MIDDLE AGES



Name: __________________________________World History The Crusades – Changing the Post-Classical EraObjective: Assessment:34392366534800328910910696400Part I: Europe Before the Crusades WorldDefinition Picture Feudalism EconomicsPeasants/SerfsMIDDLE AGES- use the phrase “Middle Ages” to describe Europe between the fall of Rome in 476 CE and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Many scholars call the era the “medieval period” instead; “Middle Ages,” they say, incorrectly implies that the period is an insignificant blip sandwiched between two much more important epochs.THE MIDDLE AGES: THE CATHOLIC CHURCHAfter the fall of Rome, no single state or government united the people who lived on the European continent. Instead, the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution of the medieval period. Kings, queens and other leaders derived much of their power from their alliances with and protection of the Church.(In 800 CE, for example, Pope Leo III named the Frankish king?Charlemagne?the “Emperor of the Romans”–the first since that empire’s fall more than 300 years before. Over time, Charlemagne’s realm became the Holy Roman Empire, one of several political entities in Europe whose interests tended to align with those of the Church.)Ordinary people across Europe had to “tithe” 10 percent of their earnings each year to the Church; at the same time, the Church was mostly exempt from taxation. These policies helped it to amass a great deal of money and power.THE MIDDLE AGES: ECONOMICS AND SOCIETYIn medieval Europe, rural life was governed by a system scholars call “feudalism.” In a feudal society, the king granted large pieces of land called fiefs to noblemen and bishops. Landless peasants known as serfs did most of the work on the fiefs: They planted and harvested crops and gave most of the produce to the landowner. In exchange for their labor, they were allowed to live on the land. They were also promised protection in case of enemy invasion.Watch from 8:30 – 13:30 of the Video The Dark Ages, which is linked on Mr. Wood’s Website- on the beginning of the Medieval Period of Europe - – 12:00 Describe what life was like after the Fall of the Roman Empire in Europe. How did life change for the people and the monuments of Rome?117:55 – 120:05 119:55- 122:05Explain the role of Knights in European society in the time of Feudalism 2947915000Part II- The Crusades: The takeover and loss of Jerusalem WorldDefinition Picture SynagogueMosque THE MIDDLE AGES: THE CRUSADESToward the end of the 11th century, the Catholic Church began to authorize military expeditions, or?Crusades, to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land. Crusaders, who wore red crosses on their coats to advertise their status, believed that their service would guarantee the remission of their sins and ensure that they could spend all eternity in Heaven. (They also received more worldly rewards, such as papal protection of their property and forgiveness of some kinds of loan payments.)The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a Christian army to fight its way to Jerusalem, and continued on and off until the end of the 15th century. No one “won” the Crusades; in fact, many thousands of people from both sides lost their lives. They did make ordinary Catholics across Christendom feel like they had a common purpose, and they inspired waves of religious enthusiasm among people who might otherwise have felt alienated from the official Church. They also exposed Crusaders to Islamic literature, science and technology–exposure that would have a lasting effect on European intellectual life.What was the first Crusade?The?first of?the Crusades?began in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the?Holy Land.Watch the following video and write down the most important details that you noticeCRUSADES - 1:22 Explain why people would want to go on a Crusade1:22- end - Describe what happened in the Crusades - The Dark Ages – from the History Channel – 123:45 What was the Catholic Church’s response and way to control the violence of the Knights? (you can include information about the Peace of God and the Truce of God)122:05- 123:35- 123:45-125:45 Why did the Crusades begin?- The Christian recovery of Jerusalem: AD 1099Although Palestine and Syria have been in Muslim hands since the 7th century, many of the inhabitants are still Christian. Moreover the region has in recent years been fought over by two rival Muslim powers, the?Seljuk Turks and the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt. In these circumstances there is an element of welcome for the crusaders.?On June 7 they reach their destination, arriving outside the mighty walls of Jerusalem. The city is at present held by the Fatimids. In the heat of the summer the crusaders toil for five weeks building two huge siege towers. Finally, in mid-July, they push them into place. On July 15 they breach the walls. The resulting massacre of the Muslims and the Jews of Jerusalem shocks even medieval public opinion. The only Muslims to escape are the garrison of the main keep of the city, the tower of David. For a large quantity of treasure they are allowed to leave unharmed.?All other Muslims are slaughtered wherever they may be, in streets or houses or holy places. Many lock themselves in one of their holiest shrines, the?al-Aqsa mosque. Crusaders force the door and slay them. The Jews suffer a similar fate when they take refuge in their chief synagogue. It is burnt with them all inside. One of the crusaders describes these scenes in Jerusalem as a 'just and wonderful?Judgement of God'.??Video #4- The Crusaders Reach Jerusalem "Islam: Empire of Faith. Part 2: The Awakening (full; PBS Documentary)."?YouTube. PBS, 16 Oct. 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2013.26:00- 30:40Describe what happened as the European Christians attacked Jerusalem and also explain why the Crusaders were successful when they entered Jerusalem in July 1099 Video- Islam: Empire of Faith- Saladin Start at 40:10 at 40:08 Finish at 44:13urope? Finish at 44:10"Islam: Empire of Faith. Part 2: The Awakening (full; PBS Documentary)."?YouTube. PBS, 16 Oct. 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2013.Explain how Saladin was able to defeat the Crusaders and win back the city of Jerusalem for the Muslims (make sure to include information on the battle at the Horns of Hattin in 1187)lefttop00Saladin, the Western name for the ruler Salah al-Din ibn Ayyub, was the great Muslim general who confronted the Crusaders in the Near East. Born to a Kurdish family active in Syria, Saladin reestablished a Sunni regime in Egypt in 1171 by putting an end to the last Shiite Fatimid caliph there.Saladin, now sultan of Egypt, returned to Syria and soon captured Damascus, Aleppo, and Mosul from other Muslim princes. From this strong Syrian base, he then turned against the Crusaders, decisively defeating them at the battle of Hattin on July 4, 1187. The victory at Hattin was followed by the easy reconquest of various Crusader lands and towns, above all the holy city of Jerusalem, which had been in Christian hands for 88 years. Saladin waited to take possession of the city until October 2, because the date corresponded with the anniversary of the Prophet's miraculous ascension to heaven, according to the Muslim calendar. In contrast to the Crusaders' bloodbath when they had taken Jerusalem, Saladin acted with great magnanimity to the Christian and Jewish residents. He forced the Franks to retreat to the coast of Syria and Palestine. In 1192 he signed a truce with Richard the Lionhearted. He died in the following year, but his descendants in the Ayyubid dynasty continued to rule in Egypt and Syria for several generations. Considered the model prince by Muslim admirers and Christian foes alike, Saladin has been memorialized in history and legend to the present day."Saladin."?. PBS, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013.Part III- Changes because of the Crusades in EuropeVideo - The Dark Ages – from the History Channel 123:25- 124:40 - how the Crusades changed EuropeStart at 44:25 at 40:08 Finish at 44:13urope? Finish at 46:10“Islam: Empire of Faith. Part 2: The Awakening (full; PBS Documentary).”?YouTube. PBS, 16 Oct. 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2013.Describe the changes that happened in Europe after the Crusaders came back from the Muslim world THE MIDDLE AGES: ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY- Changes during the Crusades During the 11th century, however, feudal life began to change. Agricultural innovations such as the heavy plow and three-field crop rotation made farming more efficient and productive, so fewer farm workers were needed–but thanks to the expanded and improved food supply, the population grew. As a result, more and more people were drawn to towns and cities. Meanwhile, the Crusades had expanded trade routes to the East and given Europeans a taste for imported goods such as wine, olive oil and luxurious textiles. As the commercial economy developed, port cities in particular thrived. By 1300, there were some 15 cities in Europe with a population of more than 50,000.In these cities, a new era was born: the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a time of great intellectual and economic change, but it was not a complete “rebirth”: It had its roots in the world of the Middle Ages.Effects of the Crusades- increased the authority of the king:?Sometimes nobles died in battle without leaving an heir in which case the king got their land. Kings passed taxes to pay for the crusades. To pay this tax some nobles had to sell some of their land. Other nobles used the sale of land to offer serfs a chance to buy their freedom. Without as much land, nobles did not need as many serfs. As for the peasants, they were free to leave. They simply never had a reason to do so before. Many young men joined the crusades for adventure. If a peasant died, while serving in the crusades, the king got their land as well. With all this influx of land and money paid to them, the Kings grew to have great power.Europeans learned many new things from the Muslims including different ways to build and sail ships and how to make and use magnetic compasses. Europeans were also introduced to many new trade goods while on crusade, including silk, cotton, different spices, and new forms of art and literature. The impact on Europe was tremendous. It increased the desire for trade with other parts of the world. This lead to the rise of the merchant class and the end of serfdom.Take notes on Mr. Wood’s lecture here- Slide #1- Europe learns from the Middle East in the CrusadesSlide #2- Commerce and the Crusades led to the Renaissance Slide #3- What is the Renaissance?Slide #4- How the Crusades Changed Europe ................
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