For CSEC - Macmillan Caribbean eBooks
Chemistry
for CSEC? Examinations 3rd edition
Mike Taylor and Tania Chung Series Editor: Dr Mike Taylor
CSEC? is a registered trade mark of the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC). CHEMISTRY for CSEC? EXAMINATIONS THIRD EDITION is an independent publication and has not been authorised, sponsored, or otherwise approved by CXC.
Macmillan Education 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
Companies and representatives throughout the world.
macmillan-
ISBN 978-0-230-47946-3 AER
Text ? Mike Taylor and Tania Chung 2014 Design and illustration ? Macmillan Publishers Limited The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.
This edition published 2014 First edition published 2006
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Note to Teachers Photocopies may be made, for classroom use, of pages 308?358 without the prior written permission of Macmillan Publishers Limited. However, please note that the copyright law, which does not normally permit multiple copying of published material, applies to the rest of this book.
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Contents
Series Preface
v
About this Book
vi
Section A: Principles of Chemistry
1 States of Matter Three states of matter Changes of state Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
2 Mixtures and Separations Elements, mixtures and compounds Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
3 Atomic Structure Some early ideas about atoms Uses of radioactivity Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
4 Periodic Table and Periodicity What is the Periodic Table? Trends in the Periodic Table Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
5 Structure and Bonding Stable electronic structures Bonding Compounds containing more than one type of bond Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
6 Mole Concept Numbers of atoms Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
7 Acids, Bases and Salts Acids Bases Salts Acidity and pH Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
2 8 Oxidation?Reduction Reactions
7
Oxidation and reduction
9
Oxidation number
11
Tests for oxidising and reducing agents
12
Redox in electrolysis
12
Some common redox reactions
13
Some common oxidising and reducing agents
13
Chapter summary
23
Answers to ITQs
24
Examination-style questions
24 9 Electrochemistry
25
Electrical conduction through a solution
25
Electrolysis
32
Electrolysis calculations
35
Electrolysis in commercial processes
35
Chapter summary
36
Answers to ITQs
38
Examination-style questions
38 10 Rates of Reaction
41
Fast and slow reactions
47
Reversible reactions
47
Measuring rate of reaction in the laboratory
48
Chapter summary
49 49
Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
52 11 Energetics
59
Chemical energy
61
Chapter summary
61
Answers to ITQs
62
Examination-style questions
63
66 Section B: Organic Chemistry
77
77 12 Sources of Hydrocarbon Compounds
78
Natural gas
79 79 89 85
Crude oil Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
89
95
95
96
97 97 99 102 102 103 105 106 107 107 108 109 113 116 118 122 123 123 124 124 128 130 132 133 133 135 135 143 143 144
146 148 148 151 151 152
iii
13 Introduction to Organic Series Organic chemistry Homologous series Nomenclature of organic compounds Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
14 Structural Isomerism Structural isomers of alkanes Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
15 Reactions of Alkanes and Alkenes Reactions of alkanes Reactions of alkenes Reactions that distinguish between alkanes and alkenes Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
16 Reactions of Alcohols, Acids and Esters Alcohols Carboxylic acids Esters Detergents Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
17 Polymers Macromolecules Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
Section C: Inorganic Chemistry
18 Characteristics of Metals General properties of metals Metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table The physical and chemical properties of selected metals Reactions of metal compounds Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
19 Reactivity and Extraction of Metals The reactivity of metals The occurrence of metals in nature Chapter summary Answers to ITQs Examination-style questions
153 20 Uses of Metals
240
153
Structure of metals
240
157
Alloys
241
158
Chapter summary
245
168
Answers to ITQs
246
169
Examination-style questions
246
170 21 Metals and the Environment
247
171
Corrosion
247
171
Metals and living systems
251
175
Chapter summary
256
175
Answers to ITQs
256
176
Examination-style questions
256
177 22 Non-metals and Water
257
177
The general properties of non-metals
257
180
Physical and chemical reactions of some non-metals 258
Laboratory preparation of gases
261
183
Non-metals and their uses
267
185
Pollution caused by non-metals
274
185
Water
283
186
Chapter summary
285
187
Answers to ITQs
285
188
Examination-style questions
287
195 23 Green Chemistry
288
196
The 12 principles of Green Chemistry
288
200
The benefits of Green Chemistry
291
202
Examples of Green Chemistry in industry
292
203
Chapter summary
293
203
Answers to ITQs
293
205
Examination-style questions
293
205 24 Qualitative Analysis
294
213
Anions, cations and gases
294
214
Chapter summary
301
214
Answers to ITQs
302
Examination-style questions
302
Section D: School-Based Assessment 303
216
216 25 School-Based Assessment
304
216
Practical work in Chemistry
304
School-Based Assessment contents
3085
218 Appendices
225
227 A FAQs on moles
342
227 B FAQs on electrolysis
347
228 C Periodic Table
351
229 D Tables of common elements and atomic numbers 352
229 E Charts in Periodic Table form
354
233
238 F Common units and useful constants
356
239 G The reactivity series of metals
357
239 H The Greek alphabet
358
Index
359
iv
Series Preface, 3rd Edition
Macmillan's textbooks for the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) Science subjects have been written by teachers with many years' experience of preparing students for success in their examinations. These revised third editions have been written to align with the new CXC syllabuses (to be first examined in 2015). Additional practical activities have been included to reflect the new emphasis on practical work, and new features (such as group work and discussion activities) will help teachers to cater to a variety of different learning styles within the classroom. These books are specially designed to stimulate learning, whatever the reader's needs. Students starting a topic from scratch may need to be led through the explanation one step at a time, while those with prior knowledge of a topic may need to clarify a detail, or reinforce their understanding. Others may simply need to check that they understand the material. Each CSEC science syllabus specifies the areas to be used for the School-Based Assessment (SBA). Each book in the series has a section designed to help students with their SBA, by offering advice on how to approach the task, presenting examples of good SBA work or suggesting suitable material to use within it. Teachers are free to photocopy these pages. The CSEC Science series covers everything a student needs pass their CSEC examination, as well as providing a firm foundation for more advanced study at Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) level. Dr Mike Taylor
Series Editor
v
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