Focus on the future: 3D printing - Umweltbundesamt
Focus on the future:
3D printing
Trend report for a ssessing the e nvironmental impacts
Imprint
Publisher: Umweltbundesamt Section I 1.1 Fundamental Aspects, Sustainability Strategies and Scenarios, Sustainable Resource Use W?rlitzer Platz 1 D-06813 Dessau-Ro?lau Tel: +49 340-2103-0 info@umweltbundesamt.de Internet: umweltbundesamt.de
/umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt
Authors: Keppner, Benno; Kahlenborn, Walter; Richter, Stephan; Jetzke, Tobias; Lessmann, Antje; Bovenschulte, Marc
Edited by: Section I 1.1 Fundamental Aspects, Sustainability Strategies and Scenarios, Sustainable Resource Use Sylvia Veenhoff
Design: stoffers/steinicke
Print: Printed on 100 per cent recycled paper
Publications as a pdf: umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen
Photo credits: See picture credits (Chapter 7)
English by: Andrea Bartel, sprachen-bartel.de Jason Dinsdale, UK Environment Agency
Report completed in: May 2018 (The content of the trend report was completed in July 2017)
ISSN 2363-832X (Internet) ISSN 2363-8311 (Print)
Focus on the future:
3D printing
Trend report for assessing the e nvironmental impacts
Table of Contents
List of Figures
5
1 Introduction
6
1.1 Background
6
1.2 Scope and objectives
7
1.3 Methodology
8
1.4 Structure
10
2 Trend description
11
2.1 Development of 3D printing
11
2.2 Process chain, processes and materials used in 3D printing 12
2.3 The 3D printing market
16
2.4 Central actors and fields of application
18
3 Assessment of burdens and benefits from 3D printing
21
3.1 Direct environmental impacts
21
3.2 Indirect (environmental) impacts
36
3.3 Identification of innovative characteristics
39
4 Conclusion, need for research and recommendations for action
45
4.1 Conclusion: Assessment of environmental impacts
of 3D printing
45
4.2 Recommendations for action by environmental policy
and need for research
49
5 Annex: Assessment procedure
52
6 List of references
54
7 Picture credits
60
4
List of Figures
Figure 1:
Google search queries for the terms "additive
manufacturing", "3D printing", and "3D-Druck"
6
Figure 2:
Methods for trend description and trend analysis
9
Figure 3:
Desktop AM systems (USD < 5,000) vs.
industrial AM systems sold globally
16
Figure 4:
Estimated total growth rates
for selected sectors (2014-2020)
17
Figure 5:
Professional profiles of 3D printing users (N=700)
in companies
18
Figure 6:
Use of 3D printing, by industries
(currently or over the next three years)
19
Figure 7:
Use of 3D printing, by application fields
(currently or over the next three years)
19
Figure 8:
Number of patent applications and
scientific publications on 3D printing
20
Figure 9:
Facets of 3D printing
21
Figure 10: Assessment of direct environmental impacts,
3D printing processes
22
Figure 11: Direct environmental impacts, extraction,
processing, production
27
Figure 12: Direct environmental impacts, material properties
28
Figure 13: Direct environmental impacts,
use and provision of services
30
5
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