Students will be able to:



ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

This resource is a guide, not a detailed re-teaching of every concept learned throughout the course. Use it to focus your review for the final exam, not as a comprehensive list of concepts learned.

|I. Introduction to Learning | |

|Nervous System | |

|Neurons | |

|motor, sensory, interneurons/relay neurons |orbital=eye |

|electrochemical communication |gluteal=buttocks |

| | |

|Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology |otic=ear |

|A. Differentiate between anatomy and physiology |lumbar=lower back |

|B. Describe the orientation of a body in the anatomical position | |

|C. Distinguish between the following directional terms |buccal=cheek |

|1. Anterior/posterior |pectoral=chest |

|2. Superior/inferior | |

|3. Lateral/medial |nasal=nose |

|4. Proximal/distal |mammary=breast |

|5. Superficial/deep | |

|6. Contralateral/ipsilateral |oral=mouth |

|D. Locate and describe the body cavities and their respective organs |perineal=area between genitals and anus |

|1. Dorsal cavities | |

|a. cranial cavity |antecubital=anterior elbow |

|b. spinal cavity | |

|2. Ventral cavities | |

|a. thoracic | |

|b. pericardial |II. Tissues |

|c. abdominopelvic |Differentiate between the 4 major categories of tissue |

|(1) abdominal |1. Connective (general and categories of variation) |

|(2) pelvic |dense |

|E. Describe the planes of the body |loose |

|1. Sagittal (Midsagittal) |2. Epithelial (general and variations) |

|2. Frontal (Coronal) |pseudostratified columnar |

|3. Transverse |stratified squamous |

|F. Locate relative anatomical regions; for example: |transitional |

|cranial= skull |simple squamous |

|femoral=thigh |Muscular |

| |Differentiate between the 3 categories |

|facial=face |Nervous |

|patellar=knee cap |Label the structure of a motor neuron and describe the events of nervous |

| |communication |

|cephalic=head | |

|umbilical=naval |III. Skeletal System |

|crural=leg |A. List and describe the function of the skeletal system |

|sural=calf |B. Compare and contrast types of bones and provide examples |

| |1. Long bones |

|cervical=neck |2. Short bones |

|acromial=point of shoulder |3. Flat bone |

|coxal=hip |4. Irregular bones |

|genital=reproductive organs |C. Describe the structure and function of a long bone |

| |1. Periosteum/endosteum |

|axillary=armpit |2. Epiphysis/diaphyses |

|inguinal=groin |3. red/yellow marrow |

| |4. osteons/trabeculae |

|brachial=upper arm |D. Distinguish between compact and spongy bone in terms of location, function |

|pubic=pelvic |and microscopic structure |

| |E. Describe how the bone fractures heal |

|mental=chin |F. Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeleton |

|tarsal=ankle |G. Locate various bones |

| |H. Differentiate between bone and cartilage |

|antebrachial=forearm |I. Differentiate between ligaments, tendons and aponeuroses |

|pedal=foot | |

| | |

|carpal=wrist |B. List the accessory organs and state their functions |

|plantar=sole |C. Differentiate between ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, |

| |elimination, propulsion |

|palmar=hand |D. Differentiate between chemical and mechanical processing of food |

|sternal=sternum region |E. Trace the journey of a bolus, chyme, feces |

| |F. Describe the various enzymes/chemistry needed for digestion |

|digital=finger/toe |G. Describe common disorders of the digestive system |

|vertebral=spine | |

| |VII. Cardiovascular System, Blood |

|frontal=forehead |A. Identify the structures and functions of components of the cardiovascular |

|sacral=between hips |system |

| |B. Trace the flow of blood through the vessels and heart |

| |1. understand the flow of blood through 4 chambers, 4 valves and 4 heart |

| |vessels |

| |C. Differentiate among veins, arteries, and capillaries |

| |D. List the major components of blood, their relative concentrations and their |

| |functions |

|J. Differentiate between types of movements: |E. Explain the antigen-antibody relationship involved with blood typing |

|1. Rotations |F. Identify major blood vessels |

|2. Abduction/adduction | |

|3. Extension/flexion |VIII. Urinary System |

|4. Circumduction |Describe the function of the urinary system |

|5. Depression/elevation |Identify the structures, functions, and locations of the parts of the urinary |

|6. Eversion/inversion |system |

|7. Supination/pronation |State the composition of urine |

|K. Explain common disorders and diseases |Identify effects of Diabetes on the urinary system |

| | |

|IV. Integumentary System |IX. Respiratory System |

|A. Describe the functions of the integumentary system |A. Describe the functions of the respiratory system |

|B. List and describe the layers of skin and the composition of each layer |B. Relate the anatomic structures of the respiratory system to their functions |

|1. Epidermis |1. Oral/nasal cavities |

|2. Dermis |2. Phaynyx, Epiglottis |

|(3. Subcutaneous layer) |3. Larynx |

|C. Describe the structure and growth of hair and nails |4. Trachea |

|D. Differentiate between types of glands |5. Lungs |

|E. Explain how the body regulates temperature through the skin |6. Bronchus |

|F. Differentiate among first, second, third, and fourth degree burns |7. Bronchioles |

|G. Be aware of the “Rule of Nines” for determining percentage of area damaged by a |8. Alveolus |

|burn |C. Differentiate between ventilation and gas exchange |

| |D. Differentiate between the events of inspiration and expiration |

|V. Muscular System |E. Explain the process of gas exchange |

|A. List and describe the functions of the muscular system | |

|B. Describe and compare the three major types of tissue: |X. Reproductive Systems |

|1. Skeletal muscle |A. Identify the male and female reproductive organs from a diagram |

|2. Smooth muscle |B. State the functions of the reproductive organs |

|3. Cardiac muscle | |

|C. Describe the functions of tendons and ligaments | |

|D. Differentiate between fast/slow twitch muscles | |

|E. Describe the chemical activities required for muscle movement (calcium, ADP, ATP) | |

|F. Describe the process of neuromuscular transmission | |

|G. Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle | |

|H. Locate and describe the major muscles | |

|I. Identify a muscle’s origin and insertion | |

|J. Identify prime movers, antagonists for actions | |

| | |

|VI. Digestive System | |

|A. Locate and relate the structures and functions of the digestive organs | |

|1. Salivary glands | |

|2. Esophagus | |

|3. Stomach | |

|4. SI | |

|5. LI | |

|6. Liver | |

|7. Pancreas | |

|8. Gall bladder | |

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