Latin-square, no wash out18 weeks (3-week standardization, 3x5-week intervention)Diet containing 30%E fat, 1/3 from either palmitic acid (16:0) rich palm olein (PO), lauric and myristic acid (12:0+14:0) rich coconut oil (CO) or oleic acid (18:1) rich virgin olive oil (VOO), 20%E protein and 50% carbohydrate.TC: VOO (4.65±0.71) < CO (4.95±0.69); PO (4.81±0.74) = VOO; PO = COLDL-C: VOO (3.06±0.64) < CO (3.30±0.75); PO (3.20±0.71) = VOO; PO = COHDL-C: VOO (1.28±0.23) < CO (1.37±0.30); PO (1.31±0.26) = VOO; PO = COTG: PO (0.85±0.31) = VOO (0.84±0.37) = CO (0.90±0.39)No wash outCardoso et al, 2015(Brazil) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXJkb3NvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjI1NTM8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KENhcmRvc28gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE1KTwv

RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNTUzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVsc3Rwd3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZl

dzBkcndwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI1NTM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

cz48YXV0aG9yPkNhcmRvc28sIEQuIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Nb3JlaXJhLCBBLiBTLjwv

YXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+ZGUgT2xpdmVpcmEsIEcuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5SYWdnaW8g

THVpeiwgUi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJvc2EsIEcuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+UG9zdGdyYWR1YXRlIFByb2dyYW0gaW4gQ2FyZGlvbG9n

eSBhdCB0aGUgU2Nob29sIG9mIE1lZGljaW5lLCBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZGUgRmVkZXJhbCBkbyBSaW8g

ZGUgSmFuZWlybyAoVUZSSikuLiBhbm5pZWJlbGxvQGdtYWlsLmNvbS4mI3hEO0FwcGxpZWQgTnV0

cml0aW9uIERlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWRlIGRvIEVzdGFkbyBkbyBSaW8gZGUgSmFu

ZWlybyAoVUVSSik7IFJlc2VhcmNoIGRpZXRpdGlhbiBhbmQgcHJvZmVzc29yIGF0IEluc3RpdHV0

byBOYWNpb25hbCBkZSBDYXJkaW9sb2dpYSAoSU5DKS4uIGFubmllYmVsbG9AZ21haWwuY29tLiYj

eEQ7SW5zdGl0dXRlIGZvciBDb2xsZWN0aXZlIEhlYWx0aCBTdHVkaWVzLCBGZWRlcmFsIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgb2YgUmlvIGRlIEphbmVpcm8sIFJpbyBkZSBKYW5laXJvLi4gYW5uaWViZWxsb0BnbWFp

bC5jb20uJiN4RDtEZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIE51dHJpdGlvbiBhbmQgRGlldGV0aWNzLCBKb3N1ZSBk

ZSBDYXN0cm8gTnV0cml0aW9uIEluc3RpdHV0ZSBvZiBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZGUgRmVkZXJhbCBkbyBS

aW8gZGUgSmFuZWlybyAoVUZSSiksIEJyYXppbC4uIGFubmllYmVsbG9AZ21haWwuY29tLjwvYXV0

aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkEgQ29jb251dCBFeHRyYSBWaXJnaW4gT2lsLVJpY2gg

RGlldCBJbmNyZWFzZXMgSGRsIENob2xlc3Rlcm9sIGFuZCBEZWNyZWFzZXMgV2Fpc3QgQ2lyY3Vt

ZmVyZW5jZSBhbmQgQm9keSBNYXNzIGluIENvcm9uYXJ5IEFydGVyeSBEaXNlYXNlIFBhdGllbnRz

PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPk51dHIgSG9zcDwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0

bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPk51dHIgSG9zcDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3Blcmlv

ZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjIxNDQtNTI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MzI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjU8

L251bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkLCA4

MCBhbmQgb3Zlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Cb2R5IE1hc3MgSW5kZXg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+Qm9keSBXZWlnaHQvKmRydWcgZWZmZWN0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DaG9sZXN0

ZXJvbCwgSERMLypibG9vZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db3JvbmFyeSBBcnRlcnkgRGlzZWFz

ZS8qZGlldCB0aGVyYXB5L3BoeXNpb3BhdGhvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxpcGlkcy9ibG9vZDwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1pZGRsZSBBZ2VkPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBsYW50IE9pbHMvKnBoYXJtYWNvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5X

YWlzdCBDaXJjdW1mZXJlbmNlLypkcnVnIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0

ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNTwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPk5vdiAwMTwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1k

YXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE2OTktNTE5OCAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykmI3hEOzAyMTItMTYxMSAo

TGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjY1NDU2NzE8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVy

bHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jYmkubmxtLm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVk

LzI2NTQ1NjcxPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNl

LW51bT4xMC4zMzA1L25oLjIwMTUuMzIuNS45NjQyPC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48

L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DYXJkb3NvPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48

UmVjTnVtPjI1NTM8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KENhcmRvc28gZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE1KTwv

RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNTUzPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWdu

LWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iMHc5dnZyOWVsc3Rwd3ZlejV2cHh6c3NuemRmcmZl

dzBkcndwIiB0aW1lc3RhbXA9IjAiPjI1NTM8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUg

bmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

cz48YXV0aG9yPkNhcmRvc28sIEQuIEEuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Nb3JlaXJhLCBBLiBTLjwv

YXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+ZGUgT2xpdmVpcmEsIEcuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5SYWdnaW8g

THVpeiwgUi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJvc2EsIEcuPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29u

dHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+UG9zdGdyYWR1YXRlIFByb2dyYW0gaW4gQ2FyZGlvbG9n

eSBhdCB0aGUgU2Nob29sIG9mIE1lZGljaW5lLCBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZGUgRmVkZXJhbCBkbyBSaW8g

ZGUgSmFuZWlybyAoVUZSSikuLiBhbm5pZWJlbGxvQGdtYWlsLmNvbS4mI3hEO0FwcGxpZWQgTnV0

cml0aW9uIERlcGFydG1lbnQgb2YgVW5pdmVyc2lkYWRlIGRvIEVzdGFkbyBkbyBSaW8gZGUgSmFu

ZWlybyAoVUVSSik7IFJlc2VhcmNoIGRpZXRpdGlhbiBhbmQgcHJvZmVzc29yIGF0IEluc3RpdHV0

byBOYWNpb25hbCBkZSBDYXJkaW9sb2dpYSAoSU5DKS4uIGFubmllYmVsbG9AZ21haWwuY29tLiYj

eEQ7SW5zdGl0dXRlIGZvciBDb2xsZWN0aXZlIEhlYWx0aCBTdHVkaWVzLCBGZWRlcmFsIFVuaXZl

cnNpdHkgb2YgUmlvIGRlIEphbmVpcm8sIFJpbyBkZSBKYW5laXJvLi4gYW5uaWViZWxsb0BnbWFp

bC5jb20uJiN4RDtEZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIE51dHJpdGlvbiBhbmQgRGlldGV0aWNzLCBKb3N1ZSBk

ZSBDYXN0cm8gTnV0cml0aW9uIEluc3RpdHV0ZSBvZiBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZGUgRmVkZXJhbCBkbyBS

aW8gZGUgSmFuZWlybyAoVUZSSiksIEJyYXppbC4uIGFubmllYmVsbG9AZ21haWwuY29tLjwvYXV0

aC1hZGRyZXNzPjx0aXRsZXM+PHRpdGxlPkEgQ29jb251dCBFeHRyYSBWaXJnaW4gT2lsLVJpY2gg

RGlldCBJbmNyZWFzZXMgSGRsIENob2xlc3Rlcm9sIGFuZCBEZWNyZWFzZXMgV2Fpc3QgQ2lyY3Vt

ZmVyZW5jZSBhbmQgQm9keSBNYXNzIGluIENvcm9uYXJ5IEFydGVyeSBEaXNlYXNlIFBhdGllbnRz

PC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPk51dHIgSG9zcDwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0

bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPk51dHIgSG9zcDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3Blcmlv

ZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjIxNDQtNTI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MzI8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjU8

L251bWJlcj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5BZ2VkLCA4

MCBhbmQgb3Zlcjwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Cb2R5IE1hc3MgSW5kZXg8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+Qm9keSBXZWlnaHQvKmRydWcgZWZmZWN0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DaG9sZXN0

ZXJvbCwgSERMLypibG9vZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Db3JvbmFyeSBBcnRlcnkgRGlzZWFz

ZS8qZGlldCB0aGVyYXB5L3BoeXNpb3BhdGhvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8

L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkxpcGlkcy9ibG9vZDwv

a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1pZGRsZSBBZ2VkPC9rZXl3

b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBsYW50IE9pbHMvKnBoYXJtYWNvbG9neTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5X

YWlzdCBDaXJjdW1mZXJlbmNlLypkcnVnIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0

ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNTwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVzPjxkYXRlPk5vdiAwMTwvZGF0ZT48L3B1Yi1k

YXRlcz48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjE2OTktNTE5OCAoRWxlY3Ryb25pYykmI3hEOzAyMTItMTYxMSAo

TGlua2luZyk8L2lzYm4+PGFjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+MjY1NDU2NzE8L2FjY2Vzc2lvbi1udW0+PHVy

bHM+PHJlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48dXJsPmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm5jYmkubmxtLm5paC5nb3YvcHVibWVk

LzI2NTQ1NjcxPC91cmw+PC9yZWxhdGVkLXVybHM+PC91cmxzPjxlbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNl

LW51bT4xMC4zMzA1L25oLjIwMTUuMzIuNS45NjQyPC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48

L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPn==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Cardoso et al., 2015)116 (63.2% males) 62.4 ± 7.7 years old100% hypertense94.5% dyslipidemicNon-randomized clinical trial6 monthsStage 1: 3 months intensive nutritional treatment.Stage 2: 3 months either on the standard diet (SD, n=22) or on the standard diet + 13mL/day extra virgin coconut oil (VCO, n=92).TC (change): VCO (0.15±0.92) = SD (0.29±0.82)LDL-C (change): VCO (0.10±0.81) = SD (0.07±0.85)HDL-C (change): VCO (0.08±0.19, p<0.01) > SD (-0.03±0.22)TG (change): VCO (-0.02±0.80) = SD (0.26±0.82) ApoA (mg/dL, change): VCO (4.7±12.7, p<0.01) = SD (-3.9 ±2.7, p=0.20)ApoB (mg/dL, change): VCO (6.4±17.6, p<0.01) = SD (7.4±18.1, p=0.07)No randomizationUnequal numbers in treatment (VCO) vs control (SD).Subjects were on lipid-lowering and/or anti-hypertensive drugs.Vijayakumar et al, 2016(India) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WaWpheWFrdW1hcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1ll

YXI+PFJlY051bT4yNTU0PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihWaWpheWFrdW1hciBldCBhbC4s

IDIwMTYpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI1NTQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+

PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpz

c256ZGZyZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjU1NDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxy

ZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

PjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VmlqYXlha3VtYXIsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5WYXN1ZGV2

YW4sIEQuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TdW5kYXJhbSwgSy4gUi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9y

PktyaXNobmFuLCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+VmFpZHlhbmF0aGFuLCBLLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+TmFuZGFrdW1hciwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNoYW5kcmFzZWtoYXIsIFIuPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NYXRoZXcsIE4uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

PjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+UHJvZmVzc29yIG9mIENhcmRpb2xvZ3ksIEFtcml0YSBJbnN0aXR1dGUg

b2YgTWVkaWNhbCBTY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2VudHJlIChBbXJpdGEgVmlzaHdhIFZp

ZHlhcGVldGhhbSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5KSwgQUlNUyBQb25la2thcmEgUC5PLiwgS29jaGksIEtlcmFs

YSwgSW5kaWEuIEVsZWN0cm9uaWMgYWRkcmVzczogZHJtdmlqYXlAYWltcy5hbXJpdGEuZWR1LiYj

eEQ7UHJvZmVzc29yIEJpb2NoZW1pc3RyeSwgQW1yaXRhIEluc3RpdHV0ZSBvZiBNZWRpY2FsIFNj

aWVuY2VzIGFuZCBSZXNlYXJjaCBDZW50cmUgKEFtcml0YSBWaXNod2EgVmlkeWFwZWV0aGFtIFVu

aXZlcnNpdHkpLCBBSU1TIFBvbmVra2FyYSBQLk8uLCBLb2NoaSwgS2VyYWxhLCBJbmRpYS4mI3hE

O1Byb2Zlc3NvciBCaW9zdGF0aXN0aWNzLCBBbXJpdGEgSW5zdGl0dXRlIG9mIE1lZGljYWwgU2Np

ZW5jZXMgYW5kIFJlc2VhcmNoIENlbnRyZSAoQW1yaXRhIFZpc2h3YSBWaWR5YXBlZXRoYW0gVW5p

dmVyc2l0eSksIEFJTVMgUG9uZWtrYXJhIFAuTy4sIEtvY2hpLCBLZXJhbGEsIEluZGlhLiYjeEQ7

QXNzb2NpYXRlIFByb2Zlc3NvciwgRGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBCaW9jaGVtaXN0cnksIEFtcml0YSBJ

bnN0aXR1dGUgb2YgTWVkaWNhbCBTY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2VudGVyIChBbXJpdGEg

VmlzaHdhIFZpZGF5cGVldGhhbSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5KSwgSW5kaWEuJiN4RDtSZXNlYXJjaCBGZWxs

b3csIEFtcml0YSBJbnN0aXR1dGUgb2YgTWVkaWNhbCBTY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2Vu

dHJlIChBbXJpdGEgVmlzaHdhIFZpZHlhcGVldGhhbSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5KSwgQUlNUyBQb25la2th

cmEgUC5PLiwgS29jaGksIEtlcmFsYSwgSW5kaWEuJiN4RDtQcm9mZXNzb3Igb2YgQ2FyZGlvbG9n

eSwgQW1yaXRhIEluc3RpdHV0ZSBvZiBNZWRpY2FsIFNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBSZXNlYXJjaCBDZW50

cmUgKEFtcml0YSBWaXNod2EgVmlkeWFwZWV0aGFtIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkpLCBBSU1TIFBvbmVra2Fy

YSBQLk8uLCBLb2NoaSwgS2VyYWxhLCBJbmRpYS48L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRs

ZT5BIHJhbmRvbWl6ZWQgc3R1ZHkgb2YgY29jb251dCBvaWwgdmVyc3VzIHN1bmZsb3dlciBvaWwg

b24gY2FyZGlvdmFzY3VsYXIgcmlzayBmYWN0b3JzIGluIHBhdGllbnRzIHdpdGggc3RhYmxlIGNv

cm9uYXJ5IGhlYXJ0IGRpc2Vhc2U8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SW5kaWFuIEhlYXJ0

IEo8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+NDk4LTUwNjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVt

ZT42ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NDwvbnVtYmVyPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Db3JvbmFy

eSBEaXNlYXNlL2Jsb29kL2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neS8qcHJldmVudGlvbiAmYW1wOyBjb250cm9sPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpZXRhcnkgRmF0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Rm9sbG93LVVwIFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5z

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkluY2lkZW5jZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5JbmRpYS9lcGlk

ZW1pb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGlwaWRzL2Jsb29kPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

Pk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWlkZGxlIEFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UGls

b3QgUHJvamVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UGxhbnQgT2lscy8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNpbmdsZS1CbGluZCBNZXRob2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGlt

ZSBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipBdGhlcm9zY2xlcm9zaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+KkNob2xlc3Rlcm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipDb2NvbnV0IG9pbDwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD4qQ29va2luZyBtZWRpdW08L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+KlN1bmZsb3dlciBv

aWw8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNjwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVz

PjxkYXRlPkp1bC1BdWc8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4wMDE5LTQ4MzIg

KFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAxOS00ODMyIChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4yNzU0

MzQ3MjwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cu

bmNiaS5ubG0ubmloLmdvdi9wdWJtZWQvMjc1NDM0NzI8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3Vy

bHM+PGN1c3RvbTI+UE1DNDk5MDczMTwvY3VzdG9tMj48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+

MTAuMTAxNi9qLmloai4yMDE1LjEwLjM4NDwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNv

cmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WaWpheWFrdW1hcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1ll

YXI+PFJlY051bT4yNTU0PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihWaWpheWFrdW1hciBldCBhbC4s

IDIwMTYpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjI1NTQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+

PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSIwdzl2dnI5ZWxzdHB3dmV6NXZweHpz

c256ZGZyZmV3MGRyd3AiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMCI+MjU1NDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxy

ZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

PjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+VmlqYXlha3VtYXIsIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5WYXN1ZGV2

YW4sIEQuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TdW5kYXJhbSwgSy4gUi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9y

PktyaXNobmFuLCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+VmFpZHlhbmF0aGFuLCBLLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh

dXRob3I+TmFuZGFrdW1hciwgUy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNoYW5kcmFzZWtoYXIsIFIuPC9h

dXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5NYXRoZXcsIE4uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29udHJpYnV0b3Jz

PjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+UHJvZmVzc29yIG9mIENhcmRpb2xvZ3ksIEFtcml0YSBJbnN0aXR1dGUg

b2YgTWVkaWNhbCBTY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2VudHJlIChBbXJpdGEgVmlzaHdhIFZp

ZHlhcGVldGhhbSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5KSwgQUlNUyBQb25la2thcmEgUC5PLiwgS29jaGksIEtlcmFs

YSwgSW5kaWEuIEVsZWN0cm9uaWMgYWRkcmVzczogZHJtdmlqYXlAYWltcy5hbXJpdGEuZWR1LiYj

eEQ7UHJvZmVzc29yIEJpb2NoZW1pc3RyeSwgQW1yaXRhIEluc3RpdHV0ZSBvZiBNZWRpY2FsIFNj

aWVuY2VzIGFuZCBSZXNlYXJjaCBDZW50cmUgKEFtcml0YSBWaXNod2EgVmlkeWFwZWV0aGFtIFVu

aXZlcnNpdHkpLCBBSU1TIFBvbmVra2FyYSBQLk8uLCBLb2NoaSwgS2VyYWxhLCBJbmRpYS4mI3hE

O1Byb2Zlc3NvciBCaW9zdGF0aXN0aWNzLCBBbXJpdGEgSW5zdGl0dXRlIG9mIE1lZGljYWwgU2Np

ZW5jZXMgYW5kIFJlc2VhcmNoIENlbnRyZSAoQW1yaXRhIFZpc2h3YSBWaWR5YXBlZXRoYW0gVW5p

dmVyc2l0eSksIEFJTVMgUG9uZWtrYXJhIFAuTy4sIEtvY2hpLCBLZXJhbGEsIEluZGlhLiYjeEQ7

QXNzb2NpYXRlIFByb2Zlc3NvciwgRGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBCaW9jaGVtaXN0cnksIEFtcml0YSBJ

bnN0aXR1dGUgb2YgTWVkaWNhbCBTY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2VudGVyIChBbXJpdGEg

VmlzaHdhIFZpZGF5cGVldGhhbSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5KSwgSW5kaWEuJiN4RDtSZXNlYXJjaCBGZWxs

b3csIEFtcml0YSBJbnN0aXR1dGUgb2YgTWVkaWNhbCBTY2llbmNlcyBhbmQgUmVzZWFyY2ggQ2Vu

dHJlIChBbXJpdGEgVmlzaHdhIFZpZHlhcGVldGhhbSBVbml2ZXJzaXR5KSwgQUlNUyBQb25la2th

cmEgUC5PLiwgS29jaGksIEtlcmFsYSwgSW5kaWEuJiN4RDtQcm9mZXNzb3Igb2YgQ2FyZGlvbG9n

eSwgQW1yaXRhIEluc3RpdHV0ZSBvZiBNZWRpY2FsIFNjaWVuY2VzIGFuZCBSZXNlYXJjaCBDZW50

cmUgKEFtcml0YSBWaXNod2EgVmlkeWFwZWV0aGFtIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkpLCBBSU1TIFBvbmVra2Fy

YSBQLk8uLCBLb2NoaSwgS2VyYWxhLCBJbmRpYS48L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRs

ZT5BIHJhbmRvbWl6ZWQgc3R1ZHkgb2YgY29jb251dCBvaWwgdmVyc3VzIHN1bmZsb3dlciBvaWwg

b24gY2FyZGlvdmFzY3VsYXIgcmlzayBmYWN0b3JzIGluIHBhdGllbnRzIHdpdGggc3RhYmxlIGNv

cm9uYXJ5IGhlYXJ0IGRpc2Vhc2U8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SW5kaWFuIEhlYXJ0

IEo8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGFnZXM+NDk4LTUwNjwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVt

ZT42ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NDwvbnVtYmVyPjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5Db3JvbmFy

eSBEaXNlYXNlL2Jsb29kL2VwaWRlbWlvbG9neS8qcHJldmVudGlvbiAmYW1wOyBjb250cm9sPC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkRpZXRhcnkgRmF0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GZW1hbGU8L2tl

eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Rm9sbG93LVVwIFN0dWRpZXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5z

PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkluY2lkZW5jZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5JbmRpYS9lcGlk

ZW1pb2xvZ3k8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TGlwaWRzL2Jsb29kPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk

Pk1hbGU8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+TWlkZGxlIEFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UGls

b3QgUHJvamVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+UGxhbnQgT2lscy8qcGhhcm1hY29sb2d5PC9r

ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNpbmdsZS1CbGluZCBNZXRob2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+VGlt

ZSBGYWN0b3JzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipBdGhlcm9zY2xlcm9zaXM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtl

eXdvcmQ+KkNob2xlc3Rlcm9sPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPipDb2NvbnV0IG9pbDwva2V5d29y

ZD48a2V5d29yZD4qQ29va2luZyBtZWRpdW08L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+KlN1bmZsb3dlciBv

aWw8L2tleXdvcmQ+PC9rZXl3b3Jkcz48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNjwveWVhcj48cHViLWRhdGVz

PjxkYXRlPkp1bC1BdWc8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4wMDE5LTQ4MzIg

KFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MDAxOS00ODMyIChMaW5raW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4yNzU0

MzQ3MjwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48cmVsYXRlZC11cmxzPjx1cmw+aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cu

bmNiaS5ubG0ubmloLmdvdi9wdWJtZWQvMjc1NDM0NzI8L3VybD48L3JlbGF0ZWQtdXJscz48L3Vy

bHM+PGN1c3RvbTI+UE1DNDk5MDczMTwvY3VzdG9tMj48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+

MTAuMTAxNi9qLmloai4yMDE1LjEwLjM4NDwvZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+PC9yZWNv

cmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Vijayakumar et al., 2016)200 males and females on standard medical care with stable CAD and controlled diabetes and lipid levels.Randomized, single blinded, clinical trial2 yearsSubjects were supplied with either coconut oil (CO) or sunflower oil (SO) as cooking media to account for 15% of their daily energy intake.TC (change): CO and SO not significantLDL-C (change): CO and SO not significantVLDL-C (change): CO and SO not significantHDL-C (change): CO and SO not significantTG (change): CO and SO not significantSubjects were on statins.Khaw et al, 2018(United Kingdom) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Khaw</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2555</RecNum><DisplayText>(Khaw et al., 2018)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2555</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0w9vvr9elstpwvez5vpxzssnzdfrfew0drwp" timestamp="0">2555</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Khaw, K. T.</author><author>Sharp, S. J.</author><author>Finikarides, L.</author><author>Afzal, I.</author><author>Lentjes, M.</author><author>Luben, R.</author><author>Forouhi, N. G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.&#xD;Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.&#xD;BBC Television &apos;Trust Me I&apos;m a Doctor&apos;, BBC Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.&#xD;Winton Centre for Evidence Communication, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.&#xD;Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women</title><secondary-title>BMJ Open</secondary-title></titles><pages>e020167</pages><volume>8</volume><number>3</number><edition>2018/03/08</edition><keywords><keyword>*blood lipids</keyword><keyword>*coconut oil</keyword><keyword>*dietary fats</keyword><keyword>*olive oil</keyword><keyword>*randomized trial</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Mar 6</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2044-6055 (Electronic)&#xD;2044-6055 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29511019</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Khaw et al., 2018)91 healthy subjects (2/3 women)50–75 yearsRandomized, unblinded, parallel4weeksSubjects consumed 50g/daily of either (VCO) organic extra virgin coconut oil, (EVO) organic unfiltered extra virgin olive oil and (B) organic unsalted butter.LDL-C (change): B (0.33±0.48) > VCO (?0.09±0.49) = EVO (?0.06±0.39)HDL (change): VCO (0.28±0.29) > B (0.09±0.27) = EVO (0.10±0.15)TG (change): VCO (0.07±0.58) = B (?0.001±0.36) = EVO (?0.03±0.27)TC/HDL-C (change): B (0.10±0.41) > VCO (?0.26±0.36) = EVO (?0.13±0.32)non HDL-C (change): B (0.33±0.51) > VCO (?0.06±0.44) = EVO (?0.07±0.42)ShortUnblinded13% of subjects reported less than 75% compliance.= represents no significant difference between interventions, > represents significantly higher values for the intervention on the left of the sign and < represents significantly lower values for the intervention on the left of the sign. ApoAI, apolipoprotein AI; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; B, butter; BF, beef fat; CAD, coronary artery disease; change, increase or decrease from baseline values to post-intervention values; CO, coconut oil; %E, percentage energy; EVO, extra virgin olive oil; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HS, hydrogenated soybean oil; IDL-C, intermediary density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; P, palm oil; PO, palm olein; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; S, soy bean oil; SA, Safflower; SD, standard diet; SFA, saturated fatty acids; SO, sunflower oil; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VCO, extra virgin coconut oil; VLDL-C, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol; VOO, virgin olive oil.ReferencesCroteau, E., Castellano, C.A., Richard, M.A., Fortier, M., Nugent, S., Lepage, M., Duchesne, S., Whittingstall, K., Turcotte, E.E., Bocti, C., Fulop, T., Cunnane, S.C., 2018. Ketogenic Medium Chain Triglycerides Increase Brain Energy Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 64, 551-561.Dayton, S., Pearce, M., Hashimoto, S., Dixon, W., Tomiyasu, U., 1969. A Controlled Clinical Trial of a Diet High in Unsaturated Fat in Preventing Complications of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 40, II-1-II-63.Haghikia, A., Jorg, S., Duscha, A., Berg, J., Manzel, A., Waschbisch, A., Hammer, A., Lee, D.H., May, C., Wilck, N., Balogh, A., Ostermann, A.I., Schebb, N.H., Akkad, D.A., Grohme, D.A., Kleinewietfeld, M., Kempa, S., Thone, J., Demir, S., Muller, D.N., Gold, R., Linker, R.A., 2015. Dietary Fatty Acids Directly Impact Central Nervous System Autoimmunity via the Small Intestine. Immunity 43, 817-829.Hilditch, T.P., Vidyarthi, N.L., 1929. The products of partial hydrogenation of higher monoethylenic esters. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 122, 552-563.Hill, J.O., Peters, J.C., Swift, L.L., Yang, D., Sharp, T., Abumrad, N., Greene, H.L., 1990. Changes in blood lipids during six days of overfeeding with medium or long chain triglycerides. J Lipid Res 31, 407-416.Keys, A., Anderson, J.T., Grande, F., 1957. Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet.. Lancet, 959-966.Leren, P., 1970. The Oslo diet-heart study. Eleven-year report. Circulation 42, 935-942.McCarty, M.F., DiNicolantonio, J.J., 2016. Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pathogenicity. Open Heart 3, e000467.Morris, J.N., Ball, K.P., Antonis, A., Brigden, W.W., Burns-Cox, C.J., Fulton, M., Haigh, M., Hall, G.J.L., Hanington, E., Heady, J.A., MCallen, P.M., Pilkington, T.R.E., Royston, G.R., Sharland, D.E., Sowry, G.S.C., Wilson, C., 1968. Controlled trial of soya-bean oil in myocardial infarction. The Lancet 292, 693-700.Panth, N., Abbott, K.A., Dias, C.B., Wynne, K., Garg, M.L., 2018. Differential effects of medium and long-chain saturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Amer J Clin Nutr in press.Sacks, F.M., Lichtenstein, A.H., Wu, J.H.Y., Appel, L.J., Creager, M.A., Kris-Etherton, P.M., Miller, M., Rimm, E.B., Rudel, L.L., Robinson, J.G., Stone, N.J., Van Horn, L.V., American Heart, A., 2017. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 136, e1-e23.Turpeinen, O., Karvonen, M.J., Pekkarinen, M., Miettinen, M., Elosuo, R., Paavilainen, E., 1979. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: the Finnish Mental Hospital Study. Int J Epidemiol 8, 99-118. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download