Executive Summary .edu



Executive SummaryDr. Randy Zelick, PSU Biology department, has requested the design of a flow tank to aid in the testing of specific species of tropical fish. The main criteria of the design, is to obtain a fully developed, laminar and simulated stream flow that is capable of reaching velocities up to 20 cm/s. The design is constrained mainly by flow channel size, cost, and materials.To aid in the brainstorming method an internal and external search was performed. The internal search focused on intellectual ideas that would assist in the design selection process. Colleagues of the sponsor in Germany have already created a limited flow tank channel that lacked a flow altering device to study the fish response to flow orientation. The tank, however, set a baseline for the design team on what the sponsor was looking for.External searches were performed to discover new products that might be used, as well as to get material specifications and pricing information so that the design constraints were kept. This search includes a holding reservoir capable of sustaining the constant flow needed to perform the experiment, as well as being constructed from a material deemed safe to hold the treated water and prevent fish poisoning. The channel flow tank will be constructed due to the customized nature of the project.The selection process involved 3 different models that were scored with a weighted value. The chosen reservoir was the 55 gallon barrels due to the food grade material they are constructed of and the inexpensive financial impact on the rest of the project budget. The flow tank testing channel will be of a piped in type design as opposed to a complete channel flow design. This will allow for higher flow rates, while maintaining the sponsors’ conditions of fully developed and laminar flow.Table of ContentsExecutive SummaryiTable of Contents2Table of Figures3Table of Tables3Introduction and Background4Mission Statement5Design Requirements5Design Concepts7Design Selection9Flow Channel Design9Weir Design9Reservoir and Return System Design9Supply Barrel Rack Design10Top Level Design Justification10Overview10Flow Channel Geometry10Adjustable Weir12Reservoir System15Acknowledgements16Works Cited17Appendices18Appendix A: Moody Diagram18Appendix B: Weir Design Proportions19Appendix C: Experimental Raw Data20Appendix D: Bill of Materials (BOM)22Appendix E: Detailed Drawings232" Coupling232" Valve234" to 2" Coupling Reducer246" to 4" Coupling Reducer24Flow Channel25Weir Body25Adjustable Weir Gate26Turn Table Channel Cradle27Turn Table Channel Cradle Stress Analysis27Turn Table Base28Turn Table Base Stress Analysis28Turn Table28Reservoir Stand29Appendix F: Equations30Appendix G: Pump Selection31Appendix H: PDS Adherence32Appendix I: Flow Analysis33Appendix J: Assembly Drawings34Table of FiguresFigure 1: Old Flow Tank ModelFigure 2: Re Vs. VelocityFigure 3: Simple Test WeirFigure 4: Inclined Plane WeirFigure 5: Weir Position vs. Fluid VelocityFigure 6: Guillotine Weir (Final Design)Figure 7: Moody DiagramFigure 8: Weir Design ProportionsFigure 9: 2” Coupling DrawingFigure 10: 2” Valve DrawingFigure 11: 4” to 2” Coupling Reducer DrawingFigure 12: 6” to 4” Coupling Reducer DrawingFigure 13: Flow Channel (Final Design)Figure 14: Guillotine Weir Body (Final Design) DrawingFigure 15: Guillotine Adjustable Weir Gate (Final Design) DrawingFigure 16: Turn Table Channel Cradle Drawing (Final Design)Figure 17: Stress Analysis of Turn Table Channel CradleFigure 18: Turn Table Base (Final Drawing)Figure 19: Stress Analysis of Turn Table BaseFigure 20: Turn Table Drawing (Final Design)Figure 21: Reservoir Stand Drawing (Final Design)Figure 22: Pump CurveFigure 23: Fluid Flow AnalysisFigure 24: Collapsed/Exploded Assembly of Flow Channel (Final Design)Figure 25: Collapsed/Exploded Assembly of Turn Table (Final Design)Table of TablesTable 1: Summary of PDSTable 2: Water Delivery/Recover System PDS RequirementsTable 3: Flow Channel System PDS RequirementsTable 4: Cradle and Turn Table PDS RequirementsTable 5: Wooden Weir Raw DataTable 6: Inclined Weir Raw DataTable 7: Bill of Materials (BOM)Table 8: PDS AdherenceIntroduction and BackgroundFigure 1: Model of current flow channel being used in Bonn, Germany18859502324100This design project is an outgrowth of several existing flow tank designs. These tanks are used to test the response of neurological reactions in fish to the changes in stream flow rate. The redesign of the flow tank was requested by our client, Professor Randy Zelick of the Portland State University biology department. The previous designs for flow tanks were circular and had some kind of motor inserted into the tank to simulate stream flow. The previous designs used a spinning propeller to drive water around the tank. The motor created a detectable electrical frequency that testing probes transferred to recording equipment. Some other results of using propellers were that a harmonic vibration was created in the water and the flow was turbulent. Our team was given the opportunity to design a tank that did not use a motor to propel water and preferably minimize flow turbulence within the testing region. The redesign criteria given to us included specific details. During testing the fish must remain static with the minimum vibration possible. This is critical because a small electrode is inserted into the fish brain. Any movement could dislodge the probe and the test would have to be rerun. The flow is required to be laminar, or as close to laminar as possible, while having an adjustable velocity between 0 to 20 cm/s (Blake, 2007). The flow channel and/or the water flow will be designed to be adjustable to ±15° from the centerline of the fish (Braithwaite, 2003). The adjustability is used in testing the neural response to changes in flow direction. The water is treated to sustain fish life and subsequently should be recycled to the reservoir for future tests. Finally the testing equipment will be required to allow mounting as close to 90° above the fish as possible, all while staying within a $600 budget. The testing equipment includes the electrode assembly, a microscope, the fish holder, and an ultrasonic vibrator.A linear tank design was found to be the simplest and most cost effective design compared to a circular tank. The tank design consists of an elevated reservoir with a piping system that flows into the testing channel. The water in the flow channel runs close to laminar flow, as requested. The flow is straightened as it approaches the fish by diffusers so the fish feels laminar water flow. The piping has a set of swivel couplers that allow the flow from the pipe to be aligned at angles to the fish. The channel will be designed so that steady flow occurs in the tank while testing is conducted. Final sizing of the channel was not specified. The maximum size of the piping is constrained to no more than four inch diameter tubing. The system will be designed to accept calibration instruments and leave room for additional instrumentation to be added as required. Mission StatementThe project is to design a flow tank used by PSU biologists to test fish neuron responses from the lateral line sensory organs. It is predicted that specific neurons fire in response to the angle and velocity (speed) of water flow, but this has not been shown. The tank will have the capabilities of a variable water flow speed and variable flow angle. The ideal flow tank design will allow constant laminar flow, adjustable flow rate and angle, vibration minimization, portability, and static control over fish so that sensory organs remain under water without full submersion. Completion of the project will be in June of 2010.Design RequirementsSpecifications for the flow tank redesign were provided to the project team by the sponsor Dr. Randy Zelick. These specifications were based off the current design already in use by Dr. Zelicks’ collegues in Bonn Germany. These requirements have been categorized in Table 1 on the following page.Table 1 Summary of Product Design Specifications?*** - High Priority** - Medium Priority* - Low PriorityPriorityRequirementMetricTargetPerformance***Minimal Frequency Interference-0***Fluid Flow-Laminar***Minimum Flow Velocitycm/s20***Maximum Flow Velocity (min)cm/s40**Test Durations30Environment*Resistant To Oxidationyes/noyes**Cost To Produce$600Size and Shape***Fish Holding Tank Depth (static flow)cm~7.5**Rotation of TankAngle (positive or negative degrees)15Maintenance*Off-The-Shelf Partsyes/noyes*Ease of RepairPeople Required to Fix1*Life In Serviceyears5Installation**Fits On Existing Air Tableyes/noyes**Does not Interfere With Testing Equipmentyes/noyesErgonomics***Allows Visual Observation of Fishyes/noyesSafety**Fluid Containmentyes/noWater Properly Contained**Ergonomic Safetyyes/noFree of Tripping Hazards and Sharp Corners***Specimen Safetyyes/noWater Level Above Fish Gills at all TimeMaterials**StructureBio Compatible/Leakageyes, none*Visualyes/noIndustrial, Heavy dutyDesign ConceptsThe project can be broken down into three different parts that work with each other to achieve the specifications developed by the end user. Both internal and external searches were done to determine the best fit for our sponsor. This section of the report details the extents of this search and the selection process.The first is a water delivery and recovery system. The water delivery and recovery system is necessary to recycle the water in the system. The water will be treated with anti-bacterial and fungicide to keep the habitat clean. The water will pumped back to the upper reservoir after spilling through the gravity fed channel so that another test can be run. Requirements of this system are detailed in Table 2 below.Table 2: Water Delivery/Recovery System PDS RequirementsSpecificationPriorityMetricTargetElectrical Interferencehighyes/nonoTest Lengthhightime60 sMaximum Flow Velocitymediumvelocity10 cm/sThe second part of the design is the flow channel itself. The flow channel is the most important portion of the design because it is where the experiment takes place. It is this portion of the design product where the user, the testing equipment, and the fish all interface. Requirements of this system are detailed in Table 3 on the following page.Table 3: Flow Channel System PDS RequirementsSpecificationPriorityMetricTargetFluid Flowhigh-LaminarMinimum Flow Velocityhighvelocity0 cm/sMaximum Flow Velocity (min)highvelocity20 cm/sTest Durationmediumtime30 sResistant To Oxidationlowyes/noyesFish Holding Tank Depth (static flow)highlength7.5 cmRotation of Tankmediumangle+/- 15 degreesOff-The-Shelf Partslowyes/noyesFits On Existing Air Tablemediumyes/noyesDoes not Interfere With Testing Equipmentmediumyes/noyesAllows Visual Observation of Fishhighyes/noyesFluid Containmentmediumyes/noyesErgonomic Safetymediumyes/noyesSpecimen Safetyhighyes/noyesThe last part of the system entails a cradle and turntable. The cradle supports the flow channel in a level horizontal position and allows horizontal rotation of ±15° per side from the centerline of the sensor implanted in the fishes head. The requirements for this system are detailed in Table 4.Table 4: Cradle and Turntable PDS RequirementsSpecificationPriorityMetricTargetResistant To Oxidationlowyes/noyesRotation of Tankmediumangle+/- 15 degreesOff-The-Shelf Partslowyes/noyesEase of Repairlow# of People1Fits On Existing Air Tablemediumyes/noyesDoes not Interfere With Testing Equipmentmediumyes/noyesErgonomic Safetymediumyes/noyesDesign SelectionFlow Channel Design The channel is constructed of a 6” diameter PVC pipe section. A gate valve controls the water entry to the system. The valve is used to meter the flow –rate. The water level and velocity in the channel are controlled by a weir located at the outflow end of the channel. The depth is held constant for all velocities and this is done by adjusting the weir to pre-calibrated position prior to opening the valve. Once the valve is opened, the water level can be adjusted to the proper depth. See Table 3 above for a detailed list of the flow channel design and their priorities.Weir DesignThe weir design is a simple gate style system that is held inside a sealed rectangular box frame. The weir gate slides up and down between seals to prevent water loss prior to test starts. The gate is indexed with specific velocities so that they can be preset. This allows the tester to concentrate on the level of the water only. The weir is installed at the end of the flow channel where it can spill out into the return reservoir. The illustration shown below represents the weir design used for the system.Reservoir and Return System DesignThe reservoir and return tanks are food grade 55 gallon polyurethane barrels. The inlet supply side barrel lays horizontally supported on a steel rack designed to hold the outlet three feet above the channel centerline. The water is gravity fed to the channel. The horizontal positioning of the barrel allows the least variance in velocity for the longest time span. The return reservoir is positioned vertically at the outlet of the channel. The water is returned to the elevated supply tank by a 3900 gallon per hour (69 gal/min) sump pump through a 1.5 inch PVC pipe. There is a 15 foot head loss from the pipe, elbows, couplers and fittings.Supply Barrel Rack DesignThe water for the flow channel is supplied by an elevated barrel. The barrel lays horizontally on a 10 gage metal cabinet rack. The rack keeps the inlet water 3 feet above the entry to the flow channel. The overall elevation of 6 feet at the outlet of the barrel allows for a wide velocity range in the flow rates. The target velocities range from 0 cm/s up to 20 cm/s, without reaching turbulent conditions. The rack used is sturdy enough to carry more weight than the two 55 gallons (860 lbs.) of water. The initial design employed two55 gallon barrels so constant flow can be maintained for longer than thirty seconds in the 20 cm/s. A single barrel was determined to supply a flow of 20 cm/s for 35 seconds without a significant loss of velocity. A second barrel can be added later if longer flow time periods are needed. The stress on the horizontal end rails is 573 psi assuming a point load of half the total weight of the barrels. This is far below the average published values for carbon steel of 20.0 ksi (LETCO Ind). This gives a factor of safety of 35. The legs of the rack have a stress of 287 psi per leg. The stress equation is of the form: PA=σ (Equation 1 from Appendix F)Top Level Design JustificationOverviewAt the beginning of our project, the main criteria of the flow channel design was to obtain fully developed laminar fluid flow that would simulate stream flow capable of reaching velocities up to 20 cm/s. Client also desired flow channel to be compatible with biological research tools including a microscope, electrode with signal amplifier, actuator that calibrates vibrations, and fish holding shelf with respirator. Prototype components for analysis included flow channel, control weir, and fluid reservoir systemFlow Channel GeometryInitial design specifications were slightly adjusted to comply with fluid conditions inside the flow channel during operation. Original customer requirement for laminar flow was modified to allow wider range of fluid velocities during operational procedure. Spatial restrictions governed by interfacing equipment limits the overall foot-print our designed product is permitted. Several biological research tools like microscopes, electrode with signal amplifier, calibrating vibrator, and fish respirator has precedence in access to fish and channel operation must not hinder integrated equipment. Additional restrictions on channel geometry included a 3-ft by 3-ft isolating air table in which the interfaced equipment is oriented and the channel is mounted on the support frame. Consideration of spatial variables, manufacturing costs, and a velocity profile with minimal variation across the channel’s cross-sectional area influenced the parametric shape of the designed flow channel. A comparison between cross-sectional geometries and flow conditions was done using a plot, Figure 2, of Reynolds Number versus fluid flow velocities for three different shapes.Figure 2: Represents the bulk velocity behavior within different cross-sectional geometries having equal wetted areas.Evaluating flow condition as a function of channel geometry using the previous figure provides clarification that a triangular cross-sectional area is best scenario for limiting the onset of turbulance. Though turbularnt flow is undesirable the velocity profile is least variable from the streamline center to channel wall surface. Completely eliminating turbulance at velocities greater than 10 cm/s can not be accomplished due to the requirement of a rotational channel and maintaining that the test specimen remains unobstructed by the channel’s wall surface. To help mitigate any rotational obstruction or interference with existing operational equipment the overall channel length was restricted to 40-inches. Continued analysis shows that circular flow areas demonstrate smooth velocity profiles and offer minimal frictional losses along the radial perimeter. Without flow sensing equipment to measure fluid velocity or pressure change in the streamline, a velocity profile with minimal variation across channel area is optimal. Introducing gradual expansion diffusers from 2-inch ID to 6-inch ID provided better steady-state flows entering the operational test area of the channel. Consequently, an optimal entrance length of six times ID (L = 6*(ID)) is restricted and the use of gradual expansion diffusers and upstream flow collimators better conditioned entering fluid flow. Additionally, manufacturing cost were severly compromised by alotted budget and become the design team’s responsibility. Fully developed flow, consistent fluid velocity profile, and cost specifications coupled together helped propogate the decision to select a circular flow channel with 6-inch nominal ID rigid PVC pipe.Adjustable Weir Figure 3: Simple weir design to test flow channel performance at various fluid velocities.277177584455Development of weir control to enable changes in fluid velocity while holding a constant instantaneous fluid volume within the flow channel was considered throughout the detailed design process. A gate valve was selected to control inlet flow-rates and provides best adjustability to maintain consistent fluid volume inside the flow channel at different weir heights. It was decided the inlet flow adjustment would be used to match the outlet flow weir condition and help keep fluid volume inside channel generally constant, allowing for small transient response to occur when fluid velocity changes and a minimal decrease in fluid volume. An increase in water volume above the steady-state datum is detremental to channel effectiveness and proves useless. Adjustment of weir must preceed gate valve adjustment in order to prevent volume overflow inside the flow channel. To ensure constant fluid volume was indeed acheivable with variable weir heights and an adjustable gate valve, initial experimental tests were conducted using a semi-perminant wooden weir with interchangable plastic gates varying in height. Experiments using a removable semi-circular wooden weir with 2” rectangular cut from center initially started empirical process. Clear plastic inserts enabled variable speed experimentation with steady channel volume to occur. Results considered with admiral promise as adjustable-weir design targets specifications. Figure 3 is a simple representation of the initial weir design used to test our assumption that constant fluid depth could be controlled by adjusting inlet gate valve in correlation with the weir. The observed experiments provided conclusive evidence that a constant volume condition is satisfied for the duration of time required for flow channel operation.Further development of designing a weir that could be easily adjusted without the exchange of actual inserts was first resolved using an inclined ramp at the channel’s outlet. This design is represented in Figure 4 and was implemented for experimental evaluation. Changing the angle θ alters the outlet flow-rate, and setting the vertical projection to the steady-state volume datum provides the initial weir starting condition. From the steady-state position a change in θ was recorded by measuring the change in string length from the top of the inclined plane to the channel’s upper surface wall.Figure 4: An inclined plane weir; increasing the angle θ decreases the flow-rate. The recorded length was used to plot weir postion versus average flow velocity, shown in Figure 5. Fluid flow-rates were determined by timing the volumetric discharge using a stop watch and the reservior’s volumetric sight gage. Equations 2 and 3 (Appendix F) provide a means to calculate average fluid velocity given the experimental flow rate and the channel’s wetted area. The graphical representation in Figure 5 shows that weir scaling resolution is to finite over a narrow band of angles (θ) and the entire range of performance velocities occurs within approximately 1cm of measurable length. Figure 5: The entire range of performance velocities occurs over a narrow band of string lengths.Figure 6: A rectangular guillotine-style weir selected as the final design for flow channel.3905250820420Improving weir control and attempting to offer a wider range of operational heights was accomplished by introducing a third weir design. Both previous weir designs provided valuable information and guided the final weir selection made. The refined weir design follows guidelines provided in Appendix B under rectangular weir reference. Given the results of our experimental trials it’s assumed a rectangular weir will allow flow-rate adjustments to be made and also provide improved operational performance. Figure 6 shows a modeled example of the final weir design selected and manufactured for our flow channel. Reservior SystemSuppling and recirculating working fluid for the flow channel required two main specifications to be considered. First the supply reservoir needed to provide a continuous flow rate for at least 30 seconds duration and the supply needed to be done without any pumps or electrical interference. Using a 55 gallon supply tank with an elevation head of three feet was determined appropriate to maintain continuous fluid flow at a maximum velocity of 20cm/s, or approximately 0.70gal/s for a wetted area of 129cm2. Recognizing a change in elevation head will occur as water leaves the supply reservoir a second supply reservoir was suggested to the customer. Despite our recommendation it was the customer’s decision to attempt a final design without an additional head supply. The velocity potential lost due to variable head supply was calculated using the three foot elevation datum and the maximum fluid elevation represented by a full supply reservoir. The percentage difference between the maximum (full supply tank) head and the minimum (3ft datum height) head was calculated and a loss of 20% was iterated back to the customer. Since velocity potential follows the square-root function, Equation 6 (2gh=V ) the relationship between velocity and elevation is not linear and loss over the tank height is considered acceptable by the customer. Consequently, the final design includes only one supply reservoir and a slight potential energy loss is evidenced.Designing the fluid recirculation system considered the specification that refilling the supply reservoir needed to happen as quickly as possible. The main constraint here was sizing a pump that could refill the supply reservoir within 1 minute and maintaining a reasonable cost below $200. Calculating the frictional losses and the required head needed are provided in Appendix G. Giving precedence to cost rather than performance we settled on a pump selection that provided 70% the specified flow-rate of 50gpm and had a total cost under $200. A pump performance curve for the final design selection is represented in Appendix G.AcknowledgementsThe Fish Testing Flow Tank Team would like to thank our sponsor, Dr. Randy Zelick, for trusting us with this project and providing us with such a learning opportunity. We would also like to thank our Capstone Advisor, Dr. Lemmy Meekisho, for his support and guidance through the course of the last two terms. Special thanks to Dr. VanWinkle for the lab space he let us use, Dr. Cal for flow modification ideas, and Dr. Kohles for facilitating this project with the PSU Biology Department.Works Cited Blake, Robert W. "Biomechanics of Rheotaxis in Six Teleost Genera." NRS Research Press (2006). Print. Braithwaite, V. A., and J. R. Girvan. "Use of Water Flow Direction to Provide Spatial Information in a Small-scale Orientation Task." Journal of Fish Biology A 2003.63 (2003): 74-83. Print. Budynas, Richard G., J. Keith. Nisbett, and Joseph Edward. Shigley. Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. "Engineering Tables - CMC Letco Ind." Letco Incorporated | Stainless Steel and Alloy Fabricators | Pressure Vessels, Tanks, and Reactors. 2000. Web. 06 June 2010. <;. Hofmann, Volker, Randy Zelick, and Horst Bleckmann. "Response of Midbrain Lateral Line Units in Goldfish, Carassius Auratus, to Bulk Water Flow." Print. "Moody Diagram." . Web. 6 June 2010. Munson, Bruce Roy, Donald F. Young, and T. H. Okiishi. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, 2006. Print. "The Water Measurement Manual." Bureau of Reclamation Homepage. Web. 06 June 2010. <;. Appendix A: Moody DiagramFigure 7: Moody DiagramAppendix B: Weir Design ProportionsFigure 8: Weir Proportion from the Bureau of ReclamationAppendix C: Experimental DataTable 4: Raw Data for Comparison of Different Channel GeometriesCross-sectional GeometryDescriptionAc (cm^2)P (cm)D (m)V (m/s)v (m^2/s)ReRoundr = 7.62 cm Fixed area13029.110.0446581930.20.000001127970?0.0446581930.1750.000001126980?0.0446581930.150.000001125980?0.0446581930.1250.000001124980?0.0446581930.10.000001123990?0.0446581930.0750.000001122990?0.0446581930.050.000001121990????0.0446581930.0250.000001121000Squared = 11.4 cm Fixed area13034.20.0380116960.20.000001126790?0.0380116960.1750.000001125940?0.0380116960.150.000001125090?0.0380116960.1250.000001124240?0.0380116960.10.000001123390?0.0380116960.0750.000001122550?0.0380116960.050.000001121700????0.0380116960.0250.00000112850Triangulard = w = 16.12 cm Fixed area13036.10.036011080.20.000001126430?0.036011080.1750.000001125630?0.036011080.150.000001124820?0.036011080.1250.000001124020?0.036011080.10.000001123220?0.036011080.0750.000001122410?0.036011080.050.000001121610????0.036011080.0250.00000112800Where:Ac = Fluid AreaP = Wetted PerimeterD = Hydraulic DiameterV = Fluid Velocityv = Dynamic viscosityRe = Reynolds numberTable 5: Wooden Weir with Plastic Inserts Raw DataStart Volume (gal)Area (cm^2)Weir Insert SizeQ (gpm)Q (cm^3/s)Velocity (cm/s)25129medium0.2231844.566.5535129none (wood only)0.60442288.0117.7430129none (wood only)0.60152277.3317.6530129small0.30361149.48.91Table 6: Inclined Weir String Length vs. Fluid VelocityFlow Rate (cm/s)Area (m^2)galSecondsgal/secm^3/secString Length (in)Velocity (cm/s)20.356904670.01293043.240.69380.0026266.437520.419.591198710.01293044.930.66770.0025276.2519.618.500053770.01293047.580.63050.0023876.1562518.518.511725720.01292031.70.63090.0023886.12518.52.9341085270.0129303000.10.0003795.752.9Appendix D: Bill of Materials (BOM)Table 7: Bill of Materials (BOM)Part DescriptionQtyUnit CostTotal Cost6" ABS Basin Extsn2 $ 14.54 $ 29.08 Flex Cplg (6" to 4")1 $ 7.60 $ 7.60 ABS Reducer (4" to 3")1 $ 3.42 $ 3.42 ABS Adptr (Male 2")4 $ 1.31 $ 5.24 ABS Adptr1 $ 8.37 $ 8.37 Sump Pump1 $ 179.00 $ 179.00 Teflon Tape1 $ - $ - Weather Stripping1 $ 3.57 $ 3.57 5 gal Bucket1 $ 2.34 $ 2.34 ABS Reducer (5" to 3")1 $ 8.37 $ 8.37 Adapter (sight glass)2 $ 2.37 $ 4.74 ABS Adptr Elbows (2")4 $ 1.33 $ 5.32 Gate Valve 2"1 $ 28.99 $ 28.99 Hose Clamp 6"2 $ 0.85 $ 1.70 Hose Clamp 3"2 $ 2.29 $ 4.58 Turn Table 5"1 $ 2.75 $ 2.75 10 ft. Hose (2")1 $ 9.48 $ 9.48 Garden Hose1 $ - $ - Sight glass tubing1 $ - $ - 5' X 2" PVC Piping1 $ 9.90 $ 9.90 Rope1 $ 2.49 $ 2.49 Cutting Board4 $ 2.19 $ 8.76 Ring Hanger1 $ 1.31 $ 1.31 Calking Adhesive2 $ 5.99 $ 11.98 Duct tape2 $ 3.99 $ 7.98 ABS Reducer (4" to 2")1 $ 3.42 $ 3.42 1 1/2" to 2" ABS adapter2 $ 1.64 $ 3.28 Grand Total Cost $ 353.67 Budget $ 600.00 Surplus $ 246.33 Appendix E: Detailed DrawingsFigure 9: 2" CouplingFigure 10: 2" ValveFigure 11: 4" to 2" Coupling ReducerFigure 12: 6" to 4" Coupling ReducerFigure 13: Flow ChannelFigure 14: Weir BodyFigure 15: Adjustable Weir GateFigure 16: Turn Table Channel CradleFigure 17: Stress Analysis for Turn Table CradleFigure 18: Turn Table BaseFigure 19: Stress Analysis for Turn Table BaseFigure 20: Turn TableFigure 21: Reservoir StandAppendix F: EquationsCalculate Stress on member:PA=σEquation 1Conservation of Mass:Qin=QoutEquation 2Where Q= Ai*ViEquation 3Reynolds Number Calculation:Re=Dh*VVH2O @ 270CEquation 4Where Dh=AwPwEquation 5Bernoulli’s:2gh=VEquation 6Appendix G: Pump SelectionFigure 22: Pump curve for selected pump designHead LossSelected PumpIdeal Pump33.3 GPM50 GPMMinutes to Fill Reservoir1.51Operating Pt.→ Q=50gpmTank Head → 8ft 1? inch Schedule 80 Plastic Pipe (22.8-ft)16 ft. head loss / 100 ft. of pipe = Six 90° Fittings @ Vavg = 2.25-ft/s4 ft equivalent pipe length / fittingNeglect Pump LossTotal Loss = (4 ft. * 6 fittings + 22.8 ft.)*(16 ft. head loss/100 ft. of pipe) + 8 ft.= 15.5 ft. head lossAppendix H: PDS AdherenceTable 8: PDS AdherenceSpecificationPriorityMetricTargetSatisfaction of CompletionFrequency Interference***yes/nono***Fluid Flow Profile***yes/noyes***Minimum Flow Velocity*cm/s0***Maximum Flow Velocity (min)***cm/s10***Test Duration**s60***Resistant To Oxidation*yes/noyes***Cost To Produce**$600***Fish Holding Tank Depth (static flow)***cm~7.5***Rotation of Tank*Angle (positive or negative degrees)+/-15*Off-The-Shelf Parts*yes/noyes***Ease of Repair*People Required to Fix1***Durable*yes/noyes**Fits on Existing Air Table**yes/noyes**Spatial Interference with Testing Equipment**yes/nono**Allows Visual Observation of Fish***yes/noyes***Fluid Containment**yes/noyes**User Ergonomic Safety***yes/noyes**Specimen Safety**yes/noyes***Structure Bio-Compatible**yes/noyes***Visually Aesthetic *yes/noyes*Appendix I: Flow AnalysisFigure 23: An example of the simulated flow model used in SolidWorks. This form of simulation was shown to be quite inaccurate and therefore was omitted from final calculations.Appendix J: Assembly DrawingsFigure 24: Collapsed (upper) and Exploded (lower) Views of Final Flow ChannelFigure 25: Collapsed (upper) and Exploded (lower) views of Turn Table ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download