Fire Service Ground Ladders (9th Edition)-All Chapter Test ...



Fire Service Ground Ladders (7th Edition)

Chapter 1-Ladder Types & Ladder Terms

Test Review

▪ The 7 types of ground ladders recognized by IFSTA are:  Single/Wall, Roof, Folding, Extension, Pole/Bangor, Combination/A-frame, and Pompier ladders.

▪ Single/Wall ladders have only one section and a fixed length of 6 to 32 feet with 12 to 24 feet being most common.

▪ Roof ladders are single ladders with hooks at the tip and come in lengths of 12 to 24 feet with 14 & 16 feet being most common.

▪ Folding ladders have hinged rungs that fold the beams together and come in lengths from 8 to 16 feet with 10 feet being most common.

▪ Folding ladders must have foot pads attached.

▪ Extension ladders have 2 or 3 sections with lengths ranging from 12 to 39 feet.

▪ Pole/Bangor ladders have 2 to 4 sections with lengths ranging from 40 to 65 feet.

▪ Pole/Bangor ladders must have staypoles.

▪ Most pole ladders today do not exceed 50 feet.

▪ Combination ladders have the capability of being used as an extension ladder.

▪ Combination/A-frame ladders come in lengths from 8 to 14 feet with 10 feet being most common.

▪ A-frame ladders can be used as a self-supporting step ladder.

▪ Pompier ladders have a gooseneck for scaling and range in length from 10 to 16 feet.

▪ Single/Wall ladders are mainly used for 1 to 2 story buildings.

▪ Roof ladders are used to provide footing for roof operations or as a single ladder.

▪ Folding ladders allow carrying in narrow hallways and aisles and make it easier to get into scuttle openings.

▪ Extension ladders make it possible to carry longer ladders on standard-sized apparatus.

▪ Pole/Bangor ladders can be used to access up to the 5th story in the absence of aerial ladders.

▪ Pompier ladders have a gooseneck for hooking into windows and allow scaling of buildings, however, they are rarely used today.

Fire Service Ground Ladders (7th Edition)

Chapter 2-Ground Ladder Construction, Maintenance, & Service Testing

Test Review

▪ The 4 basic types of ladder abuse are overloading, temperature extremes, being engulfed in flames, and structural collapse.

▪ Coast douglas fir grows in a climate that promotes growth rings close together.

▪ Coast douglas fir is sawn so the grain is angular and has a vertical grain on all 4 sides.

▪ The intermediate and top fly sections on tongue & groove construction is slightly less wide than the base section.

▪ Truss beam construction produces a lighter ladder than solid beam in lengths over 24 feet.

▪ Coast douglas fir is used for the rails of wood truss beam ladders.

▪ Rungs in solid beam construction are attached to the center of the solid beam.

▪ Truss beam construction is more costly than solid beam construction.

▪ Wood ground ladders do not conduct electricity when dry and clean.

▪ Wood ladders are not subject to sudden failure when subjected to heat and flames.

▪ Wood ladders are good heat insulators and do not transmit temperature extremes like metal.

▪ Wood ladders deteriorate with age, are usually heavier than metal or fiberglass, and require refinishing.

▪ Metal ladders are not subject to chipping, cracking, absorption, and dry rot.

▪ Metal ladders are good conductors of electricity, subject to sudden failure when exposed to heat and flames, and transmit temperature extremes.

▪ Fiberglass ladders do not conduct electricity when dry.

▪ Fiberglass ladders can be exposed to low heat levels without losing original load carrying capacity.

▪ Fiberglass tends to crack and chip, and is very dense, making it heavier.

▪ Composite wood/metal ladders are slightly lighter than comparable all-wood ladders.

▪ Pompier ladders have a single beam made of aluminum alloy or hickory.

▪ Pompier ladders must have standoff brackets that set the ladder a minimum of 7 inches away from the building.

▪ The serrated gooseneck-shaped hook on pompier ladders is made of hardened steel.

▪ Wood pompier ladders have wood rungs held in place by L-shaped brackets.

▪ The 3 main parts of an enclosed automatic latching pawl assembly located at the bottom rung or next to it are:  The hook, The finger, and The torsion spring.

▪ A manual latching pawl uses 2 A-shaped steel pawls attached near the end of a steel rod that runs between the beams approximately 4 inches above the bottom rung of the fly section.

▪ An L-shaped halyard anchor is attached to the center of the steel rod on a manual latching pawl ladder.

▪ Manual latching pawl ladders have a continuous halyard.

▪ The manufacturer's identification label gives the manufacturer's name, address, and series/model of the ladder and can be located anywhere on the ladder.

▪ The serial number is required by NFPA 1931 to be embossed, stenciled, branded, or stamped on the ladder or a metal plate attached to the ladder.

▪ A certification label states that the ladder was manufactured in accordance to NFPA or OSHA and is placed anywhere on the ladder.

▪ Heat sensor labels must be placed on a beam immediately below the 2nd rung from the tip of each section and at the middle of each section.

▪ Heat sensor labels turn color at 300oF with a 5% differential.

▪ An electrical hazard warning label and ladder position label must be attached on the outside of each beam, between 4 1/2 & 6 feet of the butt of the ladder.

▪ The general items that should be checked when inspecting ground ladders are:  Heat sensor labels, Rungs and bolts for snugness, Defects, Cracks, Deformation, Heavy soot deposits, and Bubbled/blackened varnish (wood).

▪ Wood ladders should be inspected for:  Bubbled, blackened, chafed, or scraped varnish and dark streaks in wood.

▪ Dark streaks in wood indicate deterioration.

▪ Darkened varnish indicates exposure to heat.

▪ Roof ladders should be inspected for rust, deformity, signs of looseness, and free operation of hooks.

▪ Extension/Pole ladders should be inspected for proper operation of pawl assemblies, fraying or kinking of halyard, ladder guides for free movement, and staypole toggles (pole ladders).

▪ If a defect is found when inspecting a ground ladder it should be removed from service until repaired and tested.

▪ Ladders beyond repair should be destroyed or scrapped for parts.

▪ Maintenance means "keeping ladders in a state of usefulness or readiness".

▪ Repair means "restoring or replacing ladders which have become inoperable".

▪ General maintenance requirements for all ground ladders include:  Keep free of moisture, Do no subject to exhaust or engine heat, Store out of elements, and Do not paint except for top and bottom 12 inches for visibility or identification.

▪ Pawl torsion springs should be replaced every 5 years or sooner.

▪ Overtightening of pawl torsion springs may cause binding of pawl assembly parts.

▪ Pawl assemblies and ladder slide areas should be lubricated per manufacturer's instructions.

▪ Halyard pulleys with ball bearing centers should be lubricated with a small amount of lubricant.

▪ Ladders used for design verification testing are destroyed after testing.

▪ Design verification testing is required for initial evaluation of a ladder and when there is a change in design, materials, or method of manufacturing.

▪ Service testing of ground ladders should be completed at least annually or when ladder is suspected as being unsafe, subjected to impact loading, after heat exposure, or after repairs have been made.

▪ Metal ladders subjected to heat should undergo a Strength Service Test or Hardness Service Test.

▪ If a Hardness Service Test fails, the ladder should then undergo a Strength Service Test.

▪ Records on ground ladders show that test were performed, assure tests are done annually, identify service status, identify ladder location, identify ladder abuse/testing for abuse, provide info for legal actions, provide info for evaluation of new models compared to old ones, and are used for ISO inspections.

Fire Service Ground Ladders (7th Edition)

Chapter 3-Handling Ladders

Test Review

▪ A 24 foot extension ladder is most appropriate for reaching the eaves of a 2-story (8 feet/story) building.

▪ A 35 foot extension ladder is the best choice to reach a 3rd story (10 feet/story) window.

▪ A window rescue from the 4th floor of a commercial occupancy would most likely require a 45 foot pole ladder.

▪ The method of mounting ladders to apparatus is determined by:  Manufacturer's policy, brackets or racking used, type of apparatus, body design, fire department requirements, and the type of ladder.

▪ Ladders should be located where they facilitate removal and where they are not subjected to exhaust or engine heat.

▪ NFPA 1901 requires pumpers to carry one 10-foot folding ladder, one 14-foot roof ladder, and one 24-foot extension ladder.

▪ Ladders are usually mounted on a rack, vertically (on beam), on the right side of the apparatus.

▪ Pumpers with high side compartments on both sides or ladders in excess of 35 feet may have to be relocated to overhead racks for mounting.

▪ NFPA 1904 requires aerial apparatus to carry one 10-foot folding ladder, two 16-foot roof ladders, one 14-foot combination ladder, one 24-foot extension ladder, and one 35-foot extension ladder.

▪ Racking arrangements on aerial apparatus are usually either loaded from the rear in tiers, nested vertically on the beam, or in flat tiers (horizontal) on the sides of the apparatus.

▪ Folding ladders on aerial apparatus are usually mounted where ever it is convenient.

▪ Combination ladders on aerial apparatus may be on the side of the apparatus, in a topside cargo hold, or in a large compartment.

▪ Per NFPA 1902, initial attack apparatus must carry one 12-foot ladder (GVW < 15,000lbs.), one 14-foot ladder (GVW 15,000-20,000lbs.), or one 16-foot ladder (GVW > 20,000lbs.).

▪ Tankers and tenders designed solely for water transport are not required to carry ladders.

▪ Tankers equipped with a fire pump must carry the same NFPA required amount of ladders for pumpers.

▪ Rescue and squad apparatus are not required to carry ladders.

▪ One residential story measures 8 to 10 feet.

▪ Residential floor to windowsill measures about 3 feet.

▪ One commercial story measures about 12 feet.

▪ Commercial floor to windowsill is about 4 feet.

▪ Ladders should extend beyond the roof, preferably 5 rungs.

▪ When accessing the side of a window for ventilation, the tip of the ladder should be placed 3 to 4 rungs above the windowsill.

▪ When performing a rescue from a window, the tip of the ladder should be placed just below the windowsill.

▪ A 16 to 20 foot ladder is needed to reach a 1st story roof.

▪ A 20 to 28 foot ladder is needed to reach a 2nd story window.

▪ A 28 to 35 foot ladder is needed to reach a 2nd story roof.

▪ A 40 to 50 foot ladder is needed to reach a 3rd story roof or window.

▪ A ladder over 50 feet is needed to reach a 4th story roof.

▪ The reach of a ladder under 35 feet is 1 foot less than the designated length.

▪ The reach of a ladder over 35 feet is 2 foot less than the designated length.

▪ A 35-foot extension ladder is the most versatile of extension ladders because it is suitable for 1 to 3 story residential, 1 to 2 story commercial, and 1 story industrial structures and is compact enough to be mounted on a pumper.

▪ 35-foot, three-section ladders are heavier than 35-foot, two-section ladders.

▪ Ladders should not be removed from apparatus while stabilizers are being deployed.

▪ When 2 or more firefighters are lifting a ladder, the firefighter at the rear should give commands to lift and lower.

▪ Firefighters should pivot toward the butt when lifting ladders into carrying position.

▪ Hooks on roof ladders should be closed while carrying.

▪ When performing a rescue, if a window is large enough, the tip of the ladder should be projected into the window 3 to 4 rungs.

▪ Roofs should be laddered from at least 2 points on opposite sides.

▪ When ladders are used to support smoke ejectors, the tip should be placed on the wall above the window opening.

▪ Placing a ladder at a 75 degree angle provides good stability and permits the climber to stand perpendicular at arm's length to the rungs.

▪ When the butt of the ladder is too far from the building, load carrying capacity and stability is reduced.

▪ If a ladder is placed at less than a 75 degree angle, it should be tied off and heeled at all times.

▪ The proper distance of the butt from a building can be determined by dividing the used length of the ladder by 4.

Fire Service Ground Ladders (7th Edition)

Chapter 4-Raising Ground Ladders

Test Review

▪ Before raising a ladder, overhead obstructions such as electrical lines, limbs, etc. should be monitored.

▪ The manufacturer will specify whether a ladder is to be used fly in or out.

▪ Most modern metal and fiberglass ladders are designed for Fly Out use.

▪ Wood ladders with rungs mounted in the top truss rail are designed for Fly In use.

▪ Raising a ladder perpendicular should always be the first preference.

▪ Parallel raises should only be used when obstructions prevent perpendicular raises.

▪ In a one-firefighter extension ladder raise from the low-shoulder carry, the butt should first be placed against the building prior to raising.

▪ In a one-firefighter extension ladder raise from the high-shoulder carry, the butt should be placed at the point determined for proper climbing.

▪ Ladders 35 feet or longer should be raised by a minimum of 3 people.

▪ 4 persons are required to raise a pole ladder with a perpendicular raise.

▪ 5-6 persons are required for a parallel raise of a pole ladder.

▪ NFPA requires all staypoles be attached, however, ladders built before the requirement may have detachable staypoles which are stored on top of the fly section when not in use.

▪ Ladders may need to be pivoted to ensure the fly section is in the proper direction or when the ladder is raised parallel.

▪ NFPA 1932 states that "ground ladders shall not be rolled beam over beam to reach a new position".

▪ A dome raise, also called auditorium raise, is used inside high ceiling structures with no means of supporting the tip.

▪ Dome raises may be needed in public buildings, churches, auditoriums, arenas, gymnasiums, skating rinks, or other areas where high ceilings are present.

▪ A dome raise is constructed with 4 guy lines which hold the ladder at a 90 degree angle.

Fire Service Ground Ladders (7th Edition)

Chapter 5-Climbing & Using Ground Ladders

Test Review

▪ Ladders should be climbed rhythmically, with knees flexed, eyes forward.

▪ Ascend ladders with little sway and bounce and grasp rungs with palms down and thumbs under the rung.

▪ Hand placement when climbing a ladder can also be to slide them behind each beam, keeping constant contact.

▪ Leg locks should not be used on aerial ladders due to the possibility of becoming entrapped between the rungs.

▪ In regards to pompier ladders, use on drill ground towers differs from the fireground in that the windows have been removed.

▪ Those in the greatest amount of danger are given a "highest priority" in regards to rescue.

▪ Multiple victims in different parts of a fire building are "second priority" in regards to rescue.

▪ The remainder of people in the fire area after the highest and second priority victims have been removed are "third priority".

▪ "Fourth priority" victims are the people left in the exposed area.

▪ If a victim being rescued becomes violent while on a ladder, the firefighter should pin them against the ladder and reassure them.

▪ If a rung must be cut to free a downed firefighter, a second ladder must be placed next to the downed firefighter to facilitate cutting the rung.

▪ Smoke ejectors may be supported by ladders in front of windows, doors, archways, in stairwells, over floor openings, or over window wells.

▪ Catch basins can provide a way for a pumper to get water from a hydrant when thread types do not match or are damaged.

▪ Catch basins can be used in place of a portable folding tank in rural water shuttle operations.

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