The tasks that follow are for you to complete and hand in ...
Biology A Level @ TBSHSA level study is not easy. In order that you are armed and ready for the AQA Biology course you will be taking, we need you to refresh you knowledge from GCSE before you arrive in September. It is intended that you use this pack over the Summer term and the Summer Holidays too.The idea of this transition pack is to make the step from GCSE to A level easier giving you the best possible start. There are many ideas of activities that you can complete, read, watch etc that will broaden your appreciation of the wider topic of Biology. This is something that successful candidates will continue to do as part of their independent study throughout the two-year course. It is not expected that you will complete all of these, but should choose some based on your individual interests and availability. At the end there are the compulsory tasks, these will cover a range of different topics that you will study at A Level. Many of these topics are GCSE topics that you will have already covered, some you will need to research so that you become familiar with the new vocabulary and concepts.Follow us on Twitter and Instagram for Daily Revision Ideas and interesting articles and news.38004754445733425190500 right1587500Transition Tasks – The tasks that follow are for you to complete and hand in to your teacher in September. SI unitsEvery measurement must have a size (eg 2.7) and a unit (eg metres or ?C). Sometimes, there are different units available for the same type of measurement. For example, ounces, pounds, kilograms and tonnes are all used as units for mass.To reduce confusion, and to help with conversion between different units, there is a standard system of units called the SI units which are used for most scientific purposes.These units have all been defined by experiment so that the size of, say, a metre in the UK is the same as a metre in China.The seven SI base units are:Physical quantityUsual quantity symbolUnitAbbreviationmassmkilogramkglengthl or xmetremtimetsecondstemperatureTkelvinKamount of substanceNmolemolAll other units can be derived from the SI base units.For example, area is measured in square metres (written as m2) and speed is measured in metres per second (written as ms–1).It is not always appropriate to use a full unit. For example, measuring the width of a hair or the distance from Manchester to London in metres would cause the numbers to be difficult to work with.Prefixes are used to multiply each of the units. You will be familiar with centi (meaning 1/100), kilo (1000) and milli (1/1000) from centimetres, kilometres and millimetres.There is a wide range of prefixes. The majority of quantities in scientific contexts will be quoted using the prefixes that are multiples of 1000. For example, a distance of 33 000 m would be quoted as 33 km.The most common prefixes you will encounter are:PrefixSymbolMultiplication factorMegaM1061 000 000kilok1031000decid10-10.11/10centic10-20.011/100millim10-30.0011/1000microμ10-60.000 0011/1 000 000nanon10-90.000 000 0011/1 000 000 000Activity 1a – Self AssessWhich SI unit and prefix would you use for the following quantities?1.The time between heart beats2.The length of a leaf3.The distance that a migratory bird travelled each year4.The width of a cheek cell5.The mass of a rabbit6.The mass of iron in the body7.The volume of the trunk of a large treeCheck your answers on page 20Sometimes, there are units that are used that are not combinations of SI units and prefixes.These are often multiples of units that are helpful to use. For example, one litre is 0.001 m3, or one day is 86 400 seconds.Activity 1b – Self AssessChoose the most appropriate unit, and estimate the size of each of the following.1.The mass of an elephant2.The mass of an earthworm3.The volume of water in a teardrop4.The volume of water in a small pond5.The time taken for a sunflower to grow6.The temperature difference between the blood in the heart and in the ear on a cold day7.The width of a hair8.The length that your fingernails grow each day9.The total length of each of the hairs on your headCheck your answers on page 20Activity 1c – to be SubmittedPut the following in order of size:height of an elephant; length of DNA strand; width of a hair; height of a tree; width of a sodium ion; length of a nerve cell; length of a heart; width of a red blood cell; size of a virus; length of a finger; length of a mosquito; length of a human digestive system; width of a field; length of a water molecule.Important vocabulary for practical workYou will have come across most of the words used in practical work in your GCSE studies. It is important that you use the right definition for each word.Activity 2a – Self AssessJoin the boxes to link the word to its definition. AccurateA statement suggesting what may happen in the future.DataAn experiment that gives the same results when a different person carries it out or a different set of equipment or technique is used.PreciseA measurement that is close to the true value.PredictionAn experiment that gives the same results when the same experimenter uses the same method and equipment.RangePhysical, chemical or biological quantities or characteristics.RepeatableA variable that is kept constant during an experiment.ReproducibleA variable that is measured as the outcome of an experiment.ResolutionThis is the smallest change in the quantity being measured (input) of a measuring instrument, that gives a perceptible change in the reading.UncertaintyThe interval within which the true value can be expected to lie.VariableThe spread of data, showing the maximum and minimum values of the data.Control variableMeasurements where repeated measurements show very little spread.Dependent variableInformation, in any form, that has been collected.Check your answers on page 20Activity 2b – to be SubmittedWhen you have checked and corrected your work, make a set of flash cards to allow you to learn and remember this key vocabulary.CellsAll life on Earth exists as cells. These have basic features in common.Activity 3a – Research TaskComplete the table. Use many different resources to write a sentence or two about the function of each part of a eukaryotic cell.StructureFunctionCell-surface membraneChloroplastCell vacuoleMitochondriaNucleusCell wallChromosomesRibosomesRough endoplasmic reticulumSmooth endoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusVesiclesActivity 3b – to be SubmittedUse the information above to illustrate the structure of both a plant and animal cell. Your illustration needs to have labels showing the different structures listed in the table and the descriptions of their functions. Your illustration could be a drawing, collage, 3D model etc. Be creative – can you make it edible? A photograph of your creation can be submitted if needed.Photosynthesis and RespirationTwo of the most important reactions that take place in living things are photosynthesis and respiration. They both involve the transfer of energy.Activity 4a – Self AssessComplete the photosynthesis and aerobic respiration columns in the table. PhotosynthesisAerobic RespirationAnaerobic RespirationWhich organisms carry out this process?Where in the organisms does the process take place?Energy store at thebeginning of the processSunlightEnergy store at the end of the processATP in cellsReactants needed for the processProducts of the processOverall word equationBalanced symbol equation for the overall processCheck your answers on page 21Activity 4b – to be SubmittedIdentify which of the answers for aerobic respiration would be different for anaerobic respiration.Add these answers to the anaerobic respiration column.Principles of moving across boundariesIn biology, many processes involve moving substances across boundaries.Activity 5 – Self AssessMatch the examples to the principle(s) involved. For each, give a brief description of why it is relevant.27336753514090Changing Surface Area or Length00Changing Surface Area or Length27336752409190Active Transport00Active Transport27336751304290Diffusion00Diffusion2733675208915Osmosis00Osmosis ExamplesDrinking a sports drink after exerciseGas exchange in the lungsAbsorbing nutrients from food into the bodyMoving ions into cellsThe effect of salt on slugsPenguins huddling together to keep warmPotato pieces get heavier when put in pure waterPotato pieces get lighter when put in very salty waterCacti do not have thin, large leavesCheck your answers on page 21Genetic InheritanceThe Inheritance of alleles determines an individual’s genotype, which then determines an individual’s phenotype.Activity 6a – Self AssessWrite definitions for each of the following key termsAlleleGenotypePhenotypeDominant AlleleRecessive AlleleActivity 6b – Self AssessCystic fibrosis is an example of a disease where the mutation causing the disease is recessive.F: normal (dominant) f: mutation (recessive) Paternal AllelesFfMaternal AllelesFf Huntington’s disease is an example of a disease where the mutation causing the disease is dominant.H: mutation (dominant)h: normal (recessive) Paternal AllelesHhMaternal AlleleshhFor each of the Punnett squares:plete the diagrams to show the alleles for each child.2.State which parent and child is:?healthy?has the disease?a carrier.Check your answers on page 22Activity 6c – to be SubmittedThe following statements are false. Re-write each one so that it becomes true.The first Punnett square shows that there is a one in three chance that a child born to this couple will have cystic fibrosis.All children of the first couple will either be carriers or suffer from cystic fibrosis.The second Punnett square shows that one in every four children from this couple will have Huntington’s disease.The percentage of children who are sufferers on the diagram is the same as the percentage of children each couple will have who are sufferers.Having one child who is born with cystic fibrosis means that the next three children will not have the disease.A 50:50 chance is the same as a 0.25 probability.Analysing dataBiological investigations often result in large amounts of data being collected. It is important to be able to analyse this data carefully in order to pick out trends.Activity 7a – to be SubmittedMean, median, mode and scatter graphsA student investigated an area of moorland where succession was occurring. She used quadrats to measure the area covered by different plant species, bare ground and surface water every 10 metres along a transect. She also recorded the depth of soil at each quadrat. Her results are shown in the table.Area covered in each quadrat A to E in cm2ABCDEBog moss554010––Bell heather–––1510Sundew105–––Ling–––1520Bilberry–––1525Heath grass––30105Soft rush–302055Sheep’s fescue––253530Bare ground20151055Surface water15105––Soil depth / cm3.24.78.211.514.8– indicates zero cover. Calculate (and show your working):1.the mode area of soft rush in the sample2.the mean soil depth3.the median amount of bare ground in the sample.Use the data from the table to plot a scatter graph of soil depth against the area covered by bare ground, soft rush and bog moss (use different colours or markers for each).center184154.What conclusions does your graph suggest?5.How confident are you in these conclusions?Activity 7b – to be SubmittedAnalysing TablesLung cancer, chronic bronchitis and coronary heart disease (CHD) are associated with smoking. Tables 1 and 2 give the total numbers of deaths from these diseases in the UK in 1974.Table 1 MenAge/yearsNumber of Deaths (in thousands)Lung CancerChronic BronchitisCoronary Heart Disease35-6411.54.231.765-7412.68.533.375+5.88.129.1Total (35-75+)29.920.894.1Table 2 WomenAge/yearsNumber of Deaths (in thousands)Lung CancerChronic BronchitisCoronary Heart Disease35-643.21.38.465-742.61.918.275+1.83.542.3Total (35-75+)7.66.768.9Of the men who died aged 35-64 from one of these three causes, what percentage of them died of lung cancer?What percentage of deaths from chronic bronchitis in women happened to women aged 65-74?Deaths from lung cancer drop as people get older. Is there a bigger percentage difference for men or women from 35-64 to 75+?What fraction of coronary heart disease deaths of men over 34 are in the 75+ bracket? What about for women?Activity 7c – to be SubmittedAnalysing Complex GraphsThe volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs during each breath is called the tidal volume. The breathing rate and tidal volume were measured for a cyclist pedaling at different speeds. The graph shows the results.3.030Tidal volume2.5252.020Tidal volume /-987425-1263650Breathing rate1.515Breathingdm3rate / breathsper minute1.0100.550.000510152025Cycling speed / km h–1What was the tidal volume when the cycling speed was 17 km h–1?What was the breathing rate when the cycling speed was 8 km h–1?What was the change in breathing rate when the cyclist changed from 10 to 20 km h–1? Express this as a percentage.At what speed did the breathing rate start to increase?The tidal volume increased linearly with cycling speed up to about 10 km h–1. Calculate the increase in volume for each increase in speed of 1 km h–1.For this initial linear section, what is the equation of the tidal volume line? Hint: use y=mx + cBooks – Reading can be a great way to broaden your knowledge and understanding of Biology. These books are available from online retailers and maybe available from local libraries too.centertop00The Body – A guide for Occupants‘The idea of the book is simply to try to understand the extraordinary contraption that is us.’ centercenter00This is an amusing and easy to read book packed with extraordinary facts and figures about the human body.Junk DNA-24130133350000Our DNA is so much more complex than you probably realise, this book explores how junk DNA plays an important role in areas as diverse as genetic diseases, viral infections, sex determination in mammals, disease treatments, even evolution itselfcentertop00The Immortal Life of Henrietta LacksBalancing the beauty and drama of scientific discovery with dark questions about who owns the stuff our bodies are made of, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks is an extraordinary journey in search of the soul and story of a real woman, whose cells live on today in all four corners of the world.centertop00Frankenstein’s CatAn easily accessible read exploring the menagerie of the near future. Discover how glow-in-the-dark fish, robot-armoured beetles and many more high-tech hybrids are made. Genome – The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters.17780116205000The genome is our 100,000 or so genes. This book explores each chromosome in a separate chapter, looking at what it tells us about our evolution, and what makes us individual.centertop0010% Human – How Your Body’s Microbes Hold the Key to Health and Happiness.Revealing how our personal colony of microbes influence our weight, immune system and mental health. This is a new way of understanding modern diseases and how to manage them.centertopHen’s Teeth and Horse’s ToesExploring the "peculiar and mysterious particulars of nature," this book introduces you to some of the many and wonderful manifestations of evolutionary biology, discussing lots of fascinating stories about Geology and evolution.A must read if you are studying Geography as well!A Short History of Nearly Everything-241301114425The ultimate eye-opening journey through time and space, A Short History of Nearly Everything is the biggest-selling popular science book of the 21st century, and reveals the world in a way most of us have never seen it before.centertopBad ScienceBen Goldacre’s wise and witty bestseller, shortlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize, lifts the lid on quack doctors, flaky statistics, scaremongering journalists and evil pharmaceutical corporations.centertopThis is Going to HurtWelcome to the life of a junior doctor: 97-hour weeks, life and death decisions, a constant tsunami of bodily fluids, and the hospital parking meter earns more than you.A must read if you are considering studying medicine.-241301247775The Incredible Unlikeliness of BeingA book combining embryology, genetics, anatomy, evolution and zoology to tell the incredible story of the human body. This is a tale of discovery, exploring why and how we have developed as we have.centertopThere is no Planet B – A Handbook for the Make or Break Years.Escaping to Planet B to avoid environmental catastrophe is pure fantasy. This book is for anyone who yearns for a realistic alternative to the destructive path the world is on at the moment, and wants practical advice on how they can make things better.Film, TV & Video – These are some of the best movies and TV programmes based on real life scientists and their discoveries. centertopDarwin’s Struggle: The Evolution of the Origin of Species.A documentary about Charles Darwin's struggle writing his theory of evolution – 60mins. Botany of DesireThis programme looks at ways in which plants have found a way to advance their agenda by ensuring they are attractive to human beings – 120mins. FungiA consciousness-shifting film that takes us on an immersive journey through time and scale into the magical earth beneath our feet – 80mins. Available to rent at – The Gene Revolution, Changing Human NatureThe biggest tech revolution of the 21st century isn't digital, it's biological. What will CRISPR mean for human evolution? – 90mins Attenborough looks at the extraordinary ends to which animals and plants go in order to survive. Featuring epic spectacles, amazing TV firsts and examples of new wildlife behaviour. 10 x 60mins-241301562100 Universe: Hidden Life of the CellDocumentary exploring the inner world of the human cellular structure via the narrative of a viral infection from within the world of a single cell – 60mins – How to Prevent an OutbreakIn this docuseries, meet the heroes on the front lines of the battle against influenza and learn about their efforts to stop the next global outbreak – 6 x 50mins.Available free on Netflix. (2011)Healthcare professionals, government officials and everyday people find themselves in the midst of a pandemic as the CDC works to find a cure – 110mins.Available free on Netflix.-241301552575 the Wind (1960)Based on a real-life case in 1925, two great lawyers argue the case for and against a science teacher accused of the crime of teaching evolution – 127mins. Available to rent at Size Me (2004) & Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken (2019)Firstly living on a diet solely of McDonalds and then opening his own fast food restaurant, social experiments in fast food – 2 x 100mins.Available free with Amazon Prime’s Oil (1992)Based on a true story. A young child suffers from an autoimmune disease. The parent’s research and challenge doctors to develop a new cure for his disease – 135mins.Available to rent at-24130189547500 Worlds One PlanetRevealing the extraordinary wildlife stories and unseen wilderness of our seven unique continents – 7 x 60mins can we solve the antibiotic resistance crisis? centertop- Gerry Wright – Mar 2020 – 6minsAntibiotics: behind the scenes, they enable much of modern medicine. Gerry Wright shares what we can do about antibiotic resistance. Accident that Changed the World - centertopAllison Ramsey and Mary Staicu – Feb 2020 – 5minsIn 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming returned to his lab and found something unexpected; this details the discovery of penicillin and how it transformed medicine. me unveil “Synthetic Life” – Craig Venter – May 2010 – 18mins.Craig Venter and team make a historic announcement: they've created the first fully functioning, reproducing cell controlled by synthetic DNA. Age of Genetic Wonder – Juan Enriquez – Nov 2018 – 18mins.Juan Enriquez forecasts the possible futures of genetic editing, exploring the immense uncertainty and opportunity of this next frontier. we need bugs – Danae Wolfe – Nov 2018 – 14mins.Danae Wolfe uses data, images and humour to demonstrate how bugs are an integral part of our ecosystem. Quest for the Coronavirus Vaccine – Seth Berkley – Mar 2020 – 62mins.With clarity and urgency, Seth Berkley explains what makes it so challenging to develop, when we can expect it to be rolled out at scale and why we will need global collaboration to get it done. and Magazines – You can often find free resources that will make interesting reading and allow you to expand your basic knowledge and understanding of topics. These are some examples of the articles and magazines that will relate directly to your studies, but search around and see if there are any others that spark your interest.3975735000Big Picture is a free and impartial educational resource that explores the innovations and implications of cutting-edge science. Created by the Education and Editorial teams at Wellcome, Big Picture covers a wide range of topics that provide a wider context to the post-16 biology curriculum.Create a free account and visit regularly during your studies to broaden your knowledge and deepen your understanding. cell is the building block of life. Each of us starts from a single cell, a zygote, and grows into a complex organism made of trillions of cells. In this issue, we explore what we know – and what we don’t yet know – about the cells that are the basis of us all and how they reproduce, grow, move, communicate and die. does this happen in a world of such global economic imbalance, where countries vary greatly in the resources they can put into fighting disease? How do we balance individual rights with the need to protect public health? issue of 'Big Picture' looks at the theory of evolution, the evidence that supports it, unanswered questions and the history of public reaction. Activities – Research, reading and note making are essential skills for A level Biology study. Why not find some articles you are interested in and make some notes using the Cornell System below.Divide the paper into three sectionsDraw a dark horizontal line about 5 or 6 lines from the bottom. Use a heavy magic marker to draw the line so that it is clear.Draw a dark vertical line about 2 inches from the left side of the paper from the top to the horizontal line.?centertop00DocumentWrite course name, date, and topic at the top of each page.centercenter00Write notesThe large box to the right is for writing notes.Skip a line between ideas and topics.Don't use complete sentences. Use abbreviations, whenever possible. Develop a shorthand of your own, such as using "&" for the word?"and".centercenter00Review and clarifyReview the notes as soon as possible after class.Pull out main ideas, key points, dates, and people, and write these in the left column.centercenter00Summarize.Write a summary of the main ideas in the bottom section.centercenter00Answers to Self Assessment QuestionsActivity 1a1.Depending on the organism, or fitness level, s or ms2.cm3.km4.μm5.g or kg6.g7.m3Activity 1b1.6000 kg2.4 g3.0.5 ml4.1.5 m35.120 days6.2 °C7.150 μm8.0.1 mm9.The total length of each of the hairs on your head will vary, but be measured in mActivity 2a87630020015200088582517443458858251477645885825122047088582522586958858254108458858259442458763001220469885825163195876300696594876300429895885825153670Activity 4aActivity 5Osmosis?Drinking a sports drink after exercise needs to ensure rapid rehydration.?The effect of salt on slugs, salt causes water to leave slugs by osmosis, killing them.?Potato pieces get heavier when put in pure water as they take up water by osmosis due to the water potential of potato cell cytoplasm being more negative than water.Diffusion?Gas exchange in the lungs – oxygen into blood down a diffusion gradient and carbon dioxide out down a diffusion gradient.?Absorbing nutrients from food into the body down a concentration gradient when possible.?Moving ions into cells by diffusion through channel/carrier proteins.Active transport?Drinking a sports drink after exercise contains glucose and amino acids that will be absorbed by active transport.?Absorbing nutrients from food into the body against a concentration gradient if needed.?Moving ions into cells by active transport, for example the Na+K+ ATPase pump to maintain the resting potential.Changing surface area or length?Penguins huddle together so that the surface area to volume ratio of the huddle is much smaller than each individual bird, reducing the heat loss.?Cacti do not have thin large leaves (many have spikes instead) to reduce the surface area for transpiration to occur, reducing water loss by transpiration.Activity 6aAllele - An alternative form of a geneGenotype - The different alleles an organism hasPhenotype - What characteristics an organism has as a result of its genes and the effect the environment has on themDominant Allele - An allele whose characteristic appears in the phenotype even when there’s only one copyRecessive Allele - An allele whose characteristic only appears in the phenotype if there are two copies presentActivity 6bPaternal AllelesFfMaternal AllelesFFFFffFfff?Both parents are carriers?FF child is healthy?Ff and Ff children are carriers?ff child has the diseasePaternal AllelesHhMaternal AlleleshHhhhhHhhh?Hh father has the disease?hh mother is healthy?Hh children have the disease?hh children are healthy?As the disease is dominant, no individual can be a carrier. ................
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