Macmillan CXC Science Series Biology - Weebly

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Macmillan CXC Science Series

Biology

Linda Atwaroo-Ali

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Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world

macmillan-

ISBN-13 978-0-333-80368-4 ISBN-10 0-333-80368-X

Text ? Linda Atwaroo-Ali 2003 Design and illustration ? Macmillan Publishers Limited 2003

First published 2003

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.

Designed by Jim Weaver Design Illustrated by Raymond Turvey (Turvey Books Ltd) Cover design by Gary Fielder, AC Design Cover photographs: Front cover and title page: Corbis royalty free (leaf), Digital Vision (frog, dolphin), Photodisk (flower, DNA), Science Photo Library (heart)

The authors and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce their material: Figure 24.5 Global Distribution of HIV/AIDS from UNAIDS/WHO Report (1996). (Courtesy: United Nations Office & Information Centre, London). Figure 4.3 Carbon Dioxide Concentrations from the Whitehouse Initiative on Global Climate Change. (Courtesy: The White House, Washington, DC). Figure 27.3 The Human Population Growth Curve, AD 1750?2000. (Courtesy: World Resources Institute, Washington, DC).

The authors and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce their photographs: Alamy p319(cr) Biophotos p41(br) Corbis pp5(bl, br), 7(mb), 68, 191(bl), 121(both), 123(bl), 237(t), 240(cl), 244 (tr), 256, 277(r), 295(tc), 314(tr), DAS Photo pp309(both), 320 Empics pp87(tr), 254(tr) Getty p305(bl) Holt Studios pp6(tl), 58, 216(cr), 216(cl), 217(tr, tc), 265 Island Expedition p322 Michael Bourne pp223(t), 215(cl) Michael Burr Photography p318(tr) Microscopix pp3(t), 4(br) Mirror Syndication International p69 NASA p313(bl) NHPA pp5(bc), 153(cl), 176(bl, br), 180(cl), 254(tl), 271(bl), 295(bc, l), 297(t), 315(cl, cb, r) Oxford Scientific Films pp6(ml, bl), 15(tr), 19(tl, br), 19, 37(bl), 180(cr), 197(tl), 212(bc), 215(cl), 216(tr), 260(all), 271(br), 297(bc) Science Photo Library pp3(b), 4(tl), 5(tl, ml), 7(tl, tr, bl, br), 19(ml), 25(tl, bl), 76(bl), 99(tl, tr), 109(r), 130(r) 133(r), 142(l, cl, cr, r), 154, 167(cr, cl), 169(bl), 171(cr), 167, 202(tr), 212(br), 213(both photos in table), 216(br), 222(br, bl), 256(bl), 257(cl), 262, 273(c), 277(tc, bl), 307(tl), 320(bl), 358(both) Mike Taylor 87(bl. br) Tropix pp7(br), 222(bl), 307(tl)

Printed and bound in Malaysia

2009 2008 2007 2006 11 10 9 8 7 6

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Contents

Series preface

ix

About this book

x

Section A: Living organisms in the environment

1 The variety of living organisms

1

Characteristics of life

2

The major groups of organisms

2

Classification of organisms on the basis of visible characteristics

7

The binomial system

8

Species

10

Summary

10

Answers to ITQs

11

Examination-style questions

12

2 Feeding relationships between organisms

14

Producers and consumers

15

Decomposers and detritivores

15

Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores

16

Food chains

16

Predators and prey

17

Food webs

17

Special relationships

18

Summary

20

Answers to ITQs

20

Examination-style questions

21

3 Energy flow within a food chain or food web

22

Trapping the Sun's energy

22

Movement of energy through a food chain

24

Pyramids of energy

26

Pyramid of numbers

26

Pyramids of biomass

27

Summary

28

Answers to ITQs

28

Examination-style questions

29

4 The cycling of nutrients

30

Biogeochemical cycles

30

The carbon cycle

31

The human effect on the carbon cycle

32

The greenhouse effect and global warming

33

The nitrogen cycle

34

Acid rain

37

Summary

38

Answers to ITQs

38

Examination-style questions

39

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Contents

iv

Section B: Life processes

5 Cells

40

Plant and animal cells

41

Specialisation in multicellular organisms

42

Movement of substances into and out of cells

44

Summary

49

Answers to ITQs

49

Examination-style questions

50

6 Photosynthesis

52

Plants are the food supply for animals

52

Photosynthesis

53

Products of photosynthesis

56

Limiting factors in photosynthesis

57

Etiolation

58

Summary

58

Answers to ITQs

58

Examination-style questions

59

7 Feeding and digestion

61

Diet

61

Organic nutrients

62

Food tests

64

Inorganic nutrients

65

Food additives

66

A balanced diet

67

Malnutrition

68

Utilisation of food in Man

69

Digestion

70

Digestion and absorption in the alimentary canal

72

Assimilation

78

Functions of the liver

78

Summary

79

Answers to ITQs

79

Examination-style questions

80

8 Respiration

83

Aerobic respiration

83

Anaerobic respiration

85

Summary

88

Answers to ITQs

89

Examination-style questions

89

9 Gaseous exchange

91

Importance of gaseous exchange in Man

91

Mechanism of gaseous exchange in Man

92

Importance and mechanism of gaseous exchange in plants

94

Characteristics common to gaseous exchange surfaces

96

The effects of cigarette smoking

98

Summary

99

Answers to ITQs

99

Examination-style questions

100

10 Transport in animals

101

The need for a transport system

101

The circulatory system in Man

102

Blood vessels

104

Blood

108

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Blood groups Hypertension

Summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

11 Transport in plants The importance of transport in plants Transport systems of plants Movement of water through a plant Adaptations in plants to conserve water Uptake and movement of mineral salts Transport of manufactured food Food storage Summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

12 Excretion, osmoregulation and homeostasis Excretory products in animals Excretory products in plants The human excretory system Osmoregulation Homeostasis Summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

13 Movement The importance of movement in animals Movement in plants The skeleton of Man Summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

14 Sensitivity and coordination Stimulus The sense organs of Man The nervous system Reflex actions The brain Autonomic nervous system Summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

15 The eye and the ear Structure of the human eye How we see Sight defects and their corrections Structure of the human ear How we hear The ear drum Balance Summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

Contents

109 110 111 111 113

114

114 115 117 121 122 122 122 124 124 125

127

128 128 129 134 135 137 138 139

141

141 142 144 150 150 151

152

152 154 155 158 159 160 160 160 161

163

163 164 168 170 170 171 172 173 173 175

v

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