For CSEC - Macmillan Caribbean eBooks

Chemistry

for CSEC? Examinations 3rd edition

Mike Taylor and Tania Chung Series Editor: Dr Mike Taylor

CSEC? is a registered trade mark of the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC). CHEMISTRY for CSEC? EXAMINATIONS THIRD EDITION is an independent publication and has not been authorised, sponsored, or otherwise approved by CXC.

Macmillan Education 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

Companies and representatives throughout the world.

macmillan-

ISBN 978-0-230-47946-3 AER

Text ? Mike Taylor and Tania Chung 2014 Design and illustration ? Macmillan Publishers Limited The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.

This edition published 2014 First edition published 2006

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Contents

Series Preface

v

About this Book

vi

Section A: Principles of Chemistry

1 States of Matter Three states of matter Changes of state Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

2 Mixtures and Separations Elements, mixtures and compounds Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

3 Atomic Structure Some early ideas about atoms Uses of radioactivity Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

4 Periodic Table and Periodicity What is the Periodic Table? Trends in the Periodic Table Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

5 Structure and Bonding Stable electronic structures Bonding Compounds containing more than one type of bond Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

6 Mole Concept Numbers of atoms Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

7 Acids, Bases and Salts Acids Bases Salts Acidity and pH Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

2 8 Oxidation?Reduction Reactions

7

Oxidation and reduction

9

Oxidation number

11

Tests for oxidising and reducing agents

12

Redox in electrolysis

12

Some common redox reactions

13

Some common oxidising and reducing agents

13

Chapter summary

23

Answers to ITQs

24

Examination-style questions

24 9 Electrochemistry

25

Electrical conduction through a solution

25

Electrolysis

32

Electrolysis calculations

35

Electrolysis in commercial processes

35

Chapter summary

36

Answers to ITQs

38

Examination-style questions

38 10 Rates of Reaction

41

Fast and slow reactions

47

Reversible reactions

47

Measuring rate of reaction in the laboratory

48

Chapter summary

49 49

Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

52 11 Energetics

59

Chemical energy

61

Chapter summary

61

Answers to ITQs

62

Examination-style questions

63

66 Section B: Organic Chemistry

77

77 12 Sources of Hydrocarbon Compounds

78

Natural gas

79 79 89 85

Crude oil Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

89

95

95

96

97 97 99 102 102 103 105 106 107 107 108 109 113 116 118 122 123 123 124 124 128 130 132 133 133 135 135 143 143 144

146 148 148 151 151 152

iii

13 Introduction to Organic Series Organic chemistry Homologous series Nomenclature of organic compounds Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

14 Structural Isomerism Structural isomers of alkanes Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

15 Reactions of Alkanes and Alkenes Reactions of alkanes Reactions of alkenes Reactions that distinguish between alkanes and alkenes Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

16 Reactions of Alcohols, Acids and Esters Alcohols Carboxylic acids Esters Detergents Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

17 Polymers Macromolecules Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

Section C: Inorganic Chemistry

18 Characteristics of Metals General properties of metals Metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table The physical and chemical properties of selected metals Reactions of metal compounds Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

19 Reactivity and Extraction of Metals The reactivity of metals The occurrence of metals in nature Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions

153 20 Uses of Metals

240

153

Structure of metals

240

157

Alloys

241

158

Chapter summary

245

168

Answers to ITQs

246

169

Examination-style questions

246

170 21 Metals and the Environment

247

171

Corrosion

247

171

Metals and living systems

251

175

Chapter summary

256

175

Answers to ITQs

256

176

Examination-style questions

256

177 22 Non-metals and Water

257

177

The general properties of non-metals

257

180

Physical and chemical reactions of some non-metals 258

Laboratory preparation of gases

261

183

Non-metals and their uses

267

185

Pollution caused by non-metals

274

185

Water

283

186

Chapter summary

285

187

Answers to ITQs

285

188

Examination-style questions

287

195 23 Green Chemistry

288

196

The 12 principles of Green Chemistry

288

200

The benefits of Green Chemistry

291

202

Examples of Green Chemistry in industry

292

203

Chapter summary

293

203

Answers to ITQs

293

205

Examination-style questions

293

205 24 Qualitative Analysis

294

213

Anions, cations and gases

294

214

Chapter summary

301

214

Answers to ITQs

302

Examination-style questions

302

Section D: School-Based Assessment 303

216

216 25 School-Based Assessment

304

216

Practical work in Chemistry

304

School-Based Assessment contents

3085

218 Appendices

225

227 A FAQs on moles

342

227 B FAQs on electrolysis

347

228 C Periodic Table

351

229 D Tables of common elements and atomic numbers 352

229 E Charts in Periodic Table form

354

233

238 F Common units and useful constants

356

239 G The reactivity series of metals

357

239 H The Greek alphabet

358

Index

359

iv

Series Preface, 3rd Edition

Macmillan's textbooks for the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) Science subjects have been written by teachers with many years' experience of preparing students for success in their examinations. These revised third editions have been written to align with the new CXC syllabuses (to be first examined in 2015). Additional practical activities have been included to reflect the new emphasis on practical work, and new features (such as group work and discussion activities) will help teachers to cater to a variety of different learning styles within the classroom. These books are specially designed to stimulate learning, whatever the reader's needs. Students starting a topic from scratch may need to be led through the explanation one step at a time, while those with prior knowledge of a topic may need to clarify a detail, or reinforce their understanding. Others may simply need to check that they understand the material. Each CSEC science syllabus specifies the areas to be used for the School-Based Assessment (SBA). Each book in the series has a section designed to help students with their SBA, by offering advice on how to approach the task, presenting examples of good SBA work or suggesting suitable material to use within it. Teachers are free to photocopy these pages. The CSEC Science series covers everything a student needs pass their CSEC examination, as well as providing a firm foundation for more advanced study at Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) level. Dr Mike Taylor

Series Editor

v

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