AN AGE OF EXTREMES: 1870—1917



AN AGE OF EXTREMES: 1870—1917

A HISTORY OF US, BOOK 8

1. What was the name given by Mark Twain to the late nineteenth century and its focus upon money and glitter? [9] ____________________

2—4. Born in Scotland in 1835 to a family that would be displaced by the effects of the Industrial Revolution, he would become perhaps that Revolution’s greatest beneficiary. [13] ____________________ What was the industry in which he made his fortune? [15-17] ____________ What was the new process of using cool oxygen to remove carbon that allowed his product to be manufactured more cheaply? [17] _____________________

5. Twenty people were killed when Pinkerton detectives were sent into the midst of which 1892 Pennsylvania labor dispute? [17-18] _______________________

6. What was discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1858? [19] ___________

7. If Standard Oil was in significant ways the Microsoft of its day, this man, its head, was the Bill Gates. [19] ________________________

8. The strike at which well in 1901 signaled the start of the Texas oil boom? [21] _______________________

9—10. The richest banker in turn-of-the-century America, he once loaned the U.S. government millions of dollars when the nation seemed on the brink of economic collapse. [27] _____________________________ In 1901, he founded this, the nation’s first billion-dollar corporation. __________________________

11.This type of business arrangement, which allows many companies to be owned by the same people, was used in the late-nineteenth century to develop monopolies within several industries. [30] _______________

12. This federal legislation of 1890 was designed to limit corporate power, though it was not always enforced consistently. [33-34] ______________________________

13.The first great city park in the United States, it was designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. [36] _______________________

14—15. Although perhaps not the inventor of the skyscraper, he is the architect most commonly associated with these new turn-of-the-century urban edifices. [38] _______________________________ More famous than his mentor, what Wisconsin-born architect moved beyond the self-confident skyscraper style and instead designed buildings that seemed to blend in with the surrounding environment? [38] ________________________________________

16. The first modern suspension bridge, it was completed in 1883 and seemed to symbolize for many the promise of the industrial age. [40-41] ________________________________

17. Federal legislation of 1883 attempted to exclude laborers of what nationality from entering the United States? [42] ___________________

18. How many Europeans immigrated to the United States between 1890 and 1910? [46] _____________________

19. These late-nineteenth-century mob attacks in Russia against Jews led to significant emigration to the United States. [48] ___________________

20. Whose election as President in 1876 marked the end of Congressional Reconstruction and the pulling of federal troops out of the South? [52] ________________________________________

21. That Chester Arthur’s Presidency is best remembered today for its reform of this part of the government can probably be taken as a reflection of that Presidency’s relative insignificance. [52] ___________________________________

22. Whose assassination by an anarchist in Buffalo in 1901 promoted Theodore Roosevelt to the Presidency? [55] ___________________________________

23. The surrender of what Apache leader in 1886 is often highlighted as the symbolic end point of the Indian wars that had punctuated American history since the arrival of the first Europeans? [55] ___________________________

24—26. What third party elected five senators, ten representatives, and three governors late in the nineteenth century, defining itself as the voice of the common people in an era dominated by Big Business? [59] _________________________________ Name two reforms called for by this party. [59-60] ____________________________________; _____________________________________________________________

27. What was the term used to refer to the paper money issued by the U.S. government during the Civil War and immediately afterwards? [64] ___________________

28. In an effort to relieve the deflationary pressures that characterized the late nineteenth century, farmers and some mining interests called for the use of which metal to back currency? [64] _______________

29. In 1893, one of these began; it probably qualified as the worst of the nineteenth century. [67] ______________________

30. A Civil War veteran, he organized an 1894 march of unemployed men from Massillon, Ohio to Washington, D.C. to demand that the federal government take action. [72] ________________________________

31. An 1894 strike of workers employed by which maker of railroad sleeping cars threatened to derail the entire railroad industry? [72-73] __________________________________________

32. What 36-year-old Nebraska senator ran for President on the Democratic ticket in 1896; profoundly influenced by the Populists he is perhaps best remembered for his “Cross of Gold” speech at the Chicago convention? [77-79] ________________________________

33. “Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God” he had announced around 1800. [88] ________________________

34. Which Chicago-based entrepreneur was the major competitor of Sears, Roebuck in the catalogue-based consumer market of the late nineteenth century? [88] ______________________________

35. Seven policemen were killed when a bomb was thrown in May 1886 in this Chicago marketplace; eight anarchists were rounded up as a result without evidence of wrongdoing and four men were hanged. [94-96] ______________________

36. Which nickname for cigars derived from the Pennsylvania Valley where many were made? [97] ____________________________

37. A fire at which New York garment factory resulted in the death of 146 young women? [99] __________________________________________

38. These cramped apartments housed many of the turn-of-the-century immigrants. [99] ____________________________

39. An immigrant from England, this president of the Cigarmakers Union, persuaded other craft unions to band together to form the American Federation of Labor in 1886. [100] ____________________________________

40. His American Tobacco Company came to dominate the cigarette industry. [102] ____________________________________________

41. Don Vincente Martinez Ybor would help transform what Florida city into the cigar capital of the world? [102] _________________

42. Born in Ireland in 1830, what famous turn-of-the-century labor agitator fought hard for the rights of all workers, but concentrated particularly on the children who toiled long hours in American factories and mills? [110-11] ____________________

43. What was the more common name for the Industrial Workers of the World, the radical labor union founded in Chicago in 1905 that called for all workers to join in one big union? [116] _____________________________

44. Headed by former cigar-maker Samuel Gompers, what rival union instead promoted the interest of skilled workers? [117] ____________________________________

45. As head of the American Railway Union, he played a pivotal role in the Pullman Strike of 1894; as head of the Socialist Party, he was a candidate for President on several occasions, and is the only Presidential candidate ever to run for office from jail. [117] ________________________________

46. The 1912 strike at the American Woolen Company’s gigantic mill in which Massachusetts city rallied some 25,000 female and child immigrant workers behind the slogan “We Want Bread and Roses, Too” – the strike is but another example of the tremendous swirls of change and discontent that characterized American labor relations at the turn of the century? [118-19] ________________________

47. Who opened the first American birth control clinic? [120] ___________________

48. What turn-of-the-century female reporter matched the fictional exploits of the lead character in Jules Verne’s Around the World in Eighty Days; impersonated an insane person for her expose “Inside the Madhouse;” and became the first woman to cover the European front in World War I? [124] _____________________

49. What was the contemporary term given to turn-of-the-century investigative reporters who uncovered stories about corruption and injustice? [125] _____________________

50. Whose best-selling 1906 novel The Jungle focused upon the brutal working conditions in Chicago’s stockyards? [126] ______________________

51—52. The star writer for McClure’s Magazine, her most famous target was John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. [128-29] _____________________________ Another of McClure’s best-known reporters, his Shame of the Cities uncovered urban political corruption. [130] ________________________________________

53. The turn-of-the-century naturalist John Muir helped to establish what environmentalist organization? [132-34] __________________

54. It was in 1916 during the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson that this federal agency was created to coordinate the emerging public park system. [136] _______________________________

55. What was the catch—all name commonly given to those turn-of-the-century reformers who argued that the new social evils of industrial, urban America could only be solved through governmental activism? [137] ________________________

56. Finally ratified by the states in 1913, the 17th Amendment provided for the direct election of what public officials? [141] _________________________

57. What was the common name given to those who opposed American territorial expansion overseas at the turn of the century? [149] _______________________

58. Which Spanish colony’s independence struggle would provide the most immediate impetus for the United States’s 1898 war with Spain? [150-52] ____________

59. What was the name given to the type of sensationalistic reporting about real and imagined Spanish atrocities – it was fueled by a newspaper battle between Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Herald and is highlighted by historians as a contributing factor to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War? [150] ______________________________________

60. This U.S. battleship had been sent to Havana Harbor to protect American citizens; it exploded in early 1898 with a loss of 260 American lives. [151] ________________

61. The assistant secretary of the Navy in 1898, this future American President resigned to lead his cowboy cavalry troop, the “Rough Riders,” into battle in Cuba. [152-53] ________________________________________

62. Triumphing over the Spanish in a one-sided naval battle in Manila Bay, this American admiral became perhaps the preeminent military hero of the 1898 war. [153] _______________________________

63—66. As a result of war with Spain, what four island colonies became American territories? [153] _________________________; _________________________; ______________________; __________________________

67—69. Originally known by Europeans as the Sandwich Islands, they became American territory in 1898. [156-61] __________________ Who was the last queen of these islands? [161] __________________________ The American businessman who usurped power from the queen, he made a fortune as a plantation owner. [161] ________________

70. What African proverb did Theodore Roosevelt use to describe his conception of American foreign policy? [165] _____________________________________

71. Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating a truce between which two nations in 1905? [165-66] _________________________; _________________________________

72. Theodore Roosevelt became the first American President to leave the country during office when he visited which site in 1906? [166] ________________________

73. A major earthquake hit which West Coast city in 1906? [167] _________________________________

74. While Jane Addams’s Hull House in inner—city immigrant Chicago was no doubt the best known, by 1910 there were some 400 of these establishments in cities across the nation. [170] ____________________________________

75—76. He built his first car in 1896 in his workshop in Dearborn, Michigan. [173] _____________________ What was the vehicle that would deliver on his promise to “build a car for the multitudes?” [175] _________________

77. What happened on Kill Devil Hill at Kitty Hawk on North Carolina’s Outer Banks on December 17, 1903? [177] ____________________________________________

78. Upset that his successor seemed to have pushed the Republicans in a more conservative direction, Theodore Roosevelt ran in 1912 as head of which powerful third party? [184] __________________________________

79. President of Princeton University and then governor of New Jersey, he was elected President as a Democrat in 1912. [184, 186] _____________________________

80. In 1915, the Germans sunk this British luxury liner with a loss of 2,000 lives, including those of 198 Americans. [191] __________________________

81. What was the name given by Germans to the submarine, their new naval weapon? [192-93] _________________________

82. What was the precise day World War I ended? [194] ______________________

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