ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

Disease Brucellosis*

Pathogen

Bacteria

Genus species

Brucella (B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, B. canis )

Host Range

Infected animals (swine, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs)

Transmission

Symptoms

Incubation

Skin or mucous membrane High and protracted (extended) fever. 1-15 weeks

contact with infected

Infection affects bone, heart,

animals, their blood, tissue, gallbladder, kidney, spleen, and

and other body fluids

causes highly disseminated lesions

and abscess

Fact

Treatment

Most commonly

Antibiotic

reported U.S.

combination:

laboratory-associated streptomycina,

bacterial infection in tetracycline, and

man

sulfonamides

Salmonellosis

Bacteria

Salmonella (S. cholera-suis, S. enteriditis, S. typhymurium, S. typhi)

Domestic (dogs, cats, Direct contact as well as monkeys, rodents, indirect consumption labor-atory rodents, (eggs, food vehicles using rep-tiles [especially eggs, etc.). Human to turtles], chickens and human transmission also fish) and herd animals possible (cattle, chickens, pigs)

Mild gastroenteritiis (diarrhea) to high 6 hours to 3 fever, severe headache, and spleen days enlargement. May lead to focal infection in any organ or tissue of the body)

Fatality rate of 5-10%

Antibiotic combination: chloramphenicol, neomycin, ampicillin

Shigellosis*

All Shigella species Captive non-human primates

Oral-fecal route

Bacteria

Ranges from asymptomatic carrier to Varies by

Highly infective. Low

severe bacillary dysentery with high species. 16 number of organisms

fevers, weakness, severe abdominal hours to 7 capable of causing

cramps, prostration, edema of the days.

infec-tion. Rate of

face and neck, and diarrhea with

infection in im-ported

blood, mucous and inflammatory

monkeys can be high

cells

Intravenous fluids and electrolytes, Antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin, trimethoprinsulfamethoxazole

Leptospirosis

Bacteria

Leptospira interrogans

Animal, human urine

Direct contact with urine of Phase 1: headache, muscle ache, 7-12 Days

infected dogs, mice or rats. eye pain with bright lights, chills and

Indirect contact with urine fever. Phase 2: fever with stiffness of

contaminated materials. the neck and inflammation of the

Droplet transmission via nerves to the eyes, brain, spinal

aerosols of urine

column

Leptospirosis associated with liver and kidney disease is called Weil's syndrome, characterized by jaundice

Doxycycline and penicillin. Severely ill patients may need IV fluids, antibiotics and dialysis

Photo

Through OSHA's Alliance Program, this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

Disease Relapsing fever

Pathogen

Bacteria

Genus species

Borreliae spp. [B. recurrentis (louseborne), B. hemsii (tick-borne)]

Host Range

Animals

Transmission

Tick-borne, blood

transfusions

Symptoms

Fever, headache and muscle pain that lasts 4-10 days and subsides. Afebrile period lasting 5-6 days followed by a recurrence of acute symptoms

Incubation

5-15 days

Fact

Epidemic relapsing fever (transmitted by lice) is more severe than endemic relapsing fever (transmitted by ticks)

Treatment

Tetracyclines,

chloramphenicol

Tuberculosis Melioidosis* Tularemia*

Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Burkholderia pseudomallei ( formerly Pseudomonas pseudomallei )

Francisella tularensis

Primarily humans, cattle, non-human primates, other animals (rodents)

Inhalation of aerosol droplets, contaminated equipment, bites

Ranges from fever and fatigue to

2-5 weeks

chronic pulmonary disease (fatal).

Lungs, kidney, vasculature (affects all

parts of body)

Equines, especially Transmitted by inhaling Cholera-like symptoms (fever, chills, 2-4 days

horses and mules; dust contaminated by the prostration). Skin lesions, swollen

humans are accidental bacteria and when

lymph glands, abscesses septicemia

hosts

contaminated soil comes in or pneumonia

contact with abraded skin

Isolated from 100 species of wild animals (e.g., rabbits, skunk), 9 domestic mammals, 25 species of birds, frogs, and reptiles

Arthropods, direct or

High fever, chills, headache, focal

indirect contact, ingestion ulcers, swollen lymph nodes

of contaminated meats,

inhalation of dust, materials

contaminated with urine,

feces or tissues, bites and

scratches

1-10 days

Multidrug-resistant TB Isoniazid, rifampin,

(MDR TB) is an

streptomycin, and

infection resistant to at ethambutol

least two first-line anti-

TB drugs, isoniazid

and rifampicin

Relatively uncommon disease for humans, but when left untreated, has 95% fatality rate

Chloramphenicol, doxycycline, sulfisoxazole, or cotrimoxazole. IV chloramphenicol for bacteremia

Bacterium formerly Streptomycin, known as Pasteurella tetracycline tularensis

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Through OSHA's Alliance Program, this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

Disease Herpesvirus

Pathogen

Virus

Genus species

Host Range

Herpesvirus Type 1 Human, non-human

(fever blister, cold primates

sore) and Type 2

(genital herpes),

Herpesvirus

hominis, Herpes

simiae (Herpes B)

Transmission

Symptoms

Incubation

Produce latent infections in Frequently asymptomatic. May have 5 days to 1

host and frequently shed vesicular lesions, neurological or flu- month

without overt lesions

like symptoms

Fact

Treatment

Herpes simiae is 100% Acyclovir or

fatal if untreated;

valcyclovir will arrest

Herpes Types 1 and 2 the virus but will not

are not fatal but cause eliminate virus from

chronic infection from the host

recurrences

Photo

Poxvirus*

Virus

Rabies Virus

Virus

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever*

Virus

Monkeypox, vaccinia, cowpox, buffalopox, cantagalo, and aracatuba viruses

Non-human primates, Direct skin contact with Localized lesions, rash, fever, sore swine, cattle, horses, lesions on infected animals throat, malaise, encephalitis birds

Generally: 5- Poxviruses are the

10 days after largest and most

infection

complex viruses

smallpox vaccine, cidofovir, and vaccinia immune globulin (VIG)

Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus

Natural reservoir: bats. Animal bite, contact with

All mammals: wild

infected saliva or tissue

animals (raccoons,

rodents, foxes, etc.)

domestic animals

(dogs, cats) and

humans

Headache, fever, malaise, nervousness, dilation of pupils, salivation, excessive perspiration, insomnia, paralysis of throat muscles, inability to swallow, convulsions, seizures, generalized paralysis and death

3-8 weeks

Untreated, the fatality rate is 100%; Postexposure treatment is effective until day 6 post-infection

Antirabies vaccine before clinical onset of symptoms; postexposure treatment with rabies immune globulin & vaccine

Multiple species: Filoviridae ; Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Marburg virus

Humans, non-human primates (Cynomolgous monkeys)

Contact with blood and body fluids of infected animals

Severe fever, sore throat, cough, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage and death

2-21 days (5 12 days in most cases)

50-90% fatality rate for No vaccines; Treat-

Ebola virus; 25%

ment directed at

mortality rate for

maintaining renal

Marburg virus; 15-20% function, electrolyte

mortality for Lassa balance and

fever virus

combating

hemorrhage and

shock

Through OSHA's Alliance Program, this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

Disease

Arboviral infections*

Pathogen

Virus

Genus species

Multiple species: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae

Host Range

Transmission

Ticks, insects, infected Ticks, insects, blood

animals (deer, birds, transfusion

rodents, etc.)

Symptoms

Incubation

Fact

Various: viremia, lymphadenapothy Mulltiple

Causes: Rift Valley

leading to systemic infection. Can Ranges; 14-25 fever, Denque fever,

involve CNS (encephalitis), skin/bone days (Avg. 18 Yellow fever; Sandfly

marrow/blood vessels (hemorrhagic days) post (Hantavirus) fever;

fevers)

infection

Omsk hemorrhagic

fever, and West Nile

virus infections

Treatment

No vaccines for most (except yellow fever virus), no known antivirals; supportive treatment only

Photo

Viral Hepatitis

Virus

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)

Virus

Hepatitis A, B, C, D (delta), E, F, G

Humans, non-human Close contact with infected Fever, anorexia, vague abdominal

primates (chimpanzee, animals or materials

discomfort, nausea and vomiting,

wooly monkey, gorilla,

sometimes arthralgias and rash,

Celebes ape, some

often progressing to jaundice; fever

marmosets

may be absent or mild

3-6 weeks

Hepatitis A has no Vaccines for Hepatitis

carrier state; Hepatitis A and B only.

B 20% chronic;

Treatment with alpha

Hepatitis C 85%

inter-feron and intra-

chronic

venous immuno-

globulins (HBIG)

Multiple arenaviruses

Rodents (hamsters, Infected mice excrete virus Biphasic febrile illness, mild influenza 15-21 days

mice, guinea pigs), in saliva, urine and feces; like illness or occasionally meningeal

monkeys and humans man infected through

or meningoencephalomyelitic

inhalation of aerosolized symptoms, transverse myelitis

particles of (urine, feces or

saliva) contaminated with

virus

46 documented laboratory-acquired cases with 5 deaths; cases also reported arising from contaminated cell lines

No specific treatment; anti-inflammatory drugs may be useful; No known vaccines

Through OSHA's Alliance Program, this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

Disease

Vesicular Stomatitis*

Pathogen

Genus species

Host Range

Multiple strains of Bovine, equine,

Vesicular Stomatitis porcine animals.

Virus (VSV)

Rhabdoviridiae

Virus

Transmission

Probably arthropod-borne via the bite of an infected sandfly, mosquito or blackfly; by direct contact with infected animals (vesicular fluid, saliva)

Symptoms

Infuenza-like illness, malaise, fever,

headache, nausea and vomiting

Incubation

24-48 hours

Fact

Treatment

Documented hazard to Virus is self-limiting

personnel (45

and illness is short in

laboratory-acquired duration. (3-6 days)

infections before 1980)

handling infected

livestock, tissues and

virulent isolates

Photo

Sub-viral Agents and Related Diseases (i.e., Scrapie)*

Transmissable

Spongiform

non-RNA/DNA Infectious

Encephalopathies (TSE): BSE and vCJD (vCreutzfeld-

Protein Virus- Jacob Disease)

like particle

Adult sheep goats, and Ingeston or handling of

cows can infect

brain tissue or unfixed

humans

brain cells from infected

animals

Degeneration of the nervous system, 2-5 years severe variable alteration of the grey matter of the brain

The agent responsible There are no known

for TSE's is smaller treatments or

than the smallest

vaccines for these

known virus and has TSE's

not been completely

characterized

Entamoeba histolytica

Amoebic

Dysentery

Parasite (protozoa)

Monkeys can readily transmit the agent to humans

Food, water, fomites, insects. Fecal-oral route. Cyst is resistant to drying

Frequent passage of feces/stool, 2 days to

loose stools and vomiting. Variations several

depending on parasites. Can be

months to

frequent urge with high or low

even years

volume of stool, with or without some

associated mucus and even blood

Harmless amoebas can live in the intestines for years without causing symptoms. Attacks can last from a few days to weeks

Antiamebic drugs (Iodoquinol, metronidazole) and antibiotics to treat any associated bacterial infections

Giardiasis

Giardia lamblia

Dogs, monkeys

Parasite (protozoa)

Drinking contaminated

Ranges from asymptomatic to

water, person-to-person nausea, fatigue, anorexia, severe

contact, eating

diarrhea and high fever

contaminated food, and

direct contact with infected

animals

3-25 days

Most common waterborne diarrheal disease in humans

Quinacrine hydrochloride, metronidazole, tinidazole, albendazole and furazolidone

Through OSHA's Alliance Program, this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

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