ECOLOGY - Humble Independent School District
UNIT 13 Notes: Ecology Part 1
What is Ecology? (pg. 63)
Ecology is the study of ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
in which they live. (eco means “house”)
All living factors are called biotic factors. All nonliving factors are called abiotic factors.
(pg. 90) Ex. _______________________ (pg. 90 ) Ex.________________________________
________________________________ _________________________________________
________________________________ _________________________________________
Levels of Organization in the Biosphere (pgs. 21, 63-64, 90-91)
Because of the interaction between biotic and abiotic factors on the planet, the Earth is described as a single living system, or biosphere, in which life exists.
To understand relationships within the biosphere, ecologists study various levels:
1. Species – ________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Populations – _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Communities -- ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Ecosystems – ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
• Habitat- (pg. 90)______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Biome --__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Biosphere --_______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
PRACTICE: Use the terms above in the levels of organization section from above to fill in the following:
ENERGY FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM (pg. 67)
The flow of energy through an ecosystem begins with the_____, and is passed on through various organisms:
sun ( producers ( consumers ( decomposers
• Producers – autotrophic organisms that are able to make their own food from inorganic substances.
Examples: (pg. 67) __________________________________________________________
Chemosynthesis____________________________________________________________
Photosynthesis_____________________________________________________________
• Consumers – heterotrophic organisms that get energy by eating producers or other consumers.
Examples: (pg. 68) __________________________________________________________
|1. Herbivores– |2. Carnivores– |3. Omnivores- |4. Detritiovores - |
|eats____________ |Eats______________ |Eats_______________ |Eats____________ |
|Ex. __________ |Ex._____________ |Ex.__________ |Ex._____________ |
|____________ |______________ |_____________ |________________ |
Types of Consumers: (pg. 69)
Level of Consumers: Use the three types of consumers from above to fill in the following blanks:
Primary consumer( Secondary consumer( 3rd(4th …..
________________ __________________
(________________ can be a 1st, 2nd or higher level consumer)
• Decomposers – obtain energy from the__________________________________________. (pg. 69)
Examples:_______________________________________________________________
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS (pg. 69-70)
Each step in a food chain or web is called a___________________, or a feeding relationship between organisms.
FOOD CHAIN ____________________________ FOOD WEB ______________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
(Label each trophic level below)
Food Web Practice:
Part I: Identify the following in this food web:
1. Producers____________________________________
2. Primary Consumers_____________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Secondary Consumers___________________________
_____________________________________________
4. Herbivores___________________________________
_____________________________________________
5. Carnivores____________________________________
_____________________________________________
6. Omnivores____________________________________
7. What elements are missing from this food web?________
_____________________________________________
8. What would happen if the grasshopper population increased?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part II: Construct a Food web using the following animals. This ecosystem represents a farm area. The corn is the main source of food for many of the herbivores in the area. You do not have to draw pictures; you can just use the animal names and draw arrows between them.
SNAKE, CORN, CATERPILLAR, DEER, MOUSE, COUGAR, SQUIRREL,
CROW (omnivore) & MICROORGANISMS (decomposers)
(Hint: start with the producer, then add who eats producers, then add secondary consumers…)
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS (pg. 72-73)
Ecological pyramids ______________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
in a food chain or web.
Pyramid of Energy
A pyramid of energy is used to illustrate the loss of usable energy at each feeding level. Of all the energy consumed by one level, 90% of the energy is used in the individual’s metabolism. (and lost as heat) Only about ________________
________________________________________
________________________________________ is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.
*Why do you think most food chains don’t have more than 4 or 5 trophic levels?______________
____________________________________________________________________________
Pyramid of Numbers
Because there is less available energy at each trophic (feeding) level, more individuals must be consumed at each level to obtain enough energy to survive.
This can be illustrated with a pyramid of numbers. This will show how many individuals are required to support the next level of feeding.
*Compare the pyramid of energy to the pyramid of numbers. Why must there be so many more individuals at lower trophic levels?
WATER AND NUTRIENT CYCLES:
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE NUTRIENTS WHEN ORGANISMS DIE?
• Energy cannot be recycled or used again.
• However, nutrients/elements in an ecosystem can be recycled.
• When an animal dies, its matter does not disappear; rather, it decomposes and gets used by another organism (through biogeochemical cycles).
• This occurs through the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorous cycle.
The Water Cycle
Pg. 75
The Carbon Cycle
Pg. 77
Pg. 78
WHO EATS WHOM?
Part 1: Vocabulary – Fill in the blanks with the terms below.
Abiotic factor
Biotic factor
Ecosystem
Consumers
Decomposers
Photosynthesis
Ecology
Food chain
Food web
community
Producers
Trophic level
1. All living factors in an ecosystem (plants, animals, etc.)
______________________
2. All nonliving factors such as climate and temperature.
______________________
3. The study of how organisms interact with each other and
their environment. ________________________
4. All populations living in an area. __________________________________
5. Heterotrophic organisms that must eat other
organisms for energy. ___________________________
6. Organisms that obtain energy from the remains of other organisms. _________________________
7. Describes plants because they make food from sunlight.
_________________________
8. Community plus habitat_________________________
9. Feeding relationships between individual organisms.
________________________
10. Mass of interconnecting food chains. _______________
11. Each step in a food chain or web that shows the feeding
relationship between organisms. ___________________
12. Process of transforming solar energy into food for plants and other producers______________________________
Part 2: Food Chains and Food Webs
1. List all of the producers. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. List the primary consumers/herbivores. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. List the higher level consumers/carnivores. ______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the top consumer? ________________
5. What begins the flow of energy in the picture? _______________________________________
6. Using the food web above, describe what would happen to each of the other organisms in the following situations…(be specific)
a. If the grasses were all eaten by the grasshoppers- _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
b. If the hawks were all killed or captured by humans- _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Part 3: Ecological Pyramids: (pg. 72-73)
1. Which trophic level contains autotrophic organisms? _____________
2. Which trophic level contains herbivores? ______________________
3. Which trophic level contains carnivores? ______________________
4. Which trophic level contains the most available energy? ___________
5. Which trophic level contains the least available energy? ___________
6. How much energy is transferred to the next trophic level?__________
-----------------------
What term is used to refer to each of the following?
____________________1. Lake Houston (location)
____________________2. Mississippi river and all of the forms of life that are sustained by it
____________________3. A flock of ducks
____________________4. The Sahara desert
____________________5. All livable areas on Earth
____________________6. The deer, ducks, shore birds, fish and rabbits living in and around Lake Houston
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Arrows show the flow of energy
2nd
1st
3rd
4th
5th 2nd
1. What would happen to this food web is the plants were removed?____________________________
2. Which organism is most vulnerable to changes in populations?______________________________
3. What happens to the owl population if the foxes we killed off by humans?________________________
Any change in a population or one trophic level in a food chain can seriously alter all other organisms of the food web. A healthy ecosystem has a large diversity of life because of the availability of alternative food sources.
_________Kcal: Humans
_________Kcal: Tuna
_________Kcal: zooplankton
_________Kcal: phytoplankton
[pic]
3rd consumers
Secondary consumers
Directions: Refer to diagram to left, diagram on pg. 75 and chapter text to fill in the following blanks.
1. According to the diagram, where does evaporation take place from?
_______________________________________
2. When water evaporates from the surface of the Earth, what process creates clouds?
_______________________________________
3. Water falls to the earth in a process called ______________________. What are the 4 types of precipitation? __________________________
_______________________________________
4. Plants return excess water to the atmosphere by evaporating water from its leaves in a process called:_________________________________
5. Other than plant and animal usage, what are two other possible destinations for the precipitation that falls to the Earth? _______________________________________
6. What will ultimately happen to the ground water and surface water runoff? _______________________________________
Condensation
Seepage
Decomposers
Directions: Use the diagrams above, and the diagrams and text to answer the following:
1. (pg. 77) Name and discuss the process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Name and discuss the processes in which carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere?_________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. (pg. 87) How is carbon dioxide related to the green house affect? ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. (pg.159) It is thought that global warming is caused by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. What activities (by human and natural causes) are thought to speed up global warming? __________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
The Nitrogen Cycle
by bacteria and/or lightning
Nitrogen Facts
Air is 78% nitrogen
Nitrogen is one of the elements found in plant fertilizers
Protein contains nitrogen
Directions: Use the diagrams above, diagram on pg. 78, and text to answer the following:
1. (pg. 78) Bacteria living in the roots of the plant help the plant by ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Bacteria living in the soil help plants by ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What process transforms nitrogen into usable forms that plants can use?_____________________
3. What do plants use these nitrates and nitrites to make? __________________________________
4. Where do animals ultimately get their proteins from?____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. (pg. 78, fig. 3-14) How has farming affected the nitrogen cycle?____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. (pg. 148) How has industry affected the nitrogen cycle?__________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
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