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PHASE 1: THE PLANET EARTHSection 1: The Earth’s Interior07175500How deep can we go into Earth's interior?Not very deep, that's for sure! The deepest a drill hole has gotten was the Kola Superdeep Borehole. That hole got to 40,230 feet (12,262 m), about one-third of the way into the crust in that area. So learning about what's deeper requires less direct methods. A few of these methods will be described in this concept.Learning About Earth’s InteriorIf someone told you to figure out what is inside Earth, what would you do? How could you figure out what is inside our planet? How do scientists figure it out?Seismic WavesGeologists study earthquake waves to “see” Earth's interior. Waves of?energy?radiate out from an earthquake’s focus. These waves are called?seismic waves?(Figure?below). Seismic waves go different speeds through different materials. They change?speed?when they go from one type of material to another. This causes them to bend. Some seismic waves do not travel through liquids or gases. They just stop. Scientists use information from seismic waves to understand what makes up the Earth’s interior.The properties of seismic waves allow scientists to understand the composition of Earth's interior.MeteoritesScientists study?meteorites?to learn about Earth’s interior. Meteorites formed in the early solar system. These objects represent early solar system materials (Figure?below). Some meteorites are made of iron and nickel. They are thought to be very similar to?Earth's core. An iron meteorite is the closest thing to a sample of the core that scientists can hold in their hands!This meteorite contains the mafic minerals olivine and pyroxene. It also contains metal flakes, similar to the material that separated into Earth’s core (metal) and mantle (ultramafic rock).DensityEarth’s overall density is higher than the density of crustal?rocks, so the core must be made of something dense, like metal.Magnetic FieldSince Earth has a?magnetic field, there must be metal within the planet. Iron and nickel are both magnetic.SummaryDifferent types of seismic waves behave differently in different materials. Their behavior can tell scientists about the material they travel through.Earth must contain metal. Its density, and the fact that it has a?magnetic field, require it.Meteorites formed early in the solar system. They indicate something about Earth's interior.center-457200Name:00Name:Section 1: The Earth’s Interior (WORK SHEET)Review QuestionsHow do scientists know that Earth's interior contains metal?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What do meteorites tell us about Earth's interior?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How do scientists use seismic waves to learn about Earth's interior?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explore More:Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow. of waves?do?earthquakes?produce?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are the fastest body waves?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the?shadow?zone?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What do S-waves?do?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________List and explain the two types of surface?waves.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-190500339725SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.0SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.Section 2: Earth’s Outer LayerDoes this look familiar?Gases,?water, rock, and living organisms are all found at Earth's surface. These materials are also found above or below the surface. They interact with each other and in doing so alter each other. For example, the hydrosphere may cause some of the lithosphere to wash away.SpheresEarth is made of layers. Since Earth is round, the layers all have the ending "-sphere" (Figure?below).Some of the different parts of the Earth are the:Atmosphere: The thin layer of air, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that surrounds the Earth.Hydrosphere: All the?water?on Earth.Biosphere: All the living organisms on Earth.Lithosphere: The?solid?rock part of Earth, including mountains, valleys, continents, and all of the rock beneath the oceans.Earth has four layers: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere.All of Earth’s layers interact. Therefore, Earth’s surface is constantly undergoing changes.SummaryEarth is made of layers. The names end in sphere because Earth is round.Some of the layers are: atmosphere,?biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.The lithosphere is the brittle crust and uppermost mantle.85725-466725Name:00Name:Section 2: The Earth’s Outer Layer (WORK SHEET)Review SectionWhat is the atmosphere?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the lithosphere?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where is the hydrosphere?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How do?Earth's layers?interact? Give an example.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explore MoreUse the resource below to answer the questions that follow. are the four major systems of Earth?______________________________________________________________________________________What are the components of the geosphere?____________________________________________________________________________________What is the hydrosphere?___________________________________________________________________________________________________Where does Earth's?energy?come from?________________________________________________________________________________________What are?ecosystems?______________________________________________________________________________________________________What is feedback?______________________________________________________________________________________________________left118745SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.0SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.Section 3: The Earth’s Inner LayersWhat's below our feet? What's way below?If we could cut Earth open, we'd see the following layers from inside to outside: inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. Alternatively, you can think of the brittle lithosphere riding on the plastic asthenosphere. Whew!Layers by?CompositionThe layers scientists recognize are pictured below (Figure?below).A cross section of Earth showing the following layers: (1) crust (2) mantle (3a) outer core (3b) inner core (4) lithosphere (5) asthenosphere (6) outer core (7) inner core.Core, mantle, and crust are divisions based on?composition:The?crust?is less than 1% of Earth by mass. The two types are oceanic crust and continental crust.The?mantle?is hot, dense, dark (ultramafic) rock. It represents about 68% of Earth's mass.The?core?is mostly iron metal. The core makes up about 31% of the Earth. Earth's metallic core has two layers: a?solid?inner layer and a?liquid?outer layer.The terms core, mantle, and crust will be described in more detail in the next three concepts. (View the video) by Mechanical PropertiesLithosphere and asthenosphere?are divisions based on mechanical properties:The?lithosphere?is composed of both the crust and the uppermost mantle. The lithosphere is a brittle, rigid?solid. It is easily cracked or broken.The?asthenosphere?is below the lithosphere. The asthenosphere is also in the upper mantle. This layer is?solid, but it can flow and bend. A solid that can flow is like silly putty.SummaryBy?composition, Earth is divided into core, mantle, and crust.By mechanical properties, the crust and upper mantle are divided into?lithosphere and asthenosphere.The core-mantle-crust divisions are based on composition.The lithosphere-asthensophere divisions are based on mechanical properties.left-542925Name:00Name:Section 3: The Earth’s Inner Layers (WORKSHEET) Review SectionWhat are the layers of Earth, based on composition? Where are they located?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the composition of the different layers?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How do the?lithosphere and asthenosphere?differ from each other?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explore MoreUse the resource below to answer the questions that follow.200025187325What is the core?Explain the core's structure.21907541275What is the mantle?21907560325What is the crust?22860012700Why does the Earth have layers?20955042545right130810SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.0SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.Section 4: The Earth’s CrustWhat do these two photos have in common?Both of these photos are of Earth's crust. The crust on the left is on the continent. It's what you see and walk on every day. The crust on the right is in the ocean. You may have seen pictures, but to see it in person you need special equipment.CrustCrust, mantle, and core differ from each other in chemical?composition. It's understandable that scientists know the most about the crust, and less about deeper layers. Earth’s?crust?is a thin, brittle outer shell. The crust is made of rock. This layer is thinner under the oceans and much thicker in mountain ranges.Oceanic CrustThere are two kinds of crust.?Oceanic crust?is made of basalt lavas that flow onto the?seafloor?(Figure?below). It is relatively thin, between 5 to 12 kilometers thick (3 - 8 miles). The?rocks?of the oceanic crust are denser (3.0 g/cm3) than the?rocks?that make up the continents. Thick layers of mud cover much of the ocean floor.Gabbro is a dark dense rock that can be found in oceanic crust.Continental CrustContinental crust?is much thicker than oceanic crust. It is 35 kilometers (22 miles) thick on average, but it varies a lot. Continental crust is made up of many different?rocks?(Figure?below). All three major rock types—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary—are found in the crust. On average, continental crust is much less dense (2.7 g/cm3) than oceanic crust. Since it is less dense, it rises higher above the mantle than oceanic crust.The average composition of continental crust is granite.?SummaryOceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust.Oceanic crust is darker in?color?and denser (more mafic). Continental crust is lighter in color and density (more felsic).Earth's crust is very thin relative to Earth's radius.center-514350Name:00Name:Section 4: The Earth’s Crust (WORK SHEET)Review QuestionsWhat are the properties of crust?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the properties of oceanic crust.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the properties of continental crust.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explore MoreUse this resource to answer the questions?that?follow. did Hurricane Harvey make landfall? How much?water?did it dump?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where did the?water?go after the storm?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happened to Earth’s crust?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How can scientists determine the?weight?of the?water?from Harvey?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is depression of crust called?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where did the water go after Harvey?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How long did it take for the water stored on land to dissipate?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why will storms strike with increased frequency and ferocity?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What does the narrator’s mom always say?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________right123825SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.0SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.Section 5: Earth’s MantleWhat does mantle rock look like?You can't go to the mantle but small pieces of the mantle can come to you. Kimberlite forms deep in the mantle and is erupted violently into the crust. Kimberlite can contain diamonds. Most kimberlites reached the surface much earlier in Earth history.MantleBeneath the crust is the?mantle. The mantle is made of hot,?solid?rock. They know this because of?seismic waves, meteorites, and the?heat?that comes from inside the planet. Mantle rock is mostly?peridotite, which is rich in iron and magnesium (Figure?below). Peridotite is rare at Earth's surface.The rock of the mantle is mostly peridotite. Peridotite is formed of crystals of olivine (green) and pyroxene (black).Heat?FlowThrough the process of?conduction, heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects (Figure?below). The lower mantle is heated directly by?conduction?from the core. In?conduction, heat is transferred as atoms collide.In the process of conduction, heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects.Hot lower mantle material rises upward (Figure?below). As it rises, it cools. At the top of the mantle it moves horizontally. Over time it becomes cool and dense enough that it sinks. Back at the bottom of the mantle, it travels horizontally. Eventually the material gets to the?location?where warm mantle material is rising. The rising and sinking of warm and cooler material is called?convection.?SummaryThe mantle is composed of?solid?peridotite.Conduction from the core heats the lower mantle.Mantle?convection?bring hot material up toward the surface. It brings cooler material down toward the core.center-419100Name:00Name:Section 5: Earth’s Mantle (WORK SHEET) Review QuestionsHow do scientists know what the mantle is made of?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is conduction?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How does convection work in the mantle?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explore MoreUse this resource to answer the questions?that?follow. which ocean did researchers try to drill into the mantle in 1961? In 2016?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How much of Earth is made of mantle?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Where in the ocean would you have the best chance of drilling to the mantle?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why did the researchers stop drilling in 1961?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What noteworthy sample did researchers bring to the surface in 2016?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happens at the Moho discontinuity?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are extremophiles? Where do they live?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How deep did the drilling go in 2016? How deep do they hope to get?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What do scientists hope to find? Why would that sort of thing be found inside Earth?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9525012700SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.0SCAN THIS PAGE if you are sending this through e-mail or seesaw.) You can also download this page from my email and teacher page and email directly. If you are sending this through seesaw, don’t forget to convert to pdf before sending.Section 6: Earth’s CoreIs this what the core looks like?Yes! The outer core, anyway. The outer core is?liquid?metal, like in this photo. Of course, the metal is under an incredible amount of pressure.CoreThe dense, iron?core?forms the center of the Earth. Scientists know that the core is metal. The inner core is?solid, and the outer core is molten. Here are some of the reasons they know this:Metallic meteorites are thought to be from the same type of material that is found at the core (Figure?below).An iron meteorite is the closest thing to the Earth’s core that we can hold in our hands.Scientists calculate Earth's density from the planet's rotation. To match the total density, the inner layers must be denser than the outer layers. They must be as dense as metal.Seismic waves?show that the outer core is?liquid. The inner core is?solid.For there to be a?magnetic field, there must be?liquid?metal. The metal must be convecting. If the core did not have convecting metal, there would be no magnetic field.?SummaryDensity calculations show that Earth's core is metal.Seismic waves?show that the inner core is?solid?and the outer core is liquid.Metallic meteorites and the?magnetic field?are also clues about the makeup of the core.left-476250Name:00Name:Section 6: Earth’s Core (WORK SHEET) Review QuestionsWhat evidence is there that Earth's core is metal?right215900What evidence is there that the outer core is molten?209550355600Why does Earth have a?magnetic field?21907588900Explore MoreUse this resource to answer the questions?that?follow. layers does the core have within it according to the study described in this video?14287538100How deep is the core? What is its?temperature?95250349250What clues to researchers use to “see” what is in Earth’s interior?center133350What was the inner core thought to be previously?66675539750381001968500What do scientists now think is inside the core? How big is it?What is the interior made of? How do scientists know this is different from the material outside of it?0-6350How are crystals aligned in the inner inner and outer inner cores?left171450Why is this information important?000 ................
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