AP Help for Unit V - Mr. Monaco's Web Page



AP Help for Unit V Adaptive strategiesDescribes a society's system of economic production. Basically how they adapt to their environment in an effort to produce something.AgrarianPeople or societies that are farmers who in turn promote agricultural interests AgribusinessFarming engaged in a large-scale business operation embracing production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products. Agricultural location modela model designed by Von Thunen, that depending on the cost of transportation and the value of the product, different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city. Site or human factors were not considered in this model.-when deciding where to locate a farm, a farmer must take into consideration how much it costs to transport their product. Location of farm affects what a farmer will produce (if in rural area farmer is less likely to grow highly perishable and bulky products) Agricultural revolutionsThe first agricultural revolution was the discovery of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent of Asia, 14,000 years ago. The second agricultural revolution was the industrialization of farming in Europe, during the 17th century. The third agricultural revolution was the introduction of genetic engineering into farming, which started worldwide in the late 20th century.AquacultureThe cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food. Harvesting from the sea such as commercial fishing and fish hatcheries. BiorevolutionThe genetic engineering of plants and animals with the potential to greatly exceed the productivity improvements of the Green Revolution… ex. GMO’sBoserup thesis - A concept developed by Danish economist Ester Boserup that agricultural methods depend on the size of the population. The larger the world population grows, the more innovations are made to make feeding the expanding population possible.Carl Sauer and the Koppen climate Model see the following website: Core/PeripheryThe areas in the world that include MDC's are called the core and the area of the world that contains the LDC's is referred to as the periphery. (same a previous unit)Debt-for-Nature swapArticle on the topic: Economic Activity (Sectors of the Economy)Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, and QuinaryBy Matt Rosenbergfrom: A nation’s economy can be divided into various sectors to define the proportion of the population engaged in the activity sector. This categorization is seen as a continuum of distance from the natural environment. The continuum starts with the primary sector, which concerns itself with the utilization of raw materials from the earth such as agriculture and mining. From there, the distance from the raw materials of the earth increases.Primary SectorThe primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material associated with this sector is also considered to be part of this sector.In developed and developing countries, a decreasing proportion of workers are involved in the primary sector. About 3% of the U.S. labor force is engaged in primary sector activity today, while more than two-thirds of the labor force were primary sector workers in the mid-nineteenth century.Secondary SectorThe secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with thesecondary sector include metal working and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.Tertiary SectorThe tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law. In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers are devoted to the tertiary sector. In the U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are tertiary workers.Quaternary SectorThe quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities. Activities associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and information technology.Quinary SectorSome consider there to be a branch of the quaternary sector called the quinary sector, which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy. This sector would include the top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.Examples of extensive subsistence agriculture (pastoralism, milpa, shifting)milpa - a field in Mexico or Central America that is cleared from the forest, cropped for a few seasons, and abandoned for a fresh clearing. This is one example of shifting cultivation.Intensive Agriculture (can be commercial or subsistence)System of cultivation using large amounts of labor and?capital relative to land area.Extensive Agriculture (can be commercial or subsistence) System of crop cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to area of land being farmed.Extractive industryindustries involved in the activities of: prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the earthGarrett HardinDeveloped the Tragedy of the Commons concept. He also had controversial ideas related to controlling population growth. Intertillagethe clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipmentMarket GardeningThe small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually. (Often road-side stands) Mediterranean AgricultureAgricultural production revolving around crops that could be produced in climates similar to that of the Mediterranean countries such as California and Chile. Miningthe excavation of the earth for the purpose of extracting ore or mineralsPlanned economyAn agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution.Dispersed Rural Settlementrural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages Nucleated Rural Settlement a clustered village pattern Building Material Rural Settlement houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area, whatever they can find in their surroundings Village Form Rural Settlement a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildingsShifting cultivationshifting agriculture,?system of cultivation that preserves soil fertility by plot (field) rotation, as distinct from crop rotation. In shifting agriculture a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for a short period of time; then it is abandoned and allowed to revert to its natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot. The period of cultivation is usually terminated when the soil shows signs of exhaustion or, more commonly, when the field is overrun by weeds. The length of time that a field is cultivated is usually shorter than the period over which the land is allowed to regenerate by lying fallow.One land-clearing system of shifting agriculture is the slash-and-burn method, which leaves only stumps and large trees in the field after the standing vegetation has been cut down and burned, its ashes enriching the soil. Cultivation of the earth after clearing is usually accomplished by hoe or digging stick and not by plow.Shifting agriculture has frequently been attacked in principle because it degrades the fertility of forestlands of tropical regions. Nevertheless, shifting agriculture is an adaptation to tropical soil conditions in regions where long-term, continued cultivation of the same field, without advanced techniques of soil conservation and the use of fertilizers, would be extremely detrimental to the fertility of the land. In such environments it may be preferable to cultivate a field for a short period and then abandon it before the soil is completely exhausted of nutrients. from: (Also contains a short video clip)Significance of agricultural revolutions on History and Human progressSee Jared Diamond article…do you support his theory? SpecializationAn area or particular region that focuses on the production of a particular type of crop.Staple grainsMaize (corn), wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced worldwide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.Suitcase farmIndividuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments. orAn American commercial farm in which no one lives, and work/harvesting is done by migratory workers.Survey Patterns (Long Lots) (French) Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access. Survey Patterns (Metes and Bound) (English) Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Metes refers to boundary defined by a measurement of a straight run, bounds refers to a more general boundary, such as a waterway, wall, public road, or existing building.Survey Patterns (Township-and-range) (U.S.A) surveys used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop. Survey Patterns (Sustainable Yield) Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the range that the natural capital together with production are able to provide satisfactory yield. Tragedy of the commonsA dilemma arising from the situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to happen. An example would be the petroleum trade. We are trying to conserve our oil supplies, but we know that we will eventually run out.Truck farmCommercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. Predominant in Southeastern U.S.A, because of the long growing season and humid climate, accessibility to large markets of New York, Philadelphian, and Washington. Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed societies. Truck farms sell some of their product to fresh markets, but mostly to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient and large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process.The green revolution and the third agricultural revolutionEssentially the two terms are often used interchangeably. Note that the green revolution more refers to the much higher crop production while still using the same amount of crop land or less. ____________________________________________________________________________________Sample Agriculture FRQ Discuss the advances that each of the agricultural revolutions had on farming.A. What agricultural products were affected by each revolution?B. What impact did the agricultural revolutions have on world population?C. Where did each revolution begin and diffuse to?Media:Early stone tool for grinding down grain.Early tractor replaces the scythe.The Green Revolution: Notice the relationship between area harvest and yield.Sample Answer:Main Idea: The three agricultural revolutions have affected the world’s population more than any other factor in human history and are still modifying the agricultural landscape today.A. Worth 3 points The 1st Agricultural Revolution introduced the use of seed agriculture and vegetative planting. ?Prior to the 1st Agricultural Revolution, the primary form of food acquisition was hunting and gathering. ?This process occurred up to 10,000 years ago and took many years to develop.The 2nd Agricultural Revolution saw advancement in the production of wheat, corn, soybeans, and rice over 200 years ago. ?The 2nd Agricultural Revolution coincided with and was largely the result of the Industrial Revolution. ?Improvements in transportation methods and farming techniques and machinery helped to increase farmers’ productivity. ?As a result, the amount of food surplus skyrocketed, as did the world’s population.The 3rd Agricultural Revolution is still taking place today. ?It involves the genetic engineering of plant species to increase their efficiency and durability in different climates. ?The 3rd Agricultural Revolution began with rice and then moved on to other crops, such as wheat and sorghum.B. Worth 3 points The 3 agricultural revolutions have each had a dramatic impact on the world’s population. ?The 1st AR allowed the human population to move away from hunting and gathering toward a more sedentary lifestyle. ?This allowed population to grow, as a more reliable food source meant that people could have more children. ?Also, children became economic assets, because they could assist with farm-work.The 2nd AR allowed the population to start growing rapidly. ?The mechanization of farming allowed farmers to produce many more bushels of food, supporting exponential population growth. ?This population boom could only have happened with the rise in food production enabled by the 2nd AR.The 3rd AR has supported further population growth. ?With the world’s population exceeding 6.6 billion people, food must be plentiful enough to support it. ?The genetic engineering of food crops has increased production enough to feed the world’s population; starving populations are not a result of food production but rather food distribution. ?Furthermore, with growth rates continuing to soar in many African and some Asian countries, new methods of farming will be needed to keep up with the demand for food.C.? Worth 3 points The 1st AR is thought to have begun in three separate areas, which were independent of each other. ?The first hearth of agriculture is western Africa. ?Here, cattle, sheep, and goats were first domesticated, and coffee and palm oil were first developed as useful commodities. ?The 2nd major hearth of modern agriculture is Southeast Asia. ?Dogs, pigs, and chickens were domesticated in this region, and rice probably started here. ?The 3rd major hearth is northwestern South America. ?NW South America domesticated turkeys, llamas, and alpacas and started growing squash, corn, beans, and cotton as primary products. ?The practices developed in these hearths then diffused to surrounding areas and eventually around the world.The 2nd AR began in Europe with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. ?In Western Europe, new technologies transformed agriculture. ?They then diffused into Eastern Europe and eventually into the Western Hemisphere.The 3rd AR has its hearth in science labs around the world. ?The first major lab to work on the genetic modification of plants was the International Rice Institute in the Philippines. ?These scientists modified a strand of rice to make it more nutritious and easier to grow. ?This technology has since diffused around the world, while ongoing discoveries to genetically modify crops for easier growing and nutrition continue to this day. ................
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