Presidency Chart – Woodrow Wilson (28th) (1913 - 1921)



Presidency Chart – Woodrow Wilson (28th) (1913 - 1921)

|The Election of 1912 |The Election of 1916 |

|Candidates: | Candidates: |

|Wilson = (Progressive) Democrat |Wilson = (Progressive) Democrat |

|Taft = (Conservative) Republican |Charles Hughes = Republican |

|T. Roosevelt = Progressive (Bull Moose) |****T.R. supported Hughes!!!!!!!**** |

|Debs = Socialist |Benson = Socialist |

|Chafin = Prohibition Party | |

| |Issue: WWI |

|Issue: How progressive should the gov’t be? |Wilson = U.S. will stay neutral in WWI as long as we can; “He kept us out of |

|Wilson = moderate reform = Wilson's New Freedom advocated antimonopoly |war;” Hughes will get us into war. |

|policies and a return to small businesses. |Hughes = Anti-war too; Wilson hasn’t remained neutral in the war. |

|T.R. = major reform = Roosevelt's New Nationalism called for an | |

|interventionist government with robust regulatory powers. |Close election: Wilson won b/c he carried California |

| |  |

|Not a close election: Republican vote split – easy victory for Demo. | |

|Domestic Policy |Foreign Policy |

|Underwood Tariff and income tax (1913) |Mexican Revolution and US intervention (1914) |

|-lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply|In early 1913, the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico was involved in plotting the |

|in the United States than abroad. The tariff reduced the rates of the |coup d'état that overthrew the Mexican president, Francisco Madero, and |

|Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) by about 10 percent. As the first bill since |installed Victoriano Huerta. |

|the Civil War to lower tariff rates, the Underwood Tariff included an |The United States then began its involvement in the Mexican Revolution in |

|federal income tax to make up for the loss in revenues caused by the |1913 with President Wilson's decision to later remove Huerta, leader of a |

|lower tariffs. |military junta that overthrew and murdered Mexico's president, Madero. |

| |In 1914, diplomatic actions failing, Wilson sent a powerful American naval |

|Federal Reserve Act (Glass-Owen Act) (1913) |force and seized Mexico's principal seaport, Veracruz, cutting off Huerto’s |

|-created the de-centralized banking system of the United States. The most|supplies from abroad and occupied the city for six months. Yet, all the |

|important job of the Federal Reserve System, also known as the Fed, is to|while, Mexico and the United States were technically at peace. |

|manage the country's supply of money. The president appoints a Federal |In May 1916, six American soldiers led by Lieutenant George S. Patton, Jr., |

|Reserve Board of seven members to staggered terms of fourteen years to |surrounded a building near Rubio, Chihuahua. When the occupants burst out of |

|supervise the conduct of the banks in the Federal Reserve System. The act|the door, guns blazing, Patton and his men cut them down. A month later 70 |

|divided the nation into twelve districts, each with a Federal Reserve |American troopers charged into a strong Mexican position at Carrizal; 10 were|

|bank. |killed and 23 taken prisoner. |

| |When in 1916 the legendary bandit Pancho Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico, |

|Sixteenth Amendment (1913) |Wilson sent General John J. Pershing into Chihuahua to capture him. While |

|Federal government can tax income. ( |American troops performed well, U.S. intervention had no effect on the |

|**[In response to Supreme Ct. case Pollock v Farmer's Loan and Trust |outcome of the Mexican Revolution. The American army had a taste of battle |

|(1895), where the Court disallowed a federal income tax.] |and Pershing went on to become the greatest American hero of the First World |

| |War. |

|Seventeenth Amendment (1913) |Interventions in Nicaragua, Dominican Republic & Haiti |

|Direct election of U.S. Senators |Nicaragua = 1907 U.S. sent there; "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up; |

|***[In response to the “Millionaire Congress” being bought off by |(1912-1933) 20-year occupation, fought guerrillas |

|business/trusts.] |Dominican Republic = 1916-1924; U.S. Marines occupied it for 8 years |

| |Haiti = U.S. troops occupied it from 1914-1934 after Haitian revolts; U.S. |

|Eighteenth Amendment (1919) |Marines occupy Haiti to restore order, and establish a protectorate which |

|Prohibition – illegal to sell, transport, manufacture or consume |lasts till 1934. The president of Haiti is barred from the U.S. Officers' |

|alcohol.  |Club in Port-au-Prince, because he is black. |

|***[Anti-patriotic during WWI] | |

|***Volstead Act = enforcement legislation  |Purchase of Virgin Islands (1917) |

| |The islands remained under Danish rule until 1917, when the United States |

|Nineteenth Amendment (1920) |purchased them for $25 million in gold in an effort to improve military |

|Women’s Suffrage =  The right of citizens of the United States to vote |positioning during critical times of World War I. St. Croix, St. Thomas and |

|shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on |St. John became the US Virgin Islands.  |

|account of sex. |  |

|***[NAWSA; NWP; Women’s effort in WWI] |Road to World War I |

| |Major causes for WWI in Europe: |

|Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) |Nationalism |

|-Anti-Trust law ( |Rivalry over colonies |

|-an amendment to clarify and supplement the Sherman Antitrust Act of |Arms Race |

|1890. The act prohibited exclusive sales contracts, local price cutting |Military Alliances |

|to freeze out competitors, rebates, interlocking directorates in |****Spark = assignation of Austrian-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand |

|corporations capitalized at $1 million or more in the same field of | |

|business, and intercorporate stock holdings. Labor unions and |Major Causes the U.S. joined WWI: |

|agricultural cooperatives were excluded from the forbidden combinations |Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy Policy |

|in the restraint of trade. The act restricted the use of the injunction |British propaganda |

|against labor, and it legalized peaceful strikes, picketing, and |Lusitania |

|boycotts. It declared that "the labor of a human being is not a commodity|Zimmerman Note |

|or article of commerce." |German Unrestricted submarine warfare |

| | |

|Federal Trade Commission (1914) |Lusitania (1915) |

|-Anti-Trust law ( |BRITISH SHIP SUNK BY A GERMAN U-BOAT IN 1915. MORE THAN 1,000 PEOPLE KILLED |

|-It is an independent federal agency whose main goals are to protect |INCLUDING 128 AMERICANS. |

|consumers and to ensure a strong competitive market by enforcing a | |

|variety of consumer protection and antitrust laws. These laws guard |US Reaction |

|against harmful business practices and protect the market from |ALTHOUGH THIS EVENT ANGERED MANY AMERICANS, THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN THE WAR FOR|

|anti-competitive practices such as large mergers and price-fixing |2 MORE YEARS |

|conspiracies. | |

|-The FTC deals with complaints that are filed regarding unfair business |Zimmermann Telegram (1917) |

|practices such as scams, deceptive advertising and monopolistic |The Zimmermann Telegram was dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German|

|practices. It reviews these complaints to determine if businesses are in |Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917, to the German ambassador in |

|fact engaging in harmful practices. |Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt, at the height of World War I. It instructed the|

|-Generally speaking, the FTC does not have the ability to directly |ambassador to approach the Mexican government with a proposal to form an |

|enforce its “cease & desist” rulings, but it can go to the courts to have|alliance against the United States. If they joined the Germans, Mexico would |

|them enforced. |get back its lost territory from the Mexican War in return when if the |

|  |Germans won. It was intercepted by the British and its contents hastened the |

|Child Labor Laws |entry of the United States into the war. |

|1. State Laws: Many states passed child labor laws during the Progressive|  |

|error banning child labor. ( |Fourteen Points (1918) |

| |Pres. Wilson delivered a speech to Congress on January 8, 1918, outlining |

|2. Federal Law: Keating Owen Child Labor Act (1916) |Fourteen Points for reconstructing a new Europe following World War I. While |

|The tireless efforts of reformers, social workers and unions seemed to |many of the points were specific, others were more general, including freedom|

|pay off in 1916 - at the height of the progressive movement. This federal|of the seas, abolishing secret treaties, disarmament, restored sovereignty of|

|law prohibited interstate commerce of any merchandise that had been made |some occupied lands, and the right of national self-determination of others. |

|by children under the age of 14, or merchandise that had been made in |The speech, that was made without prior coordination or consultation with his|

|factories where children between the ages of 14 and 16 worked for more |counterparts in Europe, reached for the highest ideals, and was a precursor |

|than 8 hours a day, worked overnight, or worked more than 6 days a week. |to the League of Nations (14th Point). However, history shows that despite |

|(The act was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court just |the idealism, the post-war reconstruction of Europe adopted only a few of the|

|two years later. ( ) |points. |

| | |

|3. Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) | |

|Issue: Does Congress have the right to regulate commerce of goods that | |

|are manufactured by children under the age 14, as specified in the | |

|Keating-Owen Act of 1916, and is it within the authority of Congress in | |

|regulating commerce among the states to prohibit the transportation in |World War One (1914-1918) |

|interstate commerce of manufactured goods by the child labor description |-WWI, also known as the First World War and (before 1939) the Great War, & |

|above? |War to End All Wars was a world conflict lasting from August 1914 to the |

|Answer: No; No. |final Armistice (cessation of hostilities) on November 11, 1918. |

|Why?:  Congress has no power under the Commerce Clause to regulate labor |-Allied Powers vs. Central Powers; resulting in eventual victory for the |

|conditions. It is a right enumerated (given) to the states in the 10th |Allies. |

|Amend. |-No previous conflict had mobilized so many soldiers or involved so many in |

|[**** Hammer v. Dagenhart will be overruled in 1941 in the case of United|the field of battle. |

|States v. Darby.] |-U.S. fought in WWI from 1917-1918 to “make the world safe for democracy” |

|Schenck v. US (1919) |-The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was the peace treaty which officially ended|

|During WWI Congress passed the Espionage Act, outlawing any attempt to |WWI. |

|cause insubordination or obstruct the draft. Charles Schenck, general | |

|secretary of the Socialist Party, was arrested for conspiring to print |Domestic Polices to run the war |

|and circulate leaflets that would obstruct and hinder the enlistment |War Industries Board (Baruch) |

|service of the United States. Schenck argued that the Espionage Act |Created by Pres. Wilson & headed by Bernard Baruch |

|violated his rights to freedom of speech and press. The Supreme Court |To increase industrial production & coordinate different industries |

|held that in a time of war, extraordinary conditions may take effect |The gov’t took over all factories & ran them like on big factory |

|where Congress has the right to forbid printed materials or speech aimed |The Board instructed the factories on what to produce, how much to produce, |

|at hindering the war effort. The test for "a clear and present danger" |and the costs of the items |

|was formulated to deal with questions regarding freedom of speech. |The WIB aids in the uprise of many unions because of the war's demand for |

|  |products. The government cannot argue prices and cannot handle worker strikes|

|Abrams v. US (1919) |so they regulate the two to decrease tension by stopping strikes with wage |

|-Jacob Abrams and other anarchists distributed leaflets attacking the U. |increases to prevent a shortage of supplies going to the war in Europe. |

|S.'s decision to send troops to Europe to defend Czarist Russia against |Women’s blouse factories made signal flags; Radiator manufacturers made guns;|

|the Bolsheviks. This violated the Sedition Act (1918). |Automobile factories made airplane engines; Piano companies made airplane |

|-The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Sedition Act of |wings |

|1918. |Under the WIB industrial production in the U.S. increased 20 %. |

|-Why? The Defendants' criticism of U.S. involvement in World War I was |Food Administration (Hoover) |

|not protected by the 1st Amendment, because the speech advocated a strike|Headed by future President Herbert Hoover. |

|in munitions production and the violent overthrow of the government |It never imposed specific rations but relied upon voluntary participation |

|during war time & presented a clear & present danger for U.S. security. |RATION: TO LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF FOOD OR RESOURCES PEOPLE CAN USE |

|[***This case is overturned during the Vietnam War***] |Famous slogan: “FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR – DON’T WASTE IT” |

| |The U.S. had to provide food for its own citizens as well as the Allied |

| |countries |

| |This was the most successful of the wartime administrations. |

| |Fuel Administration (Garfield) |

| |Headed by Harry A. Garfield, son of the murdered President |

| |Designed to control America’s use of fuel since it was needed overseas |

| |As with the Food Administration, Americans were asked to voluntarily conserve|

| |their use of fuel |

| |Lightless nights & gasless days were observed |

| |Daylight Savings Time was observed for the first time in U.S. history in |

| |order to cut back on the use of fuel & electricity |

| |RR Administration (McAdoo) |

| |Headed by William McAdoo, Pres. Wilson’s son-in-law. |

| |The nation's railroads proved inadequate to the task of serving the nation's |

| |war efforts. |

| |So, Pres. Wilson took federal control over the railroads creating the United |

| |States Railroad Administration (USRA). |

| |The USRA was name of the nationalized railroad system of the United States |

| |between 1917 and 1920. |

| |The Railroad Control Act guaranteed the return of the railroads to their |

| |former owners within 21 months of a peace treaty. |

| |It was possibly the largest American experiment with nationalization, and was|

| |undertaken against a background of war emergency. |

| |National War Labor Board (Taft) |

| |Headed by Ex-President Taft |

| |Formed to unify labor policies and serve as the court for labor disputes. |

| |Hoped to prevent strikes as they could stop production of much needed goods |

| |for the war. |

| |During the war there were over 6,000 strikes, and the NWLB heard over 1,000 |

| |cases. (many Wobblie strikes) |

| |The NWLB also worked to improve working conditions: an 8 hour work day was |

| |est. in some areas, and standards for employment of women & children were |

| |est. |

| |Espionage Act (1917) |

| |A federal “spy” law passed shortly after entering World War I. It made it a |

| |crime to help wartime enemies of the United States. |

| |A crime, punishable by a $10,000 fine and 20 years in jail, for a person to |

| |convey antipathy with intent to interfere with the operation or success of |

| |the military or naval forces of the U.S. or to promote the success of its |

| |enemies. |

| |The legislation was passed at the urging of President Wilson, who feared any |

| |widespread dissent in time of war constituted a real threat to an American |

| |victory. |

| |The law was later extended by the Sedition Act (1918). |

| |The laws were ruled constitutional in the U. S. Supreme Court case Schenck v.|

| |United States (1919) |

| |Sedition Act (1918) |

| |It made it a federal crime to utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, |

| |profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the United States' government,|

| |or armed forces during war. |

| |It was an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917. |

| |The act also allowed the Postmaster General to deny mail delivery to |

| |dissenters of government policy during wartime. |

| |Socialist Eugene V. Debs was sentenced to 10 years in prison under this law. |

| |Both the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were repealed in 1921. |

| |Treaty of Versailles (1919) |

| |It was created to solve problems made by World War I. |

| |Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the |

| |original points made by Pres. Wilson. |

| |The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future |

| |wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure. |

| |It had 4 main part: |

| |TERRITORIAL ADJUSTMENTS |

| |REPARATIONS |

| |ARMAMENT RESTRICTIONS |

| |WAR GUILT |

| |LEAGUE OF NATIONS |

| | |

| |League of Nations |

| |In 1919, after the war, Wilson proposed the League in the 14th point of his |

| |peace plan. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a |

| |special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join the League |

| |because in doing so, it would have taken away our self-determination, and |

| |Congress could not decide whether to go to war or not. |

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