WORKSHEET CHAPTER FOUR – ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES ...



WORKSHEET CHAPTER TWELVE – DNA & RNA – NOVAK 11-11

PAPWsCh12DNA-RNA11-11.doc

I. DNA - Griffith & Transformation - 1928 (12-1)

A. Fredrick Griffith was experimenting mice and two different strains of 1 ____________ causing pneumonia

1. The disease causing strain produced 2 ____________ shaped colonies on culture plates killed mice

2. The non disease causing strain produced 3 ____________ shaped colonies on culture plates did not kill mice

B. Griffith follow up experiment

1. He 4 ____________ killed bacteria from the smooth harmful colonies

2. He then added the heat killed bacteria to the harmless 5 ____________ colony bacteria

3. He then injected mice with these rough colony bacteria and the mice 6 ____________

4. Somehow the heat-killed bacteria had 7 ____________ their disease-causing ability to the harmless strain

5. Griffith called this process 8 ____________

II. DNA – Oswald Avery – 1944 (12-1)

A. Avery conducted experiments to find out what molecule was important for transformation

1. When extracts from the heat-killed bacteria had proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and RNA compounds disabled, transformation 9 ____________ occur

2. When extracts from the heat-killed bacteria had DNA 10 ____________, transformation did not occur

B. Avery concluded that the nucleic acid 11 ____________ stores the transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next

III. DNA – The Hershey-Chase Experiment – 1952 (12-1)

A. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used the lytic cycle of viruses to determine the 12 ____________ material

B. They conducted an experiment using a common bacteriophage

1. They tagged the cultivated bacteriophage viruses with radioactive 13 ____________ and 14 ____________

2. The phosphorus would bind to the DNA & the 15____________ to the proteins coats of the viruses

3. After infection of the bacteriophages, they found radioactive 16____________ inside the bacteria

C. They concluded that the genetic material of the virus was DNA and not 17 ____________

IV. DNA – The Components and Structure of DNA (12-1)

A. DNA is a very long chainlike molecule made of 18 ____________

1. Each nucleotide has a five carbon sugar called a 19 ____________

2. Each nucleotide has a 20 ____________ group

3. Each nucleotide has a nitrogen containing 21 ____________

a. 22 ____________ – two ringed compounds which include the bases adenine and guanine

b. 23 ____________ – one ringed compounds which include the bases cytosine and thymine

B. Has a backbone formed by alternating groups of 24 ____________ and 25 ____________ groups of each nucleotide.

C. The nitrogenous 26 ____________ stick out sideways from the chain.

D. The bases can be arranged along the DNA strand in any 27 ____________

E. The four different nucleotides, can be strung together in many different ways to carry the genetic 28 ________________________

F. in 1949, Erwin Chargaff discovered that in the cell’s DNA, the amount of adenine equaled the amount of thymine and the amount of cytosine equaled the amount of guanine (Chargaff’s 29 ____________)

G. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA was composed of two strands which were wound around each other in the shape of a double 30 ____________.

1. The double helix looks like a twisted 31 ____________

2. The two strands that made up the sides of the “ladder” were held together by 32 ____________ on the “rungs”

3. The bonds were 33 ____________ bonds of the nitrogenous bases and provide just enough force to hold the two strands together

4. These hydrogen bonds can only form between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine. This is called the 34 ____________ rule

V. CHROMOSOMES & DNA REPLICATION – DNA and Chromosomes (12-2)

A. Where DNA is found in the cell

1. In prokaryotic cells DNA is located in the 35 ____________ in a single circular molecule

2. In eukaryotic cells there is 36 ____________ times more DNA than prokaryotes

a. therefore the DNA is organized into 37 ____________ of various numbers

b. the DNA on the chromosomes is located within the 38 ____________

c. the normal number of chromosomes in normal eukaryotic body cells is known as the 39 ____________ number

B. DNA molecules within chromosomes are very long

1. In E. coli, each bacterium contains DNA with 4,639, 221 40 ____________

2. The entire E. coli DNA strand laid out straight would be 1.6 41 ____________

3. To fit inside a typical bacterium, the DNA molecule must be folded into a space only one one-thousandth of its 42 ____________.

4. The chromosomes in the nucleus of a single human (eukaryotic) cell contains about one 43 ____________ of DNA

a. contain both DNA and protein tightly packed together to form 44 ____________

b. chromatin is DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called 45 ____________

c. histones molecules form a beadlike structures called a 46 ____________

d. nucleosomes pack with one another to form a thick fiber which is shortened by a system of 47 ____________

e. during most of the cell cycle, these fibers are dispersed in the nucleus so that individual chromosomes are not 48 ____________

f. during mitosis, the fibers of each individual chromosomes are drawn together, forming tightly packed 49 ____________

g. tightly packing nucleosomes helps 50 ____________ chromosomes during mitosis

VI. CHROMOSOMES & DNA REPLICATION – DNA Replication (12-2)

A. Each strand of double helix has all the information needed to 51 ____________ the other half using their base pairs

B. Since one strand can be used to make the other, the strands of the double helix are said to be 52 ____________

C. In prokaryotes, DNA replication starts at a single point and proceeds, often in two directions, until the entire chromosome is 53 ____________

D. In 54 ____________, DNA replication occurs in hundreds of places.

1. Replication proceeds in both directions until each 55 ____________ is copied

2. The place where separation and replication occur are called replication 56 ____________

3. The process of copying the DNA is called 57 ____________

a. the DNA double helix separates into 58 ____________ strands

b. each strand produces two new 59 ____________ strands

c. this process follows the rules of 60 ____________ PAIRING

d. each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a 61 ____________ for the new strand

e. a strand with the base sequence with AATGGCAT would form a complimentary strand of the base sequence with 62 ____________

f. 63 ____________ “unzip” the hydrogen bonds to expose the bases so they can be copied

g. the principle enzyme involved in DNA joining individual nucleotides to produce a new DNA molecule is DNA 64 ____________

h. DNA polymerase also 65 “____________” each new DNA strand, to assure the DNA strand is copied correctly

VII. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – The Structure of RNA (12-3)

A. Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of 66 ____________

1. First, the DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to 67 ____________ (ribonucleic acid)

2. Second, the copied RNA is used to make the actual 68 ____________

B. RNA contains a long chain of 69 ____________ like DNA

C. RNA differs from DNA in several ways

1. The sugar is 70 ____________ instead of deoxyribose

2. It is 71 ____________ stranded

3. RNA also contains the nitrogenous base 72 ____________ in place of DNA’s thymine

VIII. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – Types of RNA (12-3)

A. The most important job of RNA is 73 ____________ synthesis

B. RNA works by controlling the assembly of 74 ____________ into protein

C. RNA used in protein synthesis comes in three different types

1. 75 ____________ RNA (mRNA) carries coded messages on how to assemble amino acids from the genes (DNA) in the nucleus to the rest of the cell

2. 76 ____________ RNA (rRNA), located on ribosomes, are used to assemble amino acids into proteins

3. 77 ____________ RNA (tRNA) is used to “catch” amino acids and transfer them to the ribosome for assembly into proteins

IX. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – Transcription (12-3)

A. 78 ____________ occurs when RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA

B. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and 79 ____________ the DNA strands

C. RNA uses one strand of DNA as a 80 ____________ to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA

D. RNA polymerase binds to the beginning of a gene at the starting point called a 81 ____________ which have specific base sequences

E. At the end of the gene is a sequence telling transcription to 82 ____________

X. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – The Genetic Code(12-3)

A. Proteins are 83 ____________ made by joining amino acids together in long chains

B. Each protein polypeptide contains a chain of any or all of 84 ____________ different amino acids

C. The properties of the protein are determined by the 85 ____________ in which different amino acids are joined together and thereby their shape

D. The “language” of mRNA is the 86 ____________ code within the DNA

E. RNA has four different bases which are 87 ____________

F. The genetic code is read in groups, three bases long and is called a 88 ____________

G. A codon consists of 89 ____________ consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide.

H. Using Figure 12-17, the RNA sequence of UCGAGAUGUCCC would code for the amino acids 90 ________________________

I. The codon AUG can serve as the initiation or 91 “____________” codon during translation

J. The codons UGA or UAA or UAG serve as the 92 ____________ codons during translation

XI. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – Translation (12-3)

A. The 93 ____________ is the cell structure that reads the mRNA and translates it into protein

B. The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein) is known as 94 ____________

1. During transcription in the nucleus, the mRNA is coded from the 95 ____________

2. The mRNA is then released to the endoplasmic reticulum within the 96 ____________

3. Translation begins when an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm attaches to a 97 ____________.

4. As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by 98 ____________

5. In the 99 ____________, the amino acid is transferred to the growing protein

6. The tRNA carries only one kind of amino acid using its three unpaired 100 ____________

7. These bases are called the 101 ____________ and are complementary to the mRNA codon

8. When two amino acids are brought in to the ribosome by tRNA together side by side, they form a 102 ____________ bond.

9. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA and its “read”, more tRNA molecules bring other amino acids in to join the polypeptide chain

10. The growing polypeptide chain, when complete, will fold into a certain shape and is known as a protein. This completes the process of 103 ____________

11. In summary, the DNA molecule (“the 104 ____________ plan”) stays in the nucleus, and creates mRNA (“ 105 ____________”) which go to the building sites in the cytoplasm (the ribosomes) and is used to build protein

12. Proteins are microscopic tools, each specifically designed to 106 ____________ or 107 ____________ a component of a living 108 ____________

When finished with this worksheet draw, color, and label the following Figures from Chapter 12 on notebook paper: Page 1 of your notebook paper - diagram 12-5 front and diagram 12-7 on the back, Page 2 of your notebook paper - diagram 12-10 on the front and diagram 12-11 on the back, Page 3 of your notebook paper - diagrams 12-12 & 12-14 on the front and diagram 12-18 on the back. Staple the drawings on the back of the above outline

CHAPTER 12 REVIEW DNA and RNA Novak 11-11

Novak

Number, list and define the “Key Terms” vocabulary on page 314. Optional: if you have excess to a computer, you may use a crossword puzzle maker online to do the vocabulary. Print out the puzzle, and the KEY.

On a separate piece of notebook paper, follow your Chapter Work Rules below and do questions 1-10 on page 315, and 1-6 on page 317.

On a separate piece of notebook paper, do number 15 on page 134.

CHAPTER WORK RULES Novak 1-07

Whenever you are doing questions on notebook paper from the book:

1. Always put FULL heading (name, date and period) in the upper right hand corner of the first page and your name and page number in the upper right hand corner on each page thereafter

2. Always put assignment title on the notebook paper title line of the first page

3. Circle the question number

4. Write questions (mandatory - no credit without the questions written) and answers

5. Skip a line between the answer of the previous question and the next question

6. DO NOT mis-number questions (skipping numbers and mis-numbering will count MAJOR points off

7. Underline answer

8. Write or print LEGIBLY

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