Chapter 3 Study Guide: Cells - Lemon Bay High School



Chapter 3 – Tissues & 4 – The Integumentary System

Study Guide Test on MONDAY Look over your old quizzes!!

What are the four main tissue types in the body? Functions?

• Epithelial tissue lines internal and external body cavities for protection and secretion of products.

• Connective tissue connects epithelial membranes to underlying tissues or connects internal structures together. This is the MOST diverse group; blood, bone, cartilage are examples.

• Muscle tissue is designed to create movement. There are 3 types of muscle tissue: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. Muscle tissue is categorized by control (voluntary vs involuntary) and the organization of cells (striated vs nonstriated).

• Nervous tissue is designed to conduct an electrical current; found in the brain and spinal cord.

Differentiate between Smooth Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

• Smooth muscle – AKA visceral – involuntary, single nucleus, not striated, moves food

• Skeletal muscle – voluntary, multi-nucleated, striated, moves bones

• Cardiac muscle – involuntary, single nucleus, striated, moves blood

Integumentary System Review:

Describe the three epithelial membrane types that offer protection and where are they found in the body.

1. Cutaneous Membranes = skin (see below)

2. Mucous Membranes line body cavities that open to the exterior of the body.

Wet membrane that produces mucus for protection. Also allows for absorption.

3. Serous Membranes line interior body cavities that contain organs; offer reduced

temperature and friction. Contains SEROUS FLUID as an insulator between the

organs, the membrane, and the cavity wall.

Describe the one connective tissue membrane and its function

1. Synovial Membrane lines joint cavities, where 2+ bones come together. Contains

SYNOVIAL FLUID as an insulator.

What are the three layers of the Cutaneous Membrane called? What are some important characteristics of these layers (vascular/avascular, nerves, accessory structures)?

• EPIDERMIS:

o Avascular

o Contains KERATIN, a tough water-proof protein

o Composed of several layers

▪ Stratum corneum = outermost

▪ St lucidum = thickest at soles and palms

▪ St granulosum

▪ St spinosum

▪ St basale = mitotic layer and contains melanocytes for production of melanin when exposed to UV light.

• DERMIS:

o Highly vascular

o 2 layers

▪ Papillary layer = most superficial of dermis

• Dermal papillae creates ridges and valleys for fingerprints with St basale.

• Nerve receptors for pain and temperature.

▪ Reticular layer = deepest layer, just above hypodermis

• Nerve receptors for deep pressure.

o Contains elastin (for stretch-ability) and collagen (like Velcro to hold skin together)

o Contains accessory structures for production of secretions (see below)

• HYPODERMIS:

o Composed of adipose tissue

▪ Allows for cushion, protection, and insulation

o Slightly vascular

What are the functions of the skin?

• Protection against? HOW?

o Mechanical damage: Keratin is tough

o Chemical damage: Keratin is impermeable

o Bacterial damage: Unbroken barrier; WBC’s prevent entry to underlayers

o UV radiation: Melanin

o Thermal damage: Contains heat, cold, pain receptors

o Dessication: Keratin prevents water from LEAVING the body

• Aids in?

o Temperature control: Sweat glands and goose bumps

o Excretion of waste products: Urea is released in sweat and other secretions

• Produces?

o Synthesis of vitamin D: Fat (cholesterol) is turned to Vit D when exposed to sun

Describe the production of new skin in the epidermis and the layers that compose the epidermis.

What other cells contribute to its construction (melanocytes and keratinocytes)?

The deepest layer of the epidermis, the st basale, receives nutrients from the blood flow of the papillary layer of the dermis through diffusion. As these cells receive nutrients, the st basale undergoes cell division and creates new cells that push the old cells up to become the cells of the st spinosum. Cells of the st spinosum become cells of the st graulosum, and continue to move upwards as new cells are made in the st basale. The more superficial the cells become, the more keratin protein will be deposited into the the cells through specialized keratin producing cells called keratinocytes. If you expose the skin to UV light, melanocytes produces melanin and deposit this pigment into the cells of the st basale and the tanning will travel up with the cells as they move to more superficial layers.

Describe the 2 layers of the DERMIS.

SEE ABOVE

Differentiate between the proteins

Collagen – found in the dermis and works like Velcro to hold the layers of the skin together

Elastin – rubberband-like; allows for elastic flexibility for the skin to stretch and return to original shape

Keratin – waterproofing protein to prevent water loss from the body

Name the two types of EXOCRINE glands found in the skin. What is produced by each gland type?

• Sebaceous glands: oil glands.

o Attached to each hair follicle

o Produces sebum to keep skin moist and control bacterial environment of epidermis

• Sudoriferous glands: sweat glands

o Spans entire thickness of skin but originates in Reticular layer of dermis.

o Produces a watery substance to keep internal body temperature in normal range.

Describe the differences between apocrine and eccrine sweat glands (products, locations).

TYPES OF SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

• Eccrine - produces sweat.

o Widely distributed through body; concentrated at palms and soles.

o Used to control body temperature.

• Apocrine: produces oily sweat.

o Found in axillary and inguinal regions.

o Becomes active at puberty.

KNOW SKIN DISEASE POWERPOINT!

Understand wound healing, tissue regeneration, and inflammation. KNOW YOUR MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION!

• Tissue regeneration is determined by 2 factors:

o Severity of wound: how bad is the injury

o Type of tissue damaged: labile, stabile, permanent

• 3 steps in wound healing

o Capillaries become permeable, allowing needed nutrients to leave bloodstream and enter injured tissue; Scab forms.

o Granulation tissue forms to support blood flow to injured area; phagocytes (“eating” white blood cells) keep area free of debris and infection.

o Surface epithelium regenerates from the bottom up; a scar forms if needed to bridge the gap.

• 4 cardinal signs of inflammation and their chemical control

o Redness: CHEMOTAXIC AGENTS allow for increased blood flow to the area, bringing needed materials for wound healing. More blood = more color (redness).

o Heat: PYROGENS increase the local temperature destroying the proteins that allow pathogens to infect the area.

o Swelling: HISTAMINE causes leaky capillaries, allowing plasma to leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue space bringing needed nutrients and white blood cells to the damaged tissue. The more plasma (water) the more it swells.

o Pain: PROSTAGLANDINS are part of the “pain pathway” and initiates activation of pain receptors in the damaged tissue.

Remember, ACUTE inflammation has a positive impact on the healing process. Short term inflammation is a necessary part of healing a wound or injury. Without inflammation we do not have the ability to get the materials damaged tissue needs to the area that is injured. CHRONIC inflammation, lasting longer than 2 weeks can cause more damage than good and needs to be addressed.

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