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MODULOS 1 2 3 STUDENTS GUIDEMODULO 1 EKT UFPS Students’ guide july 2010ENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT THE EKT-U.F.P.S. (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)C. A.: ruling 200 06/11/2007; C. A. : agreement 11/05/2010Dear student:Res. 200/06/2007 issued by C.A. stated that in order to get a degree one of the requirements is to pass a proficiency test in English (or other language). This is been done by now only on Written Competences: grammatical, textual, textual coherence and reading comprehension.On the other hand C.D. stated the vocational courses for preparing for the test on proficiency in English.Fir that reason, the language area has organized a course of 60 class-hours plus virtual ones and the student’s work.This course is designed for preparing in vocabulary, grammar usage and reading comprehension.It’s divided in three sections: part 1, part 2 and part 3.These guide the learning or feed back on pronouns, determinants, use of there+be, tenses, passive voice, questions and answers, use of special verbs, parts of the sentence, conditionals, phrasal verbs (idioms).At the end of it, it is annexed a series of vocabularies and common expressions in English.There arre two more helps, a module of examples of questions and answers on ICFES/ECAES tests, and, adtional module from Mr. Sheraton in which you can look up and widen your knowledges.You can find it in a blog:bepenglishworks.This module is written in tables and some of them have the translation into Spanish for better help and comprehension.It is important to remember that you learn what you really want to learn and that you have to work hard to do it.Your teacher is a leader, collaborator and consultant.The evaluation of the learning will be performed as usual: first previous, second previous, third previous and final test.Joven estudiante:El C.A. por resolución 200/06/2007 ordenó que para poderse graduar uno de los requisitos exigidos es pasar una prueba de suficiencia en inglés (otro idioma). Esta se hace en el momento para Competencias por escrito: grammatical, textual, coherencia textual and comprension de lectura.Igualmente el C. D. ordenó la realización de cursos vacacionales de preparación para la prueba de suficiencia en inglés.Por tal razón se ha organizado en el area de idiomas la realización de un curso de 60 horas presenciales más horas virtuales y de trabajo del estudiante.Este curso está dise?ado para prepararse en vocabulario, uso gramatical y comprensión lectora.Dividido en tres secciones: parte 1, parte 2 y parte 3.Estas orientan el aprendizaje o refuerzo de pronombres, determinantes, uso de there+be, tiempos, voz pasiva, preguntas y respuestas, usos de ciertos verbos especiales, palabras parte de la oración, condicionales, verbos modales (modismos).En a parte final se anexa una serie de vocabularios y expresiones comunes del inglés.Hay dos ayudas más, un módulo de modelos de preguntas tipo ICFES/ECAES y un módulo adicional del lingüista Sheraton en el cual se pueden hacer consultas y ampliación de conocimientos.Consulte en el blog: bepenglishworks.Este módulo esta desarrollado en cuadros y varios de estos tienen la traducción al castellano para mayor ayuda y comprensión.Es importante recordar que usted aprende lo que realmente quiere aprender y que tiene que trabajar duro para lograrlo.Su profesor es un orientador, una ayuda y un consultor.La evaluación del aprendizaje se realizará como de costumbre: primer previo, segundo previo, tercer previo y examen final.N°CONTENTSHS/C∑/HPageInformation about the course11Placement test231PRONOUNS & DETERMINANTS363OK2THERE +BE284OK3INTRODUCTION TO TENSES (SHORT FORMS)2105OK4GOING TO2127OK5SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE2147OK6PRESENT CONTINUOUS2168OK7PAST CONTINUOUS2189OK8SIMPLE PAST TENSE2209OK9LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS & REGULAR VERBS22210OK1ST PREVIOUS22410SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE12513OK11PRESENT PERFECT TENSE22714OK12PAST PERFECT TENSE12814OK13FUTURE PERFECT TENSE12914OK14PASSIVE VOICE23115OK15QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USE OF WH WORDS43516OK16BE AND HAVE13622OK2ND PREVIOUS23817ADJECTIVES24023OK18ADVERBS14124OK19CONJUNCTIONS & OTHER FUNCTION WORDS24327OK20PREPOSITIONS34630OK21DO/MAKE14732OK22MODAL VERBS24933OK23CONDITIONAL25135OK24PHRASAL VERBS (IDIOMS)35436OK25VOCABULARIES & COMMON EXPRESIONS35838OKFINAL TEST2601ST PREVIOUS2ND PREVIOUSTHIRD PREVIOUSFINAL TESTAVERAGEPercentage23,3%23,3%23,4%30%100%Grading1,151,151,201,505,00Units 1-910-1617-251-25THIRD PREVIOUSUnits 1-31Participation, classworks, homeworks, short tests, etc.ENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT THE EKT-U.F.P.S. - (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)Council of Acad. ruling 200/6/11/07;Council of Adm.: agreement 11/5/10N°FIRST PART - CONTENTSHS/C∑/HInformation about the course11Placement test231PRONOUNS & DETERMINANTS36OK2THERE +BE28OK3INTRODUCTION TO TENSES210OK4GOING TO212OK5SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE214OK6PRESENT CONTINUOUS216OK7PAST CONTINUOUS218OK8SIMPLE PAST TENSE220OK9LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBOS222OK1ST PREVIOUS2241PRONOUNS & DETERMINANTS36OKImemyselfmymineeverybodysomebodywhoyouyouyourselfyouryourseveryonesomeonewhichhehimhimselfhishiseverythingsomethingthatsheherherselfherhersnobodyanybodywhomitititselfitsitsno oneanyonewhoseweusourselvesouroursnothinganythingyouyouyourselves youryourstheythemthemselvestheirtheis1B. (TEXTS) USING PRONOUNS AND DETERMINANTSI like to write novels for my students. They read them with enthusiasm. Mary is a good writer too. She likes to read poems. She sent me a poem about the flowers of her garden. She said: “These novels are yours but these poems are mine. Every student should do his/her own tasks. So he himself will learn a lot or she herself will have success. When a girl found a small calculator she started asking “was it lost by you, or by her, or by us, or by them” Somebody, a boy replied that it must be his, or hers, or yours, or ours or theirs.The homeworks were well written by the students but the teacher began to doubt about it so he questioned every one with these words: -Did you do it yourself? -Yes, I did it myself. –Did Peter do it himself -No he didn’t do it himself, somebody did it for him. Did Lucy did it herself? - Yes, she did it by herself, even her mother helped her a little.Did you know that everybody here has a motorcycle but nobody has a bus. Somebody said that it was possible to get something for the lunch but no one had a single dollar. Anthony asked if anybody had anything to be sold, but there was nothing. Mary asked: -Did you see anybody at the restaurant? -No, I didn’t see anybody there, answered John. I saw somebody near the door replied LouWho is that tall boy over there? -Which one, the one whose shirt is blue? Yes, please tell him to come here. Excuse me whom did you say to come here?Do you see the man with a blue shirt that is holding a vase? That one is the one I need to talk too, please ask him to come here.2THERE +BE28OKThere is (singular)HayThere is a houseThere are (plural)HayThere are two housesThere was (s)Hubo, habíaThere was a party last nightThere were (p)Hubo, habíaThere were many peopleThere has been (s)Ha habidoThere has been a hurricaneThere have been (p)Ha habidoThere have been two hurricanesThere had beenHabía habidoThere had been many problemsThere will beHabráThere will be a party tonightThere is going to be (s)Va a haberThere is going to be a celebrationThere are going to be (p)Va a haberThere are going to be many guestsThere was going to be (s)Iba a haberThere was going to be a party yesterdayThere were going to be (p)Iba a haberThere were going to be many guests2B. THERE BE (TEXTS) USING THE EXPRESSION THERE + BEThere is a house near the hospital, but there isn’t any near the Red Cross. There are two small orange trees in the middle of the yard and for that there wasn’t the party for new students. There were many people waiting to know where the party was going to be. Somebody said that there has been a storm and therefore everybody should go back home. The police said that there have been two storms lately and because of that the security of the people was first. For that decision there had been many problems with young people who wished to dance rock and roll. The organizers informed that there will be a party next Saturday because there was going to be the city celebration of hundreds of years. The major also communicated that there were going to be many guests.3INTRODUCTION TO TENSES210OKTenseExampleTranslationExplanationPresent continuous Presente progresivoAre you drinking tea?Está tomando té?Esta ocurriendoSimple past tensePresente simpleDo you drink tea?Tomas té?CostumbrePast continuousPasado progresivoWere you drinking tea?Estabas tomando té?Se estuvo haciendoSimple past tensePasado simpleDid you drink tea?Tomaste té?Actividad realizadaFuture continuousFuturo progresivoWill you be drinking tea?Estarás tomando téLo que se planea hacerSimple future tenseFuturo simpleWill you drink tea?Tomarás téDeseo, predicción, futuroNear futureFuturo próximo Are you going to drink tea?Vas a tomar té?Lo que se planea hacerPresent perfect continuous Presente perfect progresivoHave you been drinking tea?Has estado tomando té?Ocurrió y ocurrePresent perfectPresente perfectoHave you drunk tea?Has tomado téOcurrió, ocurre aúnPast perfect continuousPasado perfecto progresivoHad you been drinking tea?Habías estado tomando té?OcurrióPast perfectPasado perfectoHad you drunk tea?Habías tomado té?Ocurría cuando …Future perfect progressiveFuturo perfecto progresivoWill you have been drinking tea?Habrás estado tomando té?Predicción o futuroFuture perfect Futuro perfectoWill you have drunk tea?Habrás tomado té?Predicción por futuro3B SHORT FORMS (& TAG QUESTIONS)01You can work here, can’t you?Yes, I can. (No, I can?t).02You couldn?t play everywhere, could you? (Yes, I could). No, I couldn’t.03He may type it, may he not?Yes, he may. (No, he may not)04 She might not watch it, might she? (Yes, she might). No, she might not.05We shall laugh, shan’t we?Yes, we shall. ( No, we shan’t)06They shouldn’t play, should they? (Yes, they should). No, they shouldn?t 07He will learn English, won’t he?Yes, he will. (No, he won’t).08 John wouldn’t mow the lawn, would he? (Yes, he would). No, he wouldn’t)09Mary closes the door, doesn’t she?Yes, she does. (No, she doesn’t)10 Doctors earn a lot of money, don’t they? Yes, they do. (No, they don’t)11They didn’t visit it, did they?(Yes, they did). No they didn’t.12We must begin to do it, musn’t we? Yes, we do. (No, we musn?t)13You dare say it, don’t you?Yes, I do. (No I don’t).14She is catching the ball, isn’t she? So is he. (He is too)15The dog is digging in the yard. So is Kaiser. (Kaiser is too)16 They are wearing old clothes. So are we. (We are too)17It was falling downSo was the pencil. (The pencil was too)18They were cutting the best woods So were we. (We were too)19He drinks cheap beer. So does Pete. (Pete does too)20I drive the biggest truck So do they. (They do too)21They ate sea food So did we. (We did too)4GOING TO (IMMEDIATE FUTURE)2127OKI am going to travel to Paris. (Voy a viajar a París)I am going to visit my grandmother.(Voy a visitar a mi abuela)She is going to make a cake for me.(Ella va a hacer una torta para mi)They are not going to remember that. (Ellos no se van a acordar de eso)We are not going to go anywhere. (Nosotros no vamos a ir a ninguna parte)Who is going to come today?(?Quién va a venir hoy?)Are you going to buy a new car?(?Vas comprar un nuevo auto?)Are they going to help you?(?Ellos te van a ayudar?)What are you going to bring?(?Qué vas a traer?)When is she going to arrive?(?Cuándo va a llegar ella?)4B. (TEXTS) USING GOING TOI am going to travel to Paris next year. I am going to visit my grandmother who lives in that beautiful city. As soon as I get there I know she is going to make a cake for me. She is going to make an apple cake which is my preferred cake. My sisters and parents are not going to remember that I used to ride on horseback on weekends but as they are not going to go to the hippodrome, we will be going anywhere else as a Museum of fine arts. My mother always like to ask “Who is going to walk today?” or “What are you going to buy at the Mall?” -“Daddy are you going to buy that new Renault Logan at the Car Center?” -Yes, will say my Daddy, -“But are all of you going to help me choose the color?” I don’t know what I am going to bring back to Colombia by July. Anyhow we are going to arrive at Paris airport in January and we are going to come back in July or August. 5SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE2147OKSIMPLE PRESENT TENSEI drinkI don't drinkDo I drink?You drinkYou don't drinkDo you drink?He drinksHe doesn't drinkDoes he drink?She drinksShe doesn't drinkDoes she drink?It drinksIt doesn't drinkDoes it drink?We drinkWe don't drinkDo we drink?You drinkYou don't drinkDo you drink?They drinkThey don't drinkDo they drink?5B (TEXTS) USING PRESENT (simple)“What do you do every day and what you don’t like to do?” was the announcement in a local newspaper. The investigators wanted to know what were the interests and actions of the citizens. And there was a nice prize: A tour on a sea boat around the world. I answered: “I drink beer every evening and I don’t like to eat pizzas”. John said he likes to ride on bicycle in the morning but he doesn’t like to have breakfast”. Mary answered that she loves sleeping with her cat but that she doesn’t wake up late”. I know that my cat runs in the yard but doesn’t go to the kitchen.” “We prepare hotdogs in the morning but we don’t eat sandwiches”. My parents practice jogging in the early morning but they don’t get on buses to travel.-What does your mother do in the morning? -She washes dishes in the kitchen and cleans the house but she doesn’t like to wash clothes. -What does your father do? -He works in a factory every afternoon but he doesn’t like to pack the merchandise. –What does the pet do at night? -it sleeps on a sofa but it doesn’t eat anything at night.All the answers of the search were sent in an envelope to the newspaper office and there was an answer thanking them for the collaboration and a week later there was a receipt with a number for the lottery wishing good luck. The number reads 23.453 out of 100.000 participants.6PRESENT CONTINUOUS2168OKI am drinkingI am not drinkingAm I drinking?You are drinkingYou aren’t drinkingAre you drinking?He is drinkingHe isn't drinkingIs he drinking?She is drinkingShe isn't drinkingIs she drinking?It is drinkingIt isn't drinkingIs it drinking?We are drinkingWe aren't drinkingAre we drinking?You are drinkingYou aren't drinkingAre you drinking?They are drinkingThey aren't drinkingAre Do they drinking?6B (TEXTS) USING PRESENT (CONTINOUS)The inspector asked the teacher what the students were doing in class. Here are some of the answers she gave him. Right now I am controlling the work they are doing. Lou is painting a tree on piece of paper. He isn’t using his notebook for the task. Fanny is drawing a house in her notebook. She isn’t coloring it. Pete and Nancy are building up a small project of a mini-city. They aren’t using clay but wet paper. The fan is flowing high currents of air but it isn’t moving to the sides.The inspector very seriously asked again: “And what is that boy over there doing now? –He isn’t doing anything because he is sick. He has a terrible toothache. –“And what about that girl over here?”. Oh she is my daughter, she is keeping my company as long as her teacher comes to class. A little angry said: -“ and what the hell are those kids doing out of class, are they playing?” - Oh I’m sorry but they are preparing themselves for the next sport competitions. 7PAST CONTINUOUS218OKI was drinkingWas I drinkingI wasn?t drinking(Yo) no estaba bebiendoYou were smokingWere you smokingYou weren’t smoking(Ud.) no estaba fumandoHe was writingWas he writingHe wasn’t writing(El) no estaba escribiendoShe was sleepingWas she sleepingShe wasn’t sleeping(Ella) no estaba entendiendoIt was eatingWas it eatingIt wasn’t eating(El) no estaba comiendoWe were playingWere we playingWe weren’t playing.(Nos.) no estabamos jugandoYou were studyingWere you studyingYou weren’t studying(Uds.) no estaban estudiandoThey were workingWere they workingThey weren’t working(Ellos) no estaban trabajandoEstuvo, estuvieron7B (TEXTS) USING PAST (CONTINOUS)Why were you drinking beer yesterday, ?Little and unconscientiously boy! Last week we were telling you how dangerous it is to drink at your age. You weren’t studying for your tests. Your mother was asking you to be responsible. She wasn’t cooking that cake for us because of you. The teachers at school were saying that if the boys and girls weren’t preparing for their final tests they were going to repeat the semester. We were working hard for giving you a high education but if you don?t pay attention you will be flunked. I think I told you and your sisters and brothers to go ahead by working hard. Were you paying attention or weren’t you paying attention? I think you were sleeping on your dreams of rock and dance. When I was as young as you are I wasn’t losing my time, I was working day and night. Please,Little boy? grow up, you are sixteen now. Oh, my dear daddy I promise I will be good at the tests. You weren’t looking at me when I was concentrated on my studies and responsibilities. I was studying both Math and Chemistry. I wasn’t being irresponsible I was just having a rest. You’ll see my evaluations.8SIMPLE PAST TENSE220OKI drankDid I drink?I didn?t drink(Yo) no bebíYou smokeDid you smoke?You didn’t smoke(Ud.) no fumóHe wroteDid he write?He didn’t write(El) no escribióShe sleptDid she sleep?She didn’t sleep(Ella) no durmióIt ateIt it eatIt didn’t eat(El) no comióWe playedDid we playWe didn’t play.(Nos.) no jugamosYou studiedDid you studyYou didn’t study(Uds.) no estudiaronThey workedDid they workThey didn’t work(Ellos) no trabajaron8B (TEXTS) USING SIMPLE PAST TENSEThere were lots of tasks for the secretaries to be done before the boss came back from his business trips. As soon as he arrived at the office he called the coordinator and asked her about each employee for his/her work. He said, well tell me what did each person exactly do while I was on my business trip. –Boss I controlled the work of each one and wrote in the control book every detail. For example: -Andrew copied all the records and made out a file with the name of “pending informations” -Katherine typed about 30 letter offering our services and sent them to the different companies. – She kept control of it by receipts from the companies. Mark and Lucy cleaned the office and repaired two computers. –The other one must be sent to a special technician. –The other two secretaries attended all clerks and sold a lot of articles. – The employees didn’t lose their time and kept on working. They learned from your responsibility and hard work and for that reason we are having success in business9LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS (& REGULAR)222OKSimple formPast formPast participle formSpanishawake (auéik)awoke (auóuk)awoke (auóuk)despertarsebecome (bicám)became (bikéim)become (bicám)convertise enbegin (biguín)began (bigán)begun (bigán)comenzarbend (bend)bent (bent)bent (bent)doblarbet (bet)bet (bet)bet (bet)apostarbind (báind)bound (báund)bound (báund)atarbite (báit)bit (bit)bitten (bíten)morderbleed (blíid)bled (bled)bled (bled)sangrarblow (blóu)blew (blu)blown (blóun)soplarbreak (bréik)broke (bróuk)broken (bróuken)romperbring (bring)brought(brot)brought (brot)traerbuild (bild)built (bilt)built (bilt)construirbuy (bái)bought (bot)bought (bot)comprarcatch (cátch)caught(cot)caught (cot)agarrar, cogerchoose (chúus)chose (chóus)chosen (chóusen)elegircome (cam)came (kéim)come (cam)venirdo (du)did (did)done (doon)hacerdraw (dro)drew (dru)drawn (droon)dibujar, atraerdrink (drink)drank (draank)drunk (drank)beberdrive (dráiv)drove (dróuv)driven (dríven)conducireat (íit)ate (éit)eaten (íten)comerfall (fol)fell (fel)fallen (fólen)caerfeed (fíid)fed (fed)fed (fed)dar de comerfeel (fíil)felt (felt)felt (felt)sentirfight (fáit)fought (fot)fought (fot)pelearfind (fáind)found (fáund)found (fáund)encontrar, hallarfly (flái)flew (flu)flown (flóun)volarforget (forguét)forgot (forgót)forgotten (forgóten)olvidarget (guét)got (got)got(ten) (góten)conseguirgive (guív)gave (guéiv)given (guíven)dargo (góu)went (uént)gone (gón)irgrow (gróu)grew (gru)grown (gróun)crecerhang (jang)hung (jaang)hung (jaang)colgarhave (jav)had (jad)had (jad)tenerhit (jit)hit (jit)hit (jit)golpearhold (jóuld)held (jeld)held (jeld)sostener asirkeep (kíip)kept (kept)kept (kept)guardar, mantenerknow (nóu)knew (niú)known (nóun)saber, conocerlead (líid)led (led)led (led)guiarleave (líiv)left (left) left (left)dejar irselend (lend)lent (lent)lent (lent)prestarlose (lúus)lost (lost)lost (lost)perder make (méik)made (méid)made (méid)hacermean (míin)meant (ment)meant (ment)significarmeet (míit)met (met)met (met)encontrarse conpay (péi)paid (péid)paid (péid)pagarput (put)put (put)put (put)ponerread (ríid)read (red)read (red)leerride (ráid)rode (róud)ridden (ríden)montar, andar enrun (ran)ran (raan)run (ran)corrersay (séi)said (sed)said (sed)decirsee (síi)saw (so)seen (síin)versell (sel)sold (sóuld)sold (sóuld)vendershow (shóu)showed (shóud)shown (shóun)mostrarsing (sing)sang (sang)sung (saang)cantarsink (sink)sank (saank)sunk (sank)hundirsit (sit)sat (sat)sat (sat)sentarsesleep (slíip)slept (slept)slept (slept)dormirspeak (spíik)spoke (spóuk)spoken (spóuken)hablarspend (spend)spent (spent)spent (spent)gastarswim (suím)swam (suáam)swum (suám)nadartake (téik)took (túk)taken (téiken)llevar tomarteach (tíich)taught (tot)taught (tot)ense?ar tear (ter)tore (tor)torn (torn)desgarrartell (tel)told (tóuld)told (tóuld)decirthink (zink)thought (zot)thought (zot)pensarthrow (zróu)threw (zru)thrown (zróun)arrojarunderstand(-stáand)understood (-stúd)understood (-stúd)entenderwear (wer)wore (wor)worn (worn)usar (ropa)win (win)won (won)won (won)ganarwrite (ráit)wrote (róut)written (ríten)escribir9B LIST OF REGULAR VERBSSimple formSimple past tensePast participleSpanish meaningD or ED(Pronounce /t/ )workwashtypelaughwatchpushpickbrushlikecrashmarkpassworkedwashedtypedlaughedwatchedpushedpickedbrushedlikedcrashedmarkedpassedworkedwashedtypedlaughedwatchedpushedpickedbrushedlikedcrashedmarkedpassedtrabajarlavardigitarreirvigilarempujarrecogercepillargustarchocarmarcarpasar D or ED(Pronounced /d/)playlearnmowcloseearnopenplanlivelovewaterprogramflowerplayedlearnedmowedclosedearnedopenedplannedlivedlovedwateredprogrammedfloweredplayedlearnedmowedclosedearnedopenedplannedlivedlovedwateredprogrammedfloweredjugaraprenderpodarcerrarganarabrirplanearviviramarregarprogramarflorecerD or ED(Pronounced / i d/visitneedmountfitseedadjustomitadmitloadgrantlistdotvisitedneededmountedfittedseededadjustedomittedadmittedloadedgrantedlisteddottedvisitedneededmountedfittedseededadjustedadmittedadmittedloadedgrantedlisteddottedvisitarnecesitarmontarencajarsembrarajustaromitiradmitircargarconcederenlistargraficarMODULO 2 EKT UFPS Students’ guide july 2010ENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT THE EKT-U.F.P.S. - (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)Council of Acad. ruling 200/6/11/07;Council of Adm.: agreement 11/5/10N° SECOND PART - CONTENTSHS/C∑/H10SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE125OK11PRESENT PERFECT TENSE227OK12PAST PERFECT TENSE128OK13FUTURE PERFECT TENSE129OK14PASSIVE VOICE231OK15QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USE OF WH WORDS435OK16BE AND HAVE136OK2ND PREVIOUS23810SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: (will-shall; won’t shan’t)125OKI will drinkWill (shall) I drink?I won’t (shan’t) drink(Yo) no beberéYou will smokeWill you smoke?You won’t smoke(Ud.) no fumaráHe will writeWill he write?He won’t write(El) no escribiráShe will sleepWill she sleep?She won’t sleep(Ella) no dormiráIt will eatWill it eat?It won’t eat(El) no comeráWe will playWill (shall) we play?We won’t (shan’t) play(Nos.) no jugaremosYou will studyWill you study?You won’t study(Uds.) no estudiaránThey will workWill they work?They won’t work(Ellos) no trabajarán10B (TEXTS) USING SIMPLE FUTURE TENSEWhat will you plan for your future? Will you be a lawyer or a Technician? Man likes to dream about the future. What will you do if you won a million dollars? What will you do if you were in the United States? Let’s see what our dear students and teachers will do. Let’s know what they and their relatives will do. Margaret: I will buy a new house in Miami and will start a business on hair styling”. My mother will have a full make up. Nancy: “I will travel around the world in a modern ship and my father will go to get a degree at MIT in Boston”. Ralph: “I will go to study medicine in London and my sister Julie will get married and buy a mansion”. George: “I will learn to dive and my cousin will help me at the sea. Mr. and Mrs. Smith: “We will go on our second honey moon to Mexico and will stay at the best hotel downtown, our sons will be having vacations in Argentina. They will meet the best soccer player of Argentina, Maradona. 11PRESENT PERFECT TENSE227OKIHavefoundHaveIfound?IHaven’tfoundNo he encontradoYouHavedrunkHaveYoudrunk?YouHaven’tdrunkNo has bebidoHeHasdrivenHasHedriven?HeHasn’tdrivenNo ha conducidoSheHaseatenHasSheeaten?SheHasn’teatenNo ha comidoItHasfallenHasItfallen?ItHasn’tfallenNo se ha caídoWeHavefedHaveWefed?WeHaven’tfedNo hemos alimentadoYouHavefeltHaveYoufelt?YouHaven’tfeltNo han sentidotheyhavefoughthavetheyfought?theyhaven’tfoughtNo han peleado11B (TEXTS) USING PRESENT PERFECT TENSEI have eaten too much meat lately. What have you drunk with your foods? – I haven’t drunk anything because I prefer dry things for my stomach. -Did you know that Fanny has fed her cat everyday but it isn’t fat, it’s too skinny? -She has fought with her brothers because they hit it at every moment. So she has felt very uncomfortable at home. She hasn’t found a new place for it. Their brothers have forgotten to obey their parents’ orders of respecting each other. They have received the guidance but nothing has changed. Mary has gone to many homes in search of a new home for her pet. As people have seen that it is thin they have said that they are not interested in keeping the pet. Well, tell her that I might have that little cat and that she can go to my house whenever she wishes to. Now she has found a new shelter for it.12PAST PERFECT TENSE128OKIHadflownHadIflownIHadn’tflownNo había voladoYouHadforgotHadYouforgotYouHadn’tforgotNo habías olvidadoHeHadgotHadHegotHeHadn’tgotNo había conseguidoSheHadgivenHadShegivenSheHadn’tgivenNo había dadoItHadgoneHadItgoneItHadn’tgoneNohabía idoWeHadgrownHadWegrownWeHadn’tgrownNo habíamos crecidoYouHadhungHadYouhungYouHadn’thungNo habían colgadotheyHadhadHadtheyhadtheyHadn’thadNo habían tenido12B (TEXTS) USING PAST PERFECT TENSEThey said they had forgotten to do their tasks, but I know they had played instead of studying. My father had spoken to them but they didn’t listen to him. I think they had grown up as kids and not as responsible young men. I also knew that they had spent all the money they had received from their mother. Teachers had taught them to be good guys and do what should be done at the right moment and not to spend time or money in nonsense things. Their grandma had sung a beautiful picture of fruit trees on the wall but a little later they had taken it away and had sold it for a few cents. At last when they had gone to the park and had ragged some banks they were caught by a policewoman who took them to the police station. There they said that they had thought the banks were for waste. 13FUTURE PERFECT TENSE129OKI WILL HAVE HITWILL I HAVE HIT?I WON’T HAVE HITNo habré golpeadoYOU WILL HAVE HELDWILL YOU HAVE HELDYOU WON’T HAVE HELDNo habrás sotenidoHE WILL HAVE KEPTWILL HE HAVE KEPTHE WON’T HAVE KEPTNop habrá cuardadoSHE WILL HAVE SEENWILL SHE HAVE SEENSHE WON’T HAVE SEENNo habrá vistoIT WILL HAVE LEDWILL IT HAVE LEDIT WON’T HAVE LEDNo habrá conducidoWE WILL HAVE LEFTWILL WE HAVE LEFTWE WON’T HAVE LEFTNo habremos dejadoYOU WILL HAVE LOSTWILL YOU HAVE LOSTYOU WON’T HAVE LOSTNo habrás perdidoTHEY WILL HAVE READWILL THEY HAVE READTHEY WON’T HAVE READNo habrán leído13B (TEXTS) USING FUTURE PERFECT TENSEBy the time when I be settled in my new home in Boston and this will be within five years I will have seen many modern plays. I will also have lost weigh, and I will have led an art exposition. I also know that I will have kept many collections of coins and whisky bottles. On the other hand my uncle will have won lots of money with his new invention. My mother will have visited all of our friends in USA. My father will have made sculptures of Indian groups. My sister will have read at least 100 books. And, of course, we all will have met hundreds of artisans, artists and actors. -Can you imagine what I will have done by then?14PASSIVE VOICE231OKActive voicePassive voiceI am drinking coffeeCoffe is drunk by me.El café es tomado por míYou are eating breadBread is being eaten by youEl pan está siendo comido por usted.He is driving a busA bus is being driven by himUn bus está siendo conducido por élShe was selling a skirtA skirt was being sold by herUna falda estaba siendo vendida por ellaWe were buying shoesShoes were being bought by usLos zapatos estaban siendo comprados por nos.They (do) play soccerSoccer is played by themEl balonpié es jugado por ellosHe (does) teach ItalianItalian is taught by himEl Italiano es ense?ado por él.She (did) visit the doctorThe doctor was visited by herEl doctor fue fisitado por ella.You will type lettersLetters will be typed by youLas cartas serán digitadas por ustedThey would paint the houseThe house would be painted by themLa casa sería pintada por ellosShe can swim 100 mts.100 mts can be swum by herLos 100 ms. pueden ser nadados por ellaHe could steal the papersThe papers could be stolen by himLos documentos podrían ser robados por élWe may watch the gameThe game may be watched by usEl partido puede ser visto por nosotrosThey might do the homeworksThe homeworks might be done by themLas tareas podrían ser hechas por ellosI shall repeat the courseThe course shall be repeated by meEl curso será repetido por míThey should brush the metalThe metal should be brushed by themEl metal debería ser pulido por ellosShe must learn the vocabularyThe vocabulary must be learned by herEl vocabulario debe ser aprendido por ellaI have brought the booksThe books have been brought by meLos libros han sido traídos por míShe has written the wordThe word has been written by herLa palabra ha sido escrita por ella.We had seen a policemanA policeman had been seen by usUn policía había sido visto por nosotros14B (TEXTS) USING PASSIVE VOICEEnglish is spoken in many countries all around the world. It is used by many businessmen and artists. Negotiations could be done in this language. English is taught in many institutes everywhere. English was brought by English men at the time of the american conquest. The MIT was visited by some teachers. Three famous museums were attended by some elder men. There was a boat race near Logan airport which could be run by anyone. There was a suspicions man near Boston Bank. The bank has been robbed by some one twice and the policemen think that that man is the responsable of it. The man has been caught by the police many times but nothing has been proved against him. The pictures have been taken by him said some one. His brother appeared and said that his brother was a photographer. The city has been photographed by him, specially the rout of freedom downtown in Boston.The pictures have been seen by many people and they agree that they are wonderful. Art compositions have been digited by a strange photographer.15QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -USE OF WH WORDS435OKGeneral English practice: A] Answer each question. B] Create your own questions and answersThere are “wh” questions and an answer in each group: you can replace the underlined words and have your own questions and answers (There is some help in your language)What do you do?What do you [play]?Where do you [play tennis]?When do you [play tennis at school]?Why do you [play tennis on Sundays]?(I play tennis at school on Sundays because I like this sport)What does she do?What does she teach?Where does she teach French?When does she teach French at home?Why does she teach French every day?(She teaches French at home every day because she needs money)What did you do?What did you study?Where did you study English?When did you study English in Europe?Why did you study English last month?(I studied English in Europe last month because I won a scholarship)What will you do?What will you write?Where will you write letters?When will you write letters in the hall?Why will you write letters every week?(I will write letters in the hall every week because there is no other place to do it.)What can you do?What can you drive?Where can you drive a taxi?When can you drive a taxi in the city?Why can you drive a taxi on Saturdays?(I can drive a taxi in the city on Saturdays because there isn’t too much traffic)What should he do?What should he visit?Where should he visit a clinic?When should he visit a clinic at Btá?Why should he visit a clinic now?(He should visit a clinic at Bogotá now because he is very sick)What are you doing?What are you preparing?Where are you preparing your tests?When are you preparing your tests?Why are you preparing your tests?(I am preparing my tests at the office in the mornings)What were you doing?What were you drinking?Where were you drinking coffee?When were you drinking coffee?Why were you drinking coffee?(I was drinking coffee at the restaurant yesterday morning because I was tired)?Qué haces??Qué tocas??Dónde juegas tenis??Cuándo juegas tenis en el colegio??Por qué juegas tenis los domingos??Qué hace ella??Qué ense?a ella??Dónde ense?a ella Francés??Cuándo ense?a ella Francés en casa??Por qué ella ense?a Francés todos los días??Qué hiciste??Qué estudiaste??Dónde estudiaste Inglés??Cuándo estudiaste Inglés en Europa??Por qué estudiaste Inglés el mes pasado??Qué harás??Qué escribirás??Dónde escribirás cartas??Cuándo escribirás cartas en el may??Por qué escribirás cartas todas las semanas??Qué puedes hacer??Qué puedes conducir??Dónde puedes conducir un taxi??Cuándo puedes conducir un taxi en la ciud??Por qué puedes conducir un taxi los sábado??Qué debería hacer él??Qué debería visitar él??Dónde debería el visitar una clínica??Cuándo debería visitar una clínica en Btá??Por qué él debería visitar una clínica ahora??Qué estás haciendo??Qué estás preparando??Dónde estás preparando tus exámenes??Cuándo está preparando tus exámenes??Por qué está preparando tus exámenes??Qué estabas haciendo??Qué estabas tomando??Dónde estabas tomando café??Cuándo estabas tomando café??Por qué estabas tomando café? 15B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USING “WH” WORDSStudy guide: Pair questions and answers. Practice orally with mates. Give own answers. Create your own questions and answers01) What’s your name?02) Where were you born? 03) How old are you? 04) What’s your address? 05) What’s your phone number? 06) What are your parents’ names? 07) What does your father do? 08) What does your mother do? 09) How many brothers and sisters do you have? 10) What do they do? 11) Where do you study? 12) What level are you in? 13) How much do you pay for your study? 14) What subjects do you like best? 15) What subject don’t you like? 16) Which sport(s) do you practice? 17) What are your favorite hobbies? 18) What do you like best?: (reading, writing, or) … 19) Who is your favorite personage? 20) Why do you think English will be for? 21) What would you do if you had ten million bucks? 22) What career are you studying at this institution? 23) How do you define yourself? (quiet, passive, or…) 24) Would you like to be diligent or lazy?. 25) What were you doing last Sunday night? 01) My name is Albert White Johnson. 02) I was born in Cúcuta. 03) I’m 20 years old. 04) It’s 4-30 6th Street. 05) My phone number is 7567503. 06) They are Pete Johnson and Mary White? 07) He works in a factory. 08) She works at home. She’s a housewife. 09) I have two brothers and one sister. 10) They are studying 11) I study at the university. 12) I’m in the sixth semester. 13) I pay a minimum salary a year. 14) I like Math, English and Communication 15) I don’t like Physics. 16) I practice soccer and basketball. 17) My favorite hobbies are reading and dancing 18) I like swimming 19) My favorite personage is Leonardo D’Avinci. 20) It will be for getting better jobs. 21) If I had $10.000 I would travel around the world 22) I’m studying Systems engineering here. 23) I’m a quiet, well spoken and honest person. 24) I would like to be diligent. 25) I was dancing at a party last Sunday night.15C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USING “WH” WORDSStudy guide: Pair questions and answers. Practice orally with mates. Give own answers. Create your own questions.26) What does the new queen look like? 27) Why did(n’t) you agree with the election? 28) Where will the queen go to next December? 29) What would you tell her if she were here? 30) Why will you need more information? 31) When should we begin to practice English? 32) Where can(n’t) you go on weekends now? 33) Why could(n’t) you travel to Oca?a? 34) Where may I ask you to do it? 35) What might your classmates be doing now? 36) Who must teach you how to be polite? 37) Why are the people menaced by the war? 38) What have you been studying these days? 39) Where has your father worked lately? 40) Why had we met in class every week? 41) What is there at this institute next month? 42) Why aren’t there any fruit trees here? 43) Why are you sleepy in the morning? 44) Why are you hungry at midday? 45) Where were you angry at your teachers? 46) How were you after the game? 47) Who is older than you? 48) What do you wear on Sundays? 49) What do you like to do in vacations? 50) What can we do to get the peace? 26) She is the most beautiful and nice girl in the world. 27) I agreed because she has a great personality.28) She will go to her hometown next December. 29) I would tell her that she is lovely and charming. 30) I will need it because I don’t know what to do. 31) We should begin to practice English immediately 32) I can’t go out of town on weekends now. 33) I couldn’t travel to Oca?a because it is dangerous. 34) You may I ask me to do it anywhere. 35) They might be chattering because there is no teacher. 36) The family must teach us how to be polite. 37) Because it is impossible to make the peace. 38) I have been studying grammar and vocabulary. 39) He has worked at a tile factory lately 40) We had done it because we have to discuss a task. 41) I don’t know. I’m new here 42) There aren’t any fruit trees because they were cut. 43) I’m sleepy because I have to go to study. 44) I’m hungry at midday because I work hard. 45) I was angry at my teachers in the auditorium. 46) I was too thirsty after the game. 47) My sister is older than me. 48) I wear tennis shoes, a flannel, and Bermudas. 49) I like to watch T.V. and visit my friends. 50) We can try to help others to get the peace.15D QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USING “WH” WORDSStudy guide: Pair questions and answers. Practice orally with mates. Give own answers. Create your own questions.51) What am I teaching you? 52) Where is Park Victory? 53) Where are the children playing? 54) Why was Montoya out of the run? 55) What were you doing last weekend? 56) Where do women go shopping in Cúcuta? 57) When does a child ask for help? 58) Why did Colombians begin to suffer? 59) What can you do for your country? 60) Where could you learn how to drive? 61) When will vacations take place? 62) Why would people take care on the streets? 63) What shall I inform you about English? 64) Where should policemen be at night? 65) When may I ask you to answer this test? 66) Why might all Colombians be together? 67) What do you have to do to pass this test? 68) Where have the teachers had a party? 69) When has the director spoken to the students? 70) Why had they elected a new president? 71) What did you use to do when you were ten? 72) Why isn’t German taught at this institute? 73) Where were trolleys driven in Colombia? 74) When was the vocabulary learned by you? 75) Why were all the games seen on T.V.? 51) You are teaching me how to learn by myself. 52) Park Victory is on second Av. and twelfth St. 53) They are playing in the park. 54) Because his car had the motor broken. 55) I was preparing for my tests last weekend. 56) Women go shopping to Ventura Plaza. 57) A child asks for help when he can’t do something 58) Colombians began to suffer a long time ago. 59) I can vote correctly.60) I could learn how to drive at a car school 61) Vacations will take place in June and December. 62) Because streets are dangerous because of the cars. 63) You will I inform me on how I can write it well.64) They should be on the dark streets at night 65) You may ask me to answer this test right now. 66) All of them might be together in order to have peace. 67) I have to study hard in order to pass it. 68) They have had a party at their club. 69) He has spoken to the students on Mondays. 70) They had elected him because of the Constitution. 71) I used to play and laugh when I was ten years old. 72) It isn’t taught here because there aren’t teachers. 73) They were driven in Bogotá. 74) The vocabulary was learned by us last week. 75) They were seen on it because of the rain.15E QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS USING “WH” WORDSStudy guide: Pair questions and answers. Practice orally with mates. Give own answers. Create your own questions.76) Why will it be written in English? 77) Why can’t old stories be told to kids? 78) What could be said after elections? 79) Where had votes been deposited in elections? 80) What thin has been said about politicians? 81) Where had tequila been drunk? 82) Why is there a new president in Colombia? 83) Where were there many problems? 84) When were there too many accidents? 85) How long does a car race last? 86) How much did a new taxi cost in 1970? 87) How many kinds of trees are there in Cúcuta? 88) How far is it from Cúcuta to San Antonio? 89) Which candidate did you like best? 90) Who won the presidency of Colombia? 91) Whose shoes are you wearing now? 92) How do you feel today? 93) What are you looking for? 94) Why have you called me up lately? 95) How about some more study to learn it? 96) What do you think about your classmates? 97) Why have you had your car washed lately? 98) Why has your moher visited the doctor? 99) How many words do you know in English? 100)Why have you got tired of studying English?76) Because it is for English speakers77) Because the television is absorbing them.78) It could be said “most people made a hard election”. 79) They have been deposited in the election boxes. 80) It is said that they look for their interests only.81) It had been drunk in the Mexican pubs. 82) Because the Constitution states the new election. 83) There were only a few problems during elections. 84) There were many accidents last Sunday. 85) A car race lasts about four hours. 86) I cost about two million pesos in 1970. 87) There are 2.000 kinds of trees in Cúcuta. 88) It is about ten kilometers. 89) I liked (NN). 90) (NN) won the presidency of Colombia, 2010-2014. 91) I’m wearing my own shoes. 92) I feel very well today. 93) I’m looking for a new job. 94) Because I need some information from you. 95) Sure, I’m interested in learning English. 96) I think they are very good people. 97) I have had it washed lately because it was dirty. 98) My mom has visited him because she is been sick. 99) I know (5000) words in English. 100) I have got tired of it because I haven’t had a break.16BE AND HAVE136OKBE (SER, ESTAR, TENER)HAVE (TENER)I am a farmerSoy un granjeroI have a farmTengo una granjaYou are tiredEstás cansadoYou have to restTienes que descansarHe/She/It is sickEstá enfermoHe/She/It has feverTiene fiebreWe are musiciansSomos músicosWe have instrumentsTenemos instrumentosYou are shouting(Uds) están gritandoYou have to shut up(Uds) tienen que callarseThey are richSon ricosThey have moneyTienen dineroI am not a farmerNo soy un granjero I don't have a farmNo tengo una granjaYou are not tiredNo estás cansadoYou don't have to restNo tienes que descansarHe/She/It is not sickNo está enfermoHe/She/It doesn't have feverno tiene fiebreWe are not musiciansNo somos músicosWe don't have instrumentsNo tenemos instrumentosYou are not shoutingUds no están gritandoYou don't have to shut upUds no tienen que callarseThey are not richNo son ricosThey don't have moneyNo tienen dineroAm I a farmer??Soy un granjero?Do I have a farm??Tengo una granja?Are you tired??Estás cansado?Do you have to rest??Tienes que descansar?Is he/she/it sick??Está enfermo/a?Does he/she/it have fever??Tiene fiebre?Are we musicians??Somos músicos?Do we have instruments??Tenemos instrumentos?Are you shouting? ?Están (Uds) gritando?Do you have to shut up??Tienen (Uds) que callarse?Are they rich??Son ricos (ellos)?Do they have money??Tienen (ellos) dinero?MODULO 3 EKT UFPS Students’ guideENGLISH COURSE TO HELP STUDENTS WHO WILL PRESENT THE EKT-U.F.P.S. - (ENGLISH KNOWLEDGES TEST AT THE U.F.P.S.)Council of Acad. ruling 200/6/11/07;Council of Adm.: agreement 11/5/10N° THIRD PART - CONTENTSHS/C∑/H17ADJECTIVES240OK18ADVERBS141OK19CONJUNCTIONS243OK20PREPOSITIONS346OK21DO/MAKE147OK22MODAL VERBS249OK23CONDITIONAL251OK24PHRASAL VERBS (IDIOMS)354OK25VOCABULARIES358OKFINAL TEST26017ADJECTIVES240OK17A. COMPARISONS01Cali is a beautiful Colombian city.02Medellin is larger than Cali03Bogotá is the largest city in Colombia04Barranquilla is as large as Medellin05Bucaramanga is a commercial city06Medellin is more commercial than Bucaramanga07Bogotá is the most commercial city of them all.08Medellin is beautiful09Cali is as beautiful as Medellin10Barranquilla isn’t as beautiful as Cali.11Cali isn’t so cool as Medellin.12 It’s [………] It’s […….…] than It’s the [……….]goodbetterBestbadworseWorstlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthestmuchmoremostmanymoremostgood/well - bueno, bienbetter - mejor(the) best - el mejorbad/badly - malworse - peor(the) worst - el peormuch/many - mucho/muchosmore - más(the) most - el/los máslittle - pocoless - menos(the) least - el menosfar - lejosfarther/further - más lejos(the) farthest/furthest - el más lejano17B. ADJECTIVE FORMATION: They seemed to be (...)agreeabledisagreeablesimilardissimilarafraidunafraidclearunclearfairunfairhealthyunhealthydirectindirectcompleteincompleteexistentnonexistentpoliticalnonpoliticalfaithfulunfaithfulcontinuousdiscontinuousactiveinactivenaturalunnaturalperfectimperfectselfishunselfisheducationalnoneducationalfortunateunfortunateeventfuluneventfulformalinformalrespectfuldisrespectfulpureimpurewealthyunwealthyfriendlyunfriendlybeautifulworthlessdangerousaccidentalbasicchildishdifferentpleasantcomfortablesensibleactiveimaginativecrowdedsurprisingwonderfulmarvelousordinaryeasyhardcomplicatedgoodnicesaltyhot17C. BASIC ADJECTIVES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGEafraidbadbigblackblindbluebrightbroadbrownbusycertaincleanclearcoldcooldarkdeardeepdifferentdirectdistantdoubleeasyeightelectricfairfamousfatfirstfiveforeingfourfreshfullgentlegladgoodgreatgreenhappyhardheavyhighhothumblehungryillkindlargeleftlittlelongloudlowmadmiddlenecessarynervousnewniceoldonepleasantpoorpossibleprettyprobableproudpublicpurequickquietreadyrealredrichsadsafesecondsevenshortsicksimplesinglesixslowsmallsoftsorryspecialstraightstrangestrongsweettalktalltenthickthinthirdthreetwelvetwentytwowarmweakwhitewidewildwiseworthwrongyellowyoungnextsurehalfimportantforwardhumandeaddueequalpastperfect 17D. BASIC ADJECTIVES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGEAwake – despiertoAsleep - dormidoFat - gordoThin - flacoBeautiful – hermosoUgly - feoFull - llenoEmpty - vacíoBig - grandeSmall - peque?oGlad - contentoSad - tristeBitter - amargoSweet - dulceGood - buenoBad - maloBlack - negroWhite - blancoHappy - felizSorry - apenadoCareful - cuidadosoCareless - descuidadoHard - duroSoft - blandoDark - oscuroLight - claroHealthy - saludableSick - enfermoDead - muertoAlive - vivoHeavy - pesadoLight - livianoDeep - profundoShallow - superficialHigh - altoLow - bajoDifficult - difícilEasy - fácilHot - calienteCold - fríoDirty - sucioClean - limpioInteresting - interesanteBoring - aburridoDrunk - borrachoSober - sobrioLate - tardeEarly - tempranoExpensive - caroCheap - baratoLong - largoShort - cortoFar - lejanoNear - cercanoSimple - simpleComplex - complejoNew - nuevoOld - viejoSingle - solteroMarried - casadoOn - encendidoOff - apagadoStraight - derechoCrooked - torcidoPast - pasadoFuture - futuroStrong - fuerteWeak - débilPolite - cortés, atentoRude - groseroTall - altoShort - bajoRich - ricoPoor - pobreThick - gruesoThin - delgadoRight - derechoLeft - izquierdoTrue - verdaderoFalse - falsoRight - correctoWrong - equivocadoUseful - útilUseless - inútilRough - ásperoSmooth - suave, lisoWarm - cálidoCool - frescoSafe - seguroDangerous - peligrosoWet - mojadoDry - secoSame - mismoDifferent - diferenteWide - anchoNarrow - angostoFast - rápidoSlow - lentoYoung - jovenOld - viejo18ADVERBS141OKCOMMON ENGLISH ADVERBSHe’s working [.............]Place: here, there, near, far, far from, inside, out, out of, up, down, ahead, in back of, over, under, behindTime:I work [...] I worked [...] I will work[...] I’m working[...]today, yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow, last night, now, before, after, then late, early, soon, always, never, seldom, rarely, frequently, usually, ever, sometimes, often, recently, already, yet, every month, every week, every year, last month, next week, next time, now and then, in an hour, every other day.MoodHe works [...] He worked [...] He will work [...] He’s working [...]well, badly, better, slowly, promptly, correctly, gladly, foolishly, weekly, monthly, perfectly, sadly, softly, suddenly, plainly, happily, formally, daily, instantly, yearlyQuantityHow much paper did you buy? How many papers did you buy?much, a little, a few, more, less, enough, nothing, some everything, something, many, a lot of, lots of, plenty, a great deal. Orderfirst, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, successively, respectively, lately, (the) former, (the) latteryes, also, certainly, sure, surely, effectively, no, nor, clearly, neither, either, never, maybe, perhaps18B. STRUCTURE OF ADVERBS IN ENGLISHbad, badly/ quick, quickly/ luxurious, luxuriously/ public, publicly/ faithful, faithfully/ cheap, cheaply/ easy, easily/ true, truly/ sad, sadly/ probable, probably/ honest, honestly/ happy, happily/ nice, nicely/ beautiful, beautifully/ changeable, changeably/ perfect, perfectly/19CONJUNCTIONS AND OTHER FUNCTION WORDS243OK19. CONJUNCTIONSandThey were drinking and laughing.butHe likes to do everything but study.forHe went there for he was thirsty.orWould you like to speak about Lucy or Fanny?norI’d neither speak about Lucy nor Fanny.soHe didn’t call me up, so I called him up.yetWe haven’t finished our study yet.19B. DETERMINANTStheThese are the basic function words in English.aThis is a very important exercise.anThat is an interesting practice.myThose are my university books.yourWhere’s your teacher’s signature?hisWhich are his technical works?herWhy is her decision unimportant?itsWhen is its library open?ourHow are our letters delivered?theirHow long are their kids going to be here)thisThis experiment is very hard.thatWhich structure shows that engineer?theseDid you plan these operations?thoseCould you attend those organizations?eachWould each one produce a larger amount? everyDoes every company build up a bridge?noWe have no time to lose.bothHave both subjects been studied?someSome people do not like to take trips.anyShould any technician be invited to the forum?allAll of them like to investigate in their fieldmanyMany electricians work in the country.muchDo you eat much food at night?fewVery few people go to the university in Colombia.severalSeveral nurses teach special programs in Cúcuta.eitherDon’t forget to take either this map or the other.neitherNeither this lawyer nor the other were right.moreShall we need more experiments?mostMost people lose lots of time doing nothing.19C. INTENSIFIERSveryIt is very important that you know yourself.quiteWe were quite tired after such a work.somewhatIt is somewhat difficult to be used.ratherIt is rather easy to learn a language.prettyIt could be pretty well understood.mightyThey were mighty important for everyone.littleDo you feel a little better now?soThey have so little time to study that subject.tooLife in Cúcuta is too expensive.moreWe have to get more money for living.mostIt is the most beautiful place in the world.lessIndians and farmers shouldn’t be less important.leastTallness is the least important thing.enoughThis climate is good enough for living things.19D. SUBORDINATESAfterYou shouldn’t play after lunch.althoughHe came although he didn’t want to.asDoes every man speak as he thinks?As ifSome people pretend to live as if they were rich.becauseYou are here because you want to succeed.beforeYou have to get money before you plan to go.howDo you know how to speak in French?ifWould you travel if you had money?providedYou will get a degree provided you pass the test.sinceHe hadn’t studied English since he was sixteen.thanIt is bigger than you think.thatThe books that he bought weren’t new.thoughHe got the money, though he didn’t work for it.untilDo not leave until you are told to.whatIt wasn’t what I told you to do.whenThey were reading when she arrived.wheneverYou can drive it whenever you wish to.whereThere is where it was done.whichThis is the university which he preferred.whereasHe’s responsible, whereas his sister isn’t.whicheverSelect the car whichever you like best.whileI was flying while they were sailing.whoThat is the man who plays the guitar.whoeverIt isn’t true whoever said so.whomThose are for whom he was working.whoseThat is the boy whose father won a lottery.19E. SENTENCE CONNECTORSthereforeThey went to the movies; therefore, John couldn’t see them.accordinglyIt was locked. They, accordingly, with it left at once.alsoGasoline was increased. They also increased all other prices.at leastIt’s difficult to be obtained. At least we must get one.besidesHe doesn’t come on time, besides, he forgets everything.consequentlyHe was a bad employee, consequently, he was fired.for exampleIt is easy to be understood if, for example, you speak slowly.furthermoreThey couldn’t paint the wall and, furthermore, they shouldn’t.henceThe computer was out of order; hence, the answers were wrong.howeverHe was a tennis player; however, he couldn’t play table tennis.indeedThey were in the farm, indeed, they forced to work therein additionThey lost a lot of money, in addition to it, there was an accident.in factThey were published. They were, in fact, very good.moreoverShe is a fast typist, moreover, she is diligent.neverthelessThe tests were given; nevertheless, nobody answered them.thenThey were stated, and then they could take right decisions.thusIt was settled so, thus, no one can change it.19F. INTERROGATIVE WORDSwhatWhat is the importance of the university?whereWhere was the meeting taking place?whenWhen is the party going to be over?whyWhy would you like to go there?HowHow could you do it again?whichWhich career do you like best?whoseWhose house are you going to buy?who(m)Who(m) did you visit yesterday?whoWho visited you?20PREPOSITIONS346OKaboutAcerca deThis guide is about English structures.abovePor encima de The university is above high school.acrossA través deWe walked across the International Bridge.afterDespués deStudy one word after another.againstContraPrepare yourself against any adversity.alongA lo largo deBe yourself along your pass over this planetamongEn medio deThere are many thinkers among ColombiansaroundAlrededor deLet’s take a trip around our country.atEnWe are at the university.beforeAntesMake plans before you start anything.behindDetrás deYou can’t stay behind others, go ahead.belowPor debajo deThe temperature in Cúcuta isn’t below 30°C.beneathPor debajo deYour words must not be beneath your thought.besideAl lado deThe Erasmos Meoz Hospital is beside the I.S.S.besidesAdemás deDid you study another career besides this one?betweenEntreLa Don Juana is between Cúcuta and PamplonabeyondMás allá deIs the moon beyond man’s reach now?byPorHamlet was written by William Shakespeare.despiteA pesar deYou will learn English despite its problems.downAbajoLet’s go down the river.duringDuranteHave a break during your workforPor, paraYou should be learning for yourselffromDe, desdeWhere are you from?inEn, dentro deBusiness used to be the main occupation here.insideDentro de Have you ever been inside a theater for plays?intoDentro deChange your sorrows into happiness by workinglikeComoLife is like a chess game, isn’t it?nearCerca deThere is a hospital near U.F.P.S.ofDeWe all are part of the education system.offFueraIn december you are off your studies and work.onEnSt. Joseph Cathedral is on fifth avenue.ontoSobreThe seed were spread onto the dessert.overPor encima deJets fly over this beautiful city Cúcuta.sinceDesdeU.F.P.S. has been functioning since 1962.throughA través deUFPS has grown through the work of people.throughoutEn todoIt is well known throughout the country.till-untilHastaRead carefully till (until) you understand.towardHaciaYou are going toward a better future.underDebajo deYour percentage can’t be under 64%upArrivaClimb up any stairs, step by step.uponSobreDon’t climb upon the clouds of your dreams.withConDo you live in peace with yourself?withinDentro deSan Antonio is within 10 kms from Cúcuta.withoutsinYou cannot go ahead without others.21DO/MAKE147OK21A. DO/MAKE Mrs. Jones is a housewife - La se?ora Jones es una ama de casaShe has to do the houseworkElla tiene que hacer el trabajo de la casaShe has to make the bedsElla tiene que hacer las camasShe has to do the cookingElla tiene que cocinarShe has to make breakfastElla tiene que hacer el desayunoShe has to do the washing upElla tiene que fregar los platosShe has to make lunchElla tiene que hacer el almuerzoShe has to do the washing/the laundryElla tiene que lavar la ropa suciaShe has to make dinnerElla tiene que hacer la cenaShe has to do the shoppingElla tiene que hacer las comprasShe has to make coffee/teaElla tiene que hacer café/téShe has to do the ironingElla tiene que planchar la ropaShe has to make a cakeElla tiene que hacer un tortaShe has to do the dustingElla tiene que quitar el polvo a las cosasShe has to make sure that the house is in orderElla tiene que asegurarse que la casa esté en orden21B. DO/MAKE Mr. Jones is a businessman - El se?or Jones es un empresarioHe is doing business with important companies?l está haciendo negocios con firmas importantesHe would like to make a long trip/journeyLe gustaría hacer un largo viajeHe is doing well in his jobVa bien en su trabajoHis employees make fun of himSus empleados se burlan de élHe does his best to improve his companyHace lo mejor que puede para mejorar su empresaHe has to make a speech for a meeting Tiene que hacer un discurso para una reunión He is making a lot of moneyEstá haciendo un montón de dineroHis secretary makes appointments for himSu secretaria arregla citas para él He is making a fortuneEstá haciendo una fortunaShe also makes telephone calls and reservationsTambién hace llamadas telefónicas y reservasHe doesn't like to make mistakesNo le gusta equivocarseHe says that his employees make trouble?l dice que sus empleados causan problemasSometimes he makes a fuss when something goes wrongAlgunas veces arma un lío cuando algo sale malHe also says that women make a lot of noiseTambién dice que las mujeres hacen mucho ruidoHe rarely makes jokes Casi nunca hace chistesHe often makes a fool of himselfA menudo se pone en ridículoHe doesn't have much time to make friendsNo tiene mucho tiempo para hacer amigosHe makes use of his authority to threaten peopleUtiliza su autoridad para amenazar a las personasHe is making an effort to increase salesEstá haciendo un esfuerzo para aumentar las ventasSome of his decisions don't make senseAlgunas de sus decisiones no tienen sentido21C DO/MAKE other examplesJohn is doing badly at school (he is not doing well)John no va bien en la escuela He doesn't like to do his homework - No le gusta hacer su tareaThe hurricane did a lot of damage in the areaEl huracán causó mucho da?o en la zonaThe policeman was doing his duty when he arrested the thiefEl policía estaba cumpliendo con su deber cuando arrestó al ladrónMary did her hair and her face and left for the partyMary se peinó, se maquilló y salió para la fiesta"Can you do me a favor ?" - ?Me puedes hacer un favor?"I want to make a complaint about the service in this hotel"Quiero presentar una queja sobre el servicio en este hotelThe man and the woman were making love in the back seat of their carEl hombre y la mujer estaban haciendo el amor en el asiento trasero de su autoJohnny made a mess in his room - Johnny hizo un desorden en su cuartoBill made his way to the university - Bill se dirigió a la universidadJane made an excuse and left - Jane se disculpó y se marchó"What are you doing here?" - ?Qué estás haciendo aquí?22MODAL VERBS (helping verbs with another verb)249OKMODALS (A) USO EjemplosTraducción y explicaciónExpresarhabilidadShe can read in FrenchShe could read when she was fourShe was able to read French storiesElla lee en FrancésElla sabía leer cuando tenía cuatro a?osElla podía leer cuentos en FrancésPedir y darPermisoCan I go out, teacher?Could you turn on the T.V.?You may leave nowPuedo salir, profe? (Uso común)Puedes encender la T.V? (Uso popular)Puedes salir ahora. (Uso popular)PreguntarCan you erase the board, please?Could you erase the board, please?Puede borrar el tablero (Poco cortés)Podrías borrar el tablero (Más cortés)ExpresarNecesidadYou have to go to bed nowYou have got to go to bed now.He had to go to bed earlyYou must go to bed nowYou must run or you’ll be lateDebes irte a dormirTienes que irte a dormirTuvo que acostarse tempranoDebes acostarte yaDebes apresurarte o llegarás tarde(con poder sobre otro=must)ExpresarcarenciaYou don’t have to leave until 8:00She didn’t have to write lettersNo tienes que irte sino hasta las 8:00Ella no tuvo que escribir cartas.DarconsejoYou should study every day.You ought to study every dayHe shouldn’t have brought thatHe ought not to have brought that.Deberías estudiar todos los díasTu tienes que estudiar todos los días.El no debería haber traído eso.El no tenía que haber traído eso.(Se usan para acciones (in/correctas) DarOrdenesYou mustn’t smoke so much. You must take care of your healthYou are not to be outYou are to be hereNo debes fumar tanto.Debes cuidar tu salud.No debes estar afuera.Debes estar aquíExpresarcertidumbreE imposibilidadHe has played all day. He must be tiredHe has not played. He can’t be tired.She is not at school. She must have gone home.El ha jugado todo el día. Debe estar cansado.El no ha jugado. No puede estar cansado.Ella no esta en el colegio. Debe haberse ido a casa.Must y can’t son opuestos en significado.Hablando delFuturoIt will rain tonight. I shall invite you when we have made some moneyLloverá esta anoche.Te invitaré cuando hayamos ganado más dinero.(Will es más común que shall. Shall es usado familiarmente solo con (I y WE)ExpresarPosibilidadIt may rain tonightIt might rain tonightPuede que llueva esta noche. (+)Podría llover esta noche. (-)Hablar delpasadoI used to play pebbles when I was a boy.We would rarely stay out at nightYo jugaba canicas cuando era ni?o.Rara vez estaríamos afuera de nocheMODALS (B)(not) --- (n’t)PreguntasDescribiendo lo que alguien dijoCanHe can not speak GermanHe can’t speak GermanCan he speak German?He said he could speak GermanCouldI couldn’t swimwhen I was a little girlCould you swimWhen you were a little girl?She said she could swim when she was a little girlMayYou may not go to the river today.May I go to the river?I said you may not goMightWe might not be at homeWhere might they be?They said they might stay at the hotel.ShallWe shall not work on SaturdayShall we go to work on Saturday?He said we should go to the park on Saturday.MustThey must not walkMust they walk now?She said they must walk now.Have toYou don’t have to studyDo you have to study?I said you have to studyAre toYou aren’t to leave your workAre you to leave your work?He said they were to leave their workShouldHe should visit the doctorShould he visit the doctor?I said you should visit the doctor.Ought toYou ought not to teach there.Ought you to teach there?They said you ought to teach thereWillIt won’t be a sunny dayWill it a sunny day?I said it wouldn’t be a sunny dayUsed toI didn’t use to smoke at the officeDid you use to smoke at the office?She said she used to smoke at home.WouldI would not come back tomorrowWould you come back tomorrow?He said I wouldn’t come back tomorrow23CONDITIONAL251OKType I PresentWill / can / may / must + V1If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrowSi está ocupado ahora, regresaré ma?anaIf I have time, I'll visit my parents this afternoonSi tengo tiempo, visitaré a mis padres esta tardeIf it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beachSi está caluroso ma?ana, iremos a la playaIf it is cold, you must wear warm clothesSi está frío, debes usar ropa abrigadaType II PastWould / could / might + V1If I were in Brazil, I would go to Río de JaneiroSi yo estuviese en Brasil, iría a Río de JaneiroIf I were you, I would buy that carSi yo fuera vos, compraría ese autoIf he were in my place, he wouldn't do thisSi él estuviese en mi lugar, no haría estoIf I had more money, I would buy a nice appartmentSi yo tuviese más dinero, me compraría un lindo apartamentoType III Past Perfect Would / could / might + have V3If I had seen him, I would have told him about youSi lo hubiese visto, le habría contado acerca de tiIf I had known the answer, I would have raised my handSi hubiese sabido la respuesta, habría levantado mi manoIf she had come on Saturday, I would have seen herSi ella hubiese venido el sábado, la habría vistoIf they had left earlier, they would have arrived on timeSi ellos hubiesen salido más temprano, habrían llegado a tiempoHabitual PresentPresentIf I have time, I usually go to the moviesSi tengo tiempo, generalmente voy al cineIf she eats hamburgers, she gets an allergySi ella come hamburguesas, le da alergia.If they come here, they always bring a presentSi ellos vienen aquí, siempre traen un regaloIf she doesn't know the answer, she keeps silentSi ella no sabe la respuesta, se mantiene en silencioImperative PresentImperativeIf they are busy, don't disturb themSi ellos están ocupados, no los molestesIf it is raining, please bring me my umbrellaSi está lloviendo, por favor, traéme mi paraguasIf she phones, don't tell her I was hereSi ella llama, no le digas que estuve aquíIf you don't want to go, don't goSi no querés ir, no vayas24PHRASAL VERBS (IDIOMS)354OK24A. SOME BASIC COMMON IDIOMS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE(Meanings can change)Above allpor encima de todoGet inentrarAs tocon respecto aGet lostperderseAs usualcomo de costumbreGet offbajarse de (bus)As yettodavíaGet onsubirse a (bus)At alldel todoGet outsalirAt firstal comienzoGet overterminarAt lastal finalGet readyestar listoAt leastpor lo menosGet rid ofdeshacerseAt onceinmediatamenteGet throughterminarAt timesa vecesGet togetherreunirseBe uphallarseGet uplevantarseBe used upestar desgastadoGet used tosolerBlow upexplotarGive awayregalarBreak downromperGive incederBreak offinterrumpirGive outrepartirBring aboutocurrirGive placedar lugarBring outproducirGive updarse por vencidoCall forsolicitarGo oncontinuarCall offcancelarGo wrongequivocarseCall uptelefonearHand inentregarCheck uprevisarHave gotconseguirCome aboutocurrirHave in handtener a manoCome awaydesprenderseHave ontenerCome backregresrRight awayinmediatamentCome insigaI had a suit made.tenia un trajeCome onvamosI have a suit made.tengo un trajeCross outtacharI have to gotengo que irCut offcortarIn a hurryde prisaCut outeliminarIn timea tiempoDo overhacerIt’s cold.hace frioFall throughfracasarIt’s earlyes tempranoFind outhallarIt’s hot.hace calorFor goodpara siempreIt’s late.es tardeGet alongllevarsela bienIt’s one o’clockla una en puntoGet backregresarIt’s up to youdepende de ud.24B. SOME BASIC COMMON IDIOMS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE(Meanings can change)Keep backretenerRight awayinmediatamenteKeep in mindtener en menteSee aboutverKeep onseguirSet forthexponerKeep outmantenerse afueraSo farhasta la presenteKeep out ofprohibir entradaTake a walkcaminarLook forbuscarTake advantagetomar ventajaLook intoexaminarTake afterparecerse aLook overrevisarTake apartsepararLook upmejorarTake care ofcuidarMake clearaclararTake offquitarseMake goodcumplirTake onasumirMake outdistiinguirTake outsacarMake uphacerTake overocuparMake up your mindhaga su voluntadTake partparticiparMix upmesclarTake part inparticiparNow and againuna y otra vezTake placetener lugarNow and thende vez en cuandoTake turnsturnarseOff and onde vez en cuandoTake uptomarOn purposea propósitoTake up withllevarsela conOn the wholedel todoTalk overdiscutirOn timea tiempoThere arehayOnce in a whilede vez en cuandoThere ishayOut of orderfuera de usoThere washabíaOver and overuna y otra vezThere werehabíaPick outseleccionarThrow awaybotarPick uprecogerThrow outsacarPoint outse?alarTime is overse acabo el tiempoPut awaybotarTime is upse acabo el tiempoPut offcancelarTo be (x) years old.tener (x) a?osPut offapagarTo be angry.estar enojadoPut onponerseTo be hungrytener hambrePut outapagarTo be overacabarPut togetherreunirTo be thirstytener sedPut upterminarTry onprobarseQuite a fewunos pocosTurn offapagarWear outdesgastarUp to datehasta la presente24C. (TEXTS) USING SOME BASIC COMMON IDIOMS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Meanings can change) The use of phrasal verbs (or idioms) (or two or more word verbs) is above all a very common way of expressing in English. The idioms have different meanins. You can say “Please take off your hat” or “The plane can’t take off because of the rain”. In the first case it referes to uncover the head and the second one about a plane that can’t start its flight. At first it is a little difficult but with at least a couple of hours of practice you will be ready to use them properly. I think you are getting ready for this practice. I advice you not to break down your studies easily. If you give up you won’t learn a lot. Don’t be afraid of going wrong, nobody is perfect. If you have a list of words or sentences for study you can cross out those you are understanding.Any how it’s up to you to learn. You got to get along well with your mates. You have to be in time for your practices. Don’t say it’s too hot or it’s too cold for not doing what you should do. Keep in mind the importance of getting the knowledges in grammar competences. If there are words you don?t know you better look for them in a good dictionary. You can make up many things if you have the decision for it. Make up your mind but don’t offend any one. Remember that your rights end where those of your neighbor begins. On purpose, you should practice more hours at home by yourself, take part in the role of playing dramas with your classmates and friends. You should take up with every one, that is a good rule of politeness. Point out the significance of knowing a second language. Don’t put out the flame of you interest, put on the suit of hard work.What things do you do in a common day? You wake up at five in the morning, then yo get up and go to take a shower. You brush your teeth, and then you get dressed. Go down the stairs to the dining room and have breakfast in a hurry because you?re late and have to get on a bus to go to your work. Near your office you get off the bus and walk in a hurry to your office. There you sit down at your desk and jot down the objectives of the day. You call up your secretay and ask her to digit some letters and have them sent by mail as soon as possible. You are working hard the entire morning and by midday you are to come back home for eating and resting. You get home and take off your clothes, watch news on T.V. and go to the dining room for having lunch. Before two in the afternoon you go back to your work to finish the journey. At the office you pick up the correspondence and read it all. Put apart the important ones and throw away the others. By five in the afternoon you have a break and go to the self-service restaurant for having some tea or cold drink. Buy the newspaper and read the profit-making news bulletin. It doesn't matter by if you haven’t understood yet this practice. Never mind, you will be able to get it. Of course! You have to work hard or you are wrong with your decitions. Don’t forget to check in and out your activities in the schedule. You are heading for abetter comprehension of this language. Do you mind if I open up your spirit for working? If you don't care for any of these experiences you won?t go ahead. Hold on! Don't hang up the interest of your imagination. If you've got a terrible headache you should have a break and have a pill.25VOCABULARIES358OK25A. GENERAL VOCABULARY BRUSH UP (1a)CARDINAL NUMBERS: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty; twenty one, twenty two, twenty three, twenty four, twenty five, twenty six, twenty seven, twenty eight, twenty nine, thirty: Ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, [one] hundred; [one] thousand; [one] hundred thousand; [one] millionORDINAL NUMBERS: first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth; twenty first, twenty second, twenty third, twenty fourth, twenty fifth, twenty sixth, twenty seventh, twenty eighth, twenty ninth, thirtieth; Tenth, twentieth, thirties, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth, [one] hundredth; [one] thousandth, [one] millionth, TIME: Clock, hour hand, minute hand, face, watch, o’clock, 9 to 10 , nine five, five past nine; Morning, afternoon, midday, midnight, night, quarter, half, noon, [3:45] what time is it? (It’s three forty five) (It’s a quarter to four) Now, yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last month, next year, last weekend, on Sunday, in the winter, in December, the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow; Frequency: ever, never, always, seldom, rarely, usually; Weather: (Freezing, cold, temperate, hot); winter, autumn, spring, summerPLACES: at home, in the office, at the restaurant, at the hotel, in the hospital, in the garage, at the university, at the drugstore, in the supermarket, at the mall, in the church, at the cinema, at the theater, in the parking place, at the bus station, at the airport, at the bus terminal, downtown, in the swimming pool, in the river, in the library, in the room, in the classroom, in the school coliseum, in the kitchen, in the living room, in the bathroom, in the bedroom, in the yard, in the patio, in the kitchen, on the street, in the avenue, in the park. CALENDAR: Days: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, SundayMonths; January, February, March, June, July, August, September, October, November, December; Holidays: 1st of May (Labor day), 25th of December (Christmas day), 1st of November (All saints day), 20th of July (Independence day), 12th of October (Discovery of America), 7th of August (Boyaca’s battle), 6th of January (Kings day), April (Holly week)SHAPES: Cube, square, triangle, rectangle, circle, oval, ellipse, cylinder sphere, Long, depth, height, side, width, length, diagonal, circumference, diameter, radius, parallel, spiral, perpendicular, hypotenuse, MONEY: Dollar, dime, quarter, cent, penny, nickel, traveler’s check, money order, credit card, debit card, teller, bank, bank vault, deposit, cash machine, withdrawal slip; euro, dollar.GEOGRAPHY DESCRIPTIONS: Forest, lake, meadow, mountain, valley, waterfall, rapids, hill, field, stream, pond, plateau, cliff, canyon, river, dam, desert, dune, jungle, seashore, bay, ocean, island, road, street, avenue, diagonal, gulf, map, globe, atlas, state, city, town, village, peak, snow crested, oasis, sea, ocean, POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY: America, south America, Europe, north America, Asia, Africa, England, United States, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Canada, Japan, China, India, WORKERS, ARTISTS, AND PROFESSIONALS: Actor, actress, artist, model, painter, cartoonist, pianist, singer, Architect, computer programmer, lawyer, accountant, pilot, teacher, translator, Pharmacist, veterinarian, scientist, doctor, pediatrician, nurse, dentist, journalist, Assembler, baker, barber, bookkeeper, bricklayer, bus driver, butcher, carpenter, cashier, chef, cook, construction worker, messenger, custodian, data processor, delivery person, electrician, farmer, firefighter, fireman, fisherman, foreman, gardener, mechanic, newscaster, photographer, plumber, police officer, real estate agent, receptionist, repairman, salesman, seamstress, secretary, security guard, clerk, tailor, taxi driver, travel agent, waiter, welder, car dealer, typist, hunter, window washer, sanitation worker, truck driver, welder, florist, secretary, teller, hairdresser, barber, tailor, customer, shopper, cashier, cash registerEMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL STATES: Tired, sleepy, exhausted, active, hot, cold, hungry, thirsty, full, sick, ill, happy, sad, unhappy, pleased, displeased, disappointed, upset, annoyed, frustrated, angry, mad furious, disgusted, surprised, shocked, nervous, worried, scared, afraid, bored, proud, embarrassed, ashamed, jealous, confused, miserable, determined, shy, suspicious, introverted, extroverted, RELATIVES (family): Great grand father (mother), grand father(mother), father, mother, brother, grand (children/son/daughter/), sister, uncle, aunt, son, daughter, cousin, nephew, husband, wife, father/mother/son/daughter-in-lawTHE BODY: Face, hair, eye, ear, nose, mouth, lip, chin, chest, stomach, arm, forearm, writs, hand, finger, thumb, nail, leg, thigh, knee, shin, foot, toe, head, neck, back, shoulder, upper arm, elbow, waist, hip, buttocks, palm calf, ankle, heel, forehead, temple, eyebrow eyelid, eyelash, pupil cheek,. Mustache, tooth, beard, tongue, brain, artery, vein, throat, lung, heart, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, tissue, boneSUPERMARKET: Check-out area, , checkbook, groceries, packer, bag, sack, frozen (vegetables-dinner, juice-meat-chicken), yogurt, cheese, eggs, margarine, butter, milk, canned goods, bacon, roast, pork chops, chicken, roaster, ground meat, steak, lamb chops, fish, shrimp, bread, cereal cookies, crackers, macaroni, rice, peas; Steak, baked potatoes, roast beef, stuffed tomatoes, pork chops, spaghettis, meatballs, roast chicken, baked beans, hero sandwich, roast beef sandwich, pizza, fried squid, fried chicken, potato chips, tortilla chips, pretzels, popcorn, peanuts, candy bar, chewing gum donut, milk shake, hamburger, hot dog, French fries, onion rings, mustard, ketchup relish, pickles; (Tomato-orange-papaya-custard apple-strawberries-pineapple-cucumber-watermelon)juice; Apple, pear, grapes, kiwis, mango, coconuts, avocado, banana, nectarines, plums, cherries, apricots, lemons, limes, grapefruits, oranges, pineapples, papayas, peaches, strawberries, raspberries, watermelon, custard apple, pineapple, peaches, apple pie, chocolate cake, ice cream, jelly; Lettuce, green onions, radish, watercress, tomatoes, cucumbers, celery, (yellow-green-red) pepper, potatoes, (red-pearl) onions, cauliflower, spinach, garlic, (green-string) beans, eggplants, asparagus, broccoli, ginger, cabbage; Coffee, Chocolate, tea, milk, juice, soft drink, soda, lemonade, beer, whisky, syrup, water ADJECTIVES: Afraid, bad, big, black, blind, blue, bright, broad, brown, busy, certain, clean, clear, cold, cool, dark, dear, deep, different, direct, distant, double, easy, eight, electric, fair, famous, fat, first, five, foreign, four, fresh, full, gentle, glad, good, great, green, happy, hard, heavy, height, high, hot, humble, hungry, ill, kind, large, left, little, long, loud, low, mad, middle, necessary, nervous, new, nice, old, one, pleasant, poor, possible, pretty, probable, proud, public, pure, quick, quiet, ready, real, red, rich, sad, safe, second, seven, short, sick, simple, single, six, slow, small, soft, sorry, special, straight, strange, strong, sweet, talk, tall, ten, thick, thin, third, three, twelve, twenty, two, warm, weak, white, wide, wild, wise, worth, wrong, yellow, young, next, sure, half, important, forward, human, dead, due, equal, past, perfectNOUNS: Account, age, air, amount, anger, animal, apple, arm, army, art, article, baby, bag, ball, bandit, bank, basket, battle, bay, bean, bear, beauty, bed, bell, bill, bird, bit, blood, board, boat, body, bone, book, bottom, box, boy, branch, bread, bridge, brother, bug, building, bus, business, butter, cake, captain, car, case, cent, center, century, chain, chair, chance, Character, chief, child, children, church, circle, city, class, clock, cloth, clothes, cloud, club, coal, coat, college, color, command, company, condition, corn, corner, country, course, cup, daughter, day, deal, decision, degree, dinner, doctor, dog, dollar, door, duty, ear, earth, east, edge, effort, egg, enemy, evening, experience, eye, face, fact, fall, family, farm, father, favor, feet, fellow, fence, field, finger, floor, flower, food, fool, foot, force, forest, friend, front, fruit, future, game, garden, gate, general, gentlemen, gift, girl, glass, god, good-bye, grain, grave, gravy, group, gun, hair, hall, hat, head, health, heart, heaven, hill, history, hole, home, honor, horse, hour, house, hundred, husband, ice, idea, inch, income, industry, interest, iron, island, job, journey, joy, king, kiss, kitchen, knee, lady, lake, land, law, leg, length, letter, life, line, lip, lord, loss, lot, machine, mail, man, manner, march, market, master, material, matter, measure, meat, meeting, member, men, method, mile, milk, mill, million, mind, minute, modern, moment, money, month, moon, morning, mother, mountain, mouth, Mr., Mrs., mud, music, name, nation, nature, neck, neighbor, news, night, nine, noise, noon, north, nose, note, number, object, ocean, office, oil, opinion, order, page, pain, pair, paper, part, party, peace, people, period, person, picture, piece, plain, pleasure, point, position, post, president, price, problem, purpose, quarter, queen, question, race, reason, result, rifle, rim, river, road, rock, room, rose, round, row, salt, scene, school, sea, season, seat, seed, sense, service, shade, shape, ship, shirt, shoe, shop, shore, shot, shoulder, side, sight, sign, silver, sister, size, skin, sky, soil, soldier, son, song, soul, south, space, spirit, spot, square, St., star, station, stock, stone, storm, story, stream, street, strength, sugar, suit, summer, sun, system, table, tail, taste, thing, thousand, time, top, town, trade, train, tree, trip, trouble, true, trust, uncle, valley, value, view, village, voice, wagon, wall, war, water, way, weather, week, weight, west, wheat, wheel, wife, wind, window, wing, winter, woman, women, wood, word, world, yard, year, care, fancy, fine, today, tomorrow, yesterday, self, cause, change, charge, cook, date, delight, demand, desire, device, doubt, dream, dress, dust, end, fear, fight, figure, fish, fly, hand, heat, hope, join, judge, lie, light, list, mark, miss, need, notice, pass, place, plan, plant, power, pray, present, press, rain, rule, shout, show, sort, sound, spring, state, step, store, strike, subject, success, supply, surprise, tie, travel, visit, wave.ADVERBS: able, almost, already, also, always, away, beat, best, better, early, especially, fast, likely, lonely, often, once, only, perhaps, soon, alone, ever, never, always, rarely, seldom, usually, frequently, late, well, bad, happily, sadly, honestly, proudly, properlyVERBS: abort, accept, act, add, admit, advance, agree, allow, am, answer, appear, are, arrive, ask, attempt, be, became, become, been, began, begin, being, believe, belong, bless, blow, born, break, breath, bring, broken, brought, build, built, burn, buy, call, came, can, can’t, carry, catch, caught, choose, come, complete, consider, contain, continue, cost, could, cut, dance, dare, decide, declare, destroy, did, die, discover, divide, do , does, done, dry, eat, enjoy, enter, escape, expect, explain, express, fail, feed, feel, fell, fill, find, finish, fix, follow, forget, found, free, gain, gather, gave, get, give, given, go, gone, got, govern, grew, ground, grow, guard, guess, had, hang, happen, has, have, hear, heard, held, hold, hunt, hurry, hurt, include, is, jump, keep, kept, kill, knew, know, known, laugh, lay, lead, learn, lease, leave, led, let, listen, live, look, lose, lost, made, make, marry, may, mean, meet, met, might, move, pick, prepare, prove, pull, put, raise, ran, reach, read, realize, receive, remain, remember, reply, require, roll, run, rush, sat, save, saw, say, see, seek, seem, seen, sell, send, sent, separate, serve, set, settle, shake, shall, share, shine, should, sing, sit, sleep, sold, speak, spend, spoke, spread, start, stick, stood, stop, suffer, suppose, take, taken, teach, tear, tell, thank, think, threw, throw, told, took, try, understand, vary, wait, walk, want, was, wash, watch, wear, went, were, will, won’t, wonder, would, write, pay, close, please, control, count, cover, cross, crowd, cry, drink, drive, drop, felt, fire, firm, fit, form, guide, help, hit, increase, lift, love, must, offer, open, ought, paint, play, produce, promise, report, rest, return, rise, sail, smile, smoke, snow, stand, stay, study, thought, touch, turn, use, wish, workFUNCTION WORDS: a, about, above, according to, across, after, again, against, ago, all, along, although, among, an, and, another, any, around, as, at, back, because, before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond, both, but, by, down, during, each, either, else, enough, even,. Ever, every, few, from, further, he, her, here, him, his, how, however, I, if, in, indeed, instead, into, it, its, just, last, late, least, less, many, e, mine, more, most, much, my, near, neither, never, no, none, nor, not, nothing, now, oh, or, other, our, quite, rather, same, several, she, since, so, some, still, such, sudden, than, that, the, their, them, then, there, therefore, these, they, this, those, though, through, till, together, too, toward, until, us, usual, very, we, what, when, where, whether, which, while, who, whole, whom, whose, why, with, within, without, you, your, far, well, yes, yet, hello, except, for, of, off, on, out, outside, over, to, under, up, upon, own,PRONOUNS: I, you, he she, it, we, you, they; me, you, him her, it, us, you, them; mine, yours, his hers, Its, ours, yours, theirs; myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves; POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [a]EnglishEspa?olGood morningBuen día, buenos díasGood afternoonBuenas tardesGood eveningBuenas noches (saludar)Good nightBuenas noches (al despedirse)Good byeChauSo long!Hasta luego!Hi (Hello)!Hola!How are you??Cómo estás?How are you doing??Cómo te va?I am well (fine), thank youEstoy bien, graciasWhere are you from??De dónde es Ud?What do you do??Qué hace Ud? ?A qué se dedica?Do you speak Spanish??Habla Ud espa?ol?What's your name??Cuál es su nombre? ?Cómo se llama Ud?It doesn't matterNo importaNever mindNo importaCongratulations!?Felicitaciones!May I introduce myself??Puedo presentarme?Thank you. -You are welcomeGracias. -De nadaExcuse me, pleaseDisculpe, por favorI am sorryLo sientoReally??En serio? Of course!?Por supuesto!SureSeguroThat's too bad?Qué lástima!What happened??Qué pasó?What does that mean??Qué significa eso?You are right Ud. tiene razónYou are wrongUd. está equivocadoI guess soCreo que síI don't think soCreo que noI want a one-way (round-trip) ticket to DallasQuiero un boleto de ida (de ida y vuelta) a DallasI would like to reserve a flight for ChicagoQuisiera reservar un vuelo a ChicagoWhen should I confim the flight ??Cuándo debería confirmar el vuelo?Is it a direct flight??Es un vuelo directo?Is there a stopover??Hay una escala?When does the plane leave (arrive)??Cuándo sale (llega) el avión?Do I have to change planes??Tengo que cambiar aviones?How long before the flight must I check in??Cuánto tiempo antes del vuelo debo registrarme?To the airport, pleaseAl aeropuerto, por favor.Which gate must I go to??A qué puerta debo ir?What's my flight number??Cuál es el número de mi vuelo?Is the plane delayed (on time)??Está demorado (en tiempo) el avión?Look at the timetableMire el horario de vuelosDo you have your boarding pass??Tiene Ud. su pase de abordar?Where is my seat (baggage)??Dónde está mi asiento (equipaje)?Fasten your belts please!Abróchense los cinturones, por favor!The plane is landing (taking off)El avión está aterrizando (despegando)I have nothing to declareNo tengo nada que declarar25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [b] Is it necessary to make a reservation??Es necesario hacer una reserva?Do you have any rooms available??Tiene Ud. habitaciones disponibles?What's the daily (weekly) rate??Cuál es la tarifa diaria (semanal)?Is there air conditioning (heating) in the room??Hay aire acondicionado (calefección) en la habitación?I would like a single (double) roomQuisiera un cuarto sencillo (cama doble)I'd like a room with twin bedsQuisiera un cuarto con camas gemelasIs breakfast included in the price??El desayuno está incluído en el precio?Where can I park my car??Donde puedo estacionar mi auto?Could I see the room??Podría ver la habitación?OK, I'll take itOK. La tomaréMy room key pleaseLa llave de mi cuarto, por favorThis room is too small (noisy/dark)La habitación es demasiado peque?a (ruidosa, oscura)Could you wake me up at 7 a.m.??Podría despertarme a las 7 de la ma?ana?Where can I leave my valuables??Dónde puedo dejar mis objetos de valor?What time do I have to check out??A qué hora tengo que irme del hotel?Can I pay with traveler's checks (credit c.)??Puedo pagar con cheques de viajero (tarjeta de crédito)Could she bring some towels up to my room??Podría ella traer algunas toallas a mi cuarto?Is there a laundry (dry-cleaning) service??Hay un servicio de lavandería (tintorería)?I’d like to make a reservation for this eveningQuisiera hacer una reserva para esta nocheI would like a table near the windowQuisiera una mesa cerca de la ventanaCould you call the waiter (waitress) please??Podría llamar al camarero (camarera) por favor?Could you bring me the menu, please??Podría traerme el menú, por favor?Where are the rest rooms??Donde están los ba?os?I would like to order nowQuisiera ordenar ahoraWhat do you recommend??Qué recomienda Ud?May I have a bottle of wine (beer, soda)??Podría traerme una botella de vino (cerveza, gaseosa)?Excuse me, I have no spoon (knife,fork)Disculpe. No tengo cuchara (cuchillo, tenedor)These napkins are dirtyLas servilletas están suciasMay you bring more rolls (toasts) please??Podría traerme más panecillos (tostadas) por favor?I'll have a steak with French friesComeré un bife con papas fritasWould you like anything to drink??Desea Ud. algo para tomar?What kind of desserts do you have??Qué clase de postres tienen?Waiter, the check pleaseCamarero, la cuenta por favorCan we pay separately??Podemos pagar separadamente?Thank you. Keep the changeGracias. Guárdese el cambioHow much is the round-trip (one-way) ticket??Cuánto cuesta un boleto de ida y vuelta (de ida)?What's the fare to Chicago??Cuánto cuesta el boleto a Chicago?What time does the bus (train) leave (arrive)??A qué hora sale (llega) el autobús (tren)?From what platform does the (bus) leave??De qué plataforma sale el (bus) ?How long does it take from here to Chicago??Cuánto tiempo toma desde aquí hasta Chicago?Is this the bus to New York???s este el autobús a New York?Will I have to change buses (trains)??Tendré que cambiar autobuses (trenes)?Could you show me the schedule please??Podría mostrarme el itinerario, por favor?Is the bus (train) delayed (on schedule)??Está el autobús (tren) retrasado (en tiempo)?Can I buy a map here??Puedo comprar un mapa aquí?I missed the bus (train)Perdí el autobús (tren)Excuse me, but you are sitting in my seatDisculpe, pero Ud. está sentado en mi asientoWhere are you heading for??Hacia dónde se está dirigiendo Ud.?Must we change buses at this terminal??Debemos cambiar de bus en esta terminal?How long does the bus (train) stop here??Cuánto tiempo se detiene el bus (tren) aquí?25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [c]What's the next stop??Cuál es la próxima parada?How many more stops before we arrive??Cuántas paradas más antes de que lleguemos?I can't find my baggage! It is missingNo puedo encontrar mi equipaje! Está faltandoDo I have to get off here??Tengo que bajarme aquí?Is there a bus stop around here??Hay una parada de autobús por aquí?Where can I get a taxi (cab)??Dónde puedo conseguir un taxi?Is there a subway entrance nearby??Hay alguna entrada al subterráneo por aquí cerca?How often do the buses run??Con qué frecuencia pasan los autobuses?I think every 10 minutesCreo que cada 10 minutosI need to take the subway (a bus, a taxi-cab)Necesito tomar el subterráneo (un autobús, un taxi)How much is the bus fare??Cuánto está el precio del boleto del bus?Can you give me a transfer please??Podría darme un pase para transbordar, por favor?How many passengers can you take in this cab??Cuántos pasajeros puede llevar en este taxi?I want to go to...Quiero ir a...Please take me to...Por favor, lléveme a...I need to get to the airport as quick as possibleNecesito llegar al aeropuerto lo antes posibleCould you drive faster please??Podría conducir más rápido por favor?Do you mind if I open the window??Le importa si abro la ventanilla?I get off hereMe bajo aquíWhat is the next stop??Cuál es la próxima parada?How much is it??Cuánto es?Thanks. Keep the changeGracias. Guarde el cambioWhere is the nearest shopping center (supermarket)??Dónde queda el shopping center (supermercado) más cercano?How do I get there??Cómo llego hasta allí?What time does the market open (close)??A qué hora abre (cierra) el mercado?Where is the men's (ladies') clothing department??Dónde queda el departamento de ropa de hombres (de mujeres)?(Furniture/ baggage/ footware/ cosmetics/ lingerie) departmentDepartamento de (muebles, equipaje, calzados, cosméticos, lencería)Take the elevator to the third floorTome la el ascensor al tercer pisoI want to buy a gift for my girlfriendQuiero comprar un regalo para mi noviaHow much is this article??Cuánto cuesta este artículo?Ask the saleswoman (salesman)Pregúntele a la vendedora (vendedor)How much is it??Cuánto es?How much does it cost??Cuánto cuesta?How much do you charge for this??Cuánto cobran por esto?This is too expensive. Don't you have something cheaper?Esto es demasiado caro. ?No tiene algo más barato?Could you show me a bigger (smaller/nicer) one??Podría mostrarme uno más grande (más peque?o/ más lindo)?May I try this dress on??Podría probarme este vestido?Where are the trying rooms??Dónde están los probadores?This doesn't fit me. I want a bigger oneEste no me queda. Quiero uno más grandeAre these articles on sale ??Estos artículos están en oferta?I don't care for any of theseNo me gusta ninguno de estosPlease, can you wrap it up?Por favor. ?Puede envolverlo?Can I pay by credit card??Puedo pagar con tarjeta de crédito?Is there a post office nearby??Hay una oficina postal cerca de aquí?25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [d]What time does it open??A qué hora abre?I need some stamps for this letterNecesito algunas estampillas para esta cartaIs there any mail for me??Hay alguna correspondencia para mí?I want to send it via air-mail pleaseQuiero enviarla por correo aéreo, por favorCould you weigh this package for me please??Podría Ud. pesarme este paquete por favor?How long does it take to get to Argentina??Cuánto tiempo tarda en llegar a Argentina?Where is the mailbox??Dónde está el buzón?I don't know the Zip-Code of this cityNo sé el código postal de esta ciudadI want to register these lettersQuiero certificar estas cartasCan I send a money order from here??Puedo enviar un giro postal desde aquí?Can you help me fill out this form please??Puede Ud ayudarme a rellenar este formulario por favor?Where can I buy envelopes??Dónde puedo comprar sobres para cartas?How can I send this the quickest??Cómo puedo enviar esto, lo más rápido posible?Operator, I wish to make a long distance call.Operadora. Deseo hacer una llamada de larga distanciaOperator, I wish to make a collect call.Operadora. Deseo hacer una llamada por cobrarI'd like to speak to Mr. Simpson please.Quisiera hablar con el se?or Simpson por favorCould you speak louder please??Podría Ud. hablar más fuerte por favor?Could you speak more slowly please??Podría Ud. hablar más lento por favor?Could you spell that for me please??Podría deletrearme eso por favor?Could you call back later please??Podría Ud. llamar de nuevo más tarde por favor?Could I leave a message??Podría dejar un mensaje?I need a phone directoryNecesito una guía de teléfonosI need to know the area-code for MiamiNecesito saber el código de área de MiamiWhere can I find a pay phone??Dónde puedo encontrar un teléfono público?Hold on! Don't hang up!?Aguarde! ?No corte!Who is calling??Quién está llamando?Wrong numberNúmero equivocadoThe line is busyLa línea está ocupadaYou must dial this number...Ud. debe marcar este número...I would like to make an appointment to see the doctorQuisiera un turno para ver al doctorI am not feeling wellNo me estoy sintiendo bienI am feeling very sick (ill)Me estoy sintiendo muy enfermoWhat are the symptoms??Cuáles son los síntomas?I've got a terrible (earache, stomach ache, headache, toothache)Tengo un terrible dolor (de oído, de estómago, de cabeza, de muelas)I've got a terrible (flu, cold, cough)Tengo una terrible (gripe, resfriado, tos)I've got a broken (fractured ) arm (leg) Tengo un brazo (pierna) rota (fracturada)My whole body hurtsMe duele todo mi cuerpoI have a pain in my back (chest)Tengo un dolor en mi espalda (pecho)I have been feeling dizzy and sweating a lotMe he estado sintiendo mareado y sudando muchoI will check your blood pressureRevisaré su presión sanguíneaI have chills (nausea, diarrhea, fever, allergy)Tengo escalofríos (náuseas, diarrea, fiebre, alergia)I have a burn (a cut, an insect bite)Tengo una quemadura (un corte, una picadura de insecto)Is it serious??Es grave?Must I follow a diet??Debo seguir una dieta?Must I stay in bed??Debo quedarme en cama?Will you give me a prescription??Me dará una receta para la farmacia?25B. COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH [e]What medicine should I take??Qué remedio debo tomar?May I help you??Puedo ayudarlo?I would like something for a sunburn (a sore throat, a cold, a fever, an indigestion, a constipation, a headache)Quisiera algo para una quemadura (un dolor de garganta, un resfriado, fiebre, una indigestión, una gripa, un dolor de cabeza)Could I have some sleeping pills??Me podría dar pastillas para dormir?May I have a bottle of vitamin C??Me podría dar una botella de vitamina C?I would like some aspirins and a laxativeQuisiera algunas aspirinas y un laxanteDo you want a large or small bottle (package, box, tube)??Quiere Ud. un frasco (paquete, caja, pomo) grande o chico?I want a tube of shaving cream (toothpaste) pleaseQuiero un tubo de crema de afeitar (dentífrico) por favorI would like a box of cough dropsQuisiera una cajita de pastillas para la tosI'd like a box of condomsQuisiera una cajita de condonesHere you are. That'll be $12.50Aquí tiene Ud. Son $12.50Where is the nearest bank??Dónde queda el banco más cercano?Where can I find an ATM??Dónde puedo encontrar un cajero electrónico?Can I cash these traveler's checks here??Puedo cobrar aquí estos cheques de viajero?Can I cash personal checks here??Puedo cobrar aquí cheques personales?I would like to open up a current accountQuisiera abrir una cuenta corrienteCould you give me some change??Me podría dar algo de cambio?I need some coins (small bills)Necesito algunas monedas (billetes chicos)I want to withdraw (deposit) some moneyQuiero retirar (depositar) algo de dineroHow much is the rate of exchange??Cuál es el tipo de cambio?Do I have to endorse (sign) this check??Tengo que endosar (firmar) este cheque?I need to make a bank draftNecesito hacer un giro bancarioI would like to send money to ArgentinaQuisiera enviar dinero a ArgentinaWhich window should I go to??A qué ventanilla debería ir?Do you have some painkillers??Tiene algunos calmantes?Do I need a prescription for this medicine??Necesito una receta médica para este remedio?I need a bandage, alcohol and iodine pleaseNecesito un vendaje, alcohol y yodo, por favorI would like to apply for a loanQuisiera solicitar un préstamoWhat are the interest rates??Cuáles son las tasas de interés?Where can I get an entertainment guide of this city??Dónde puedo obtener una guía de entretenimientos de esta ciudad?Where is the ticket-office??Dónde está la oficina de boletería?Are there any seats left??Quedan asientos?I want two tickets pleaseQuiero dos boletos, por favorDo we have to wait in line to buy the tickets??Tenemos que hacer cola para comprar los boletos?Where are our seats??Dónde están nuestros asientos?Must we tip the usher??Debemos dar propina al acomodador?Which orchestra (band) is playing??Qué orquesta (banda) está tocando?What's on at the movies tonight??Qué hay en el cine esta noche?What time does the (show) (start)??A qué hora (comienza) (el espectáculo)?How long does it last??Cuánto tiempo dura?What kind of film is it??Qué clase de película es?It is a horror (science fiction, war) filmEs una película de terror (de ciencia ficción, de guerra)It is a thriller (western, cartoon, comedy, musical)Es una película de acción (una del oeste, una de dibujos animados, una comedia, un musical)What is it about??De qué se trata?The plot (script) is very goodLa trama (el guión) es muy buenoWho is the main actor (actress)??Quién es el actor (actriz) principal?25C. GENERAL ENGLISH PRACTICE[a]Is this an [umbrella]?Is that a [long ruler]?Are these [green windows]?Are those [cheap apples]?Is it an [ugly dog]?Is it a [main door]?Are they the [old notebooks]?Is there a [paper on the desk]?Are there [two red pens on the floor]?Was there a [new pencil in the drawer?Were there [three machines there]?Will there be a [teacher at home]?Could there be a [doctor at the office]?Are you [drinking] your [coffee]?Is he [painting] his [house]?Am I [doing] my [homework]?Was he [writing] a [letter]?Were you [reading] a [book]?Do you [see] your [tests]?Does she [watch] her [kids]?Did they [eat] their [bananas]?Will he [jump] our [desk]?Are you going to [travel next month]?Was he going to [draw a map]?Were you going to [see a movie]?Would she [fly] to their [cities]?Can you [do] it yourself?Could they [do] it themselves?May I [try] it myself?Might he [make] it himself?Shall I [type] them?Should he [visit a doctor] now?Must she [prepare] them herself?Have you [sung the hymn]?Has she [done the homeworks]?Had they [played tennis] here?Will they have [learned the words]?Have you been [working]?Has he been [walking] there?Had she been [selling newspapers]?Will they have been [studying] hard?1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041Esta es una sombrillaEsa es una regla largaEstas son ventanas verdesAquellas son manzanas baratasEs un perro feoEs una puerta principalSon los cuadernos viejosHay un documento sobre el escritorioHay dos lapiceros rojos en el pisoHabía un lápiz nuevo en la gavetaHabía tres máquina acáHabrá un profesor en casa Podría haber un doctor en la oficinaTe estás tomando tu café? El está pintando su casa?Estoy haciendo mi tarea?El estaba escribiendo una carta?Usted estaba leyendo un libro?Ves tus exámenes?Ella vigila a sus hijos?Ellos se comieron sus bananas?El saltará nuestro escritorio?Vas a viajar el próximo mes?El iba a dibujar un mapa?Usted iba a ver una película?Ella volaría a sus ciudades?Puedes hacerlo tu mismo?Ellos mismos pudieron hacerlo?Puedo intentarlo por mí mismo?El mismo podría hacerlo?Yo los escribiré?El debería visitar a un doctor ahora?Ella misma debe prepararlos?Has cantando el himno?Ella ha hecho las tareas?Ellos había jugado tenis aquí?Ellos habrán aprendido las palabras?Usted ha estado trabajando?El ha estado caminando allí?Ella había estado vendiendo periódicos?Ellos habrán estado estudiando duro25C. GENERAL ENGLISH PRACTICE [b]Are those [pink desks] his?Is that [fancy bag] yours?Is this [mouse] hers?Are the [bad tests] ours?Are the [good scores] theirs?Is the [clean water] its?Is John’s watch [beside the notebook]?Is Pete’s clock [next to the sofa]?Are Mary’s cats [under the tree]?How many [dollars] do you [have]?I [have] a [million dollars].How much [sugar] do you [need]?I [need] a [kilo of sugar]Is there any [coffee in the kitchen]?Yes, there is a [pound of coffee].What time is it?It’s [six] o’clock.How old [are you]?[I’m] 14 years oldWhere were you born? I was born in [Cucuta].What’s your addres?It?s [4-55 7th street, Caobos]What do you [do at home]?I [play chess at home]Where did you [learn French]?I [learned French in France].When will you [go to USA]?I will [go to USA next year]Why have you worn [old shoes]?Because they’re [smooth]Who [performs the act]?[Fanny performs the act]Which [singer do you prefer]?I [prefer Shakira]Whose [jacket] do you like best?I like [Henry’s Jacket]How long ago did you [visit Athens]I [visited] it [four years ago]You like to [read], don’t you?Yes, I like to [read]You don’t like to [write], do you?No, I don’t like to [write]Aquellos escritorios rosados son de él.Ese bolso de fantasía es tuyo.Este ratón es de ella.Los exámenes malos son nuestros.Los puntajes buenos son de ellos.El agua limpia es de este.El reloj de John está al lado del cuadernoEl reloj de Pedro está al lado del sofáLos gatos de María están bajo el árbolCuántos dólares tienes?Tengo un millón de dólaresCuánta azúcar necesitas?Necesito un kilo de azúcarHay café en la cocina?Sí, hay una libra de caféQué hora es?Son las seis en punto.Cuantos a?os tienes?Tengo catorce a?osDonde naciste?Nací en CúcutaCuál es tu dirección?Es calle 7?, N° 4-55, Los CaobosQué haces en casa?Juego ajedrez en casaDónde aprendiste Francés?Aprendí Francés en FranciaCuándo irás a EE UUIré a EE UU el próximo a?oPor qué has usado zapatos viejos?Porque son suavesQuién hace el acto?Fanny hace el acto.Cuál cantante prefieres?Prefiero a ShakiraCuál chaqueta te gusta más?Me gusta la chaqueta de HenryCuánto hace que visitaste Atenas?La visité hace cuatro a?osTe gusta leer, no es verdad?Sí, me gusta leerNo te gusta escribir, cierto?No, no me gusta escribir.25D TIME EXPRESSIONSAfternoonJanuarySaturdayAprilJulySecondAugustJuneSeptemberCenturyMarchSummerDayMaySundayDecadeMidnightSunriseDecemberMillenniumSunsetearly morningMinuteThursdayEraMondayTuesdayEternityMonthWednesdayEveningMorningWeekfall / autumnNightWinterFebruaryNoonYearFridayNovemberAt dawnHourOctoberAt duskAt nightnext Fridaythree weeks agoAt noonnext weektodayEvery weeknext yeartomorrowIn a week\'s timethe day aftertomorrow afternoonIn the afternoonthe day after tomorrowtomorrow eveningIn the early morningthe day beforetomorrow morningIn the eveningthe day before yesterdaytonightin the morningthis eveningtwo days agolast Fridaythis Fridaytwo days earlierlast monththis monthtwo days laterlast nightthis weekyesterdaylast weekthis yearyesterday eveninglast yearyesterday morning25E-1. SHORT ADJECTIVESsmall - peque?osmaller - más peque?o(the) smallest – el más peque?otall - altotaller - más alto(the) tallest- el más altoyoung - jovenyounger - más joven(the) youngest – el más jovenlong - largolonger - más largo(the) longest – el más largobig - grandebigger - más grande(the) biggest- el más grandefat - gordofatter - más gordo(the) fattest- el más gordolazy - perezoso, vagolazier - más vagothe laziest- el más vagofunny - gracioso, divertidofunnier - más divertidothe funniest- el más divertidohappy - feliz, alegrehappier - más felizthe happiest- el más felizcrazy - lococrazier - más locothe craziest- el más loconoisy - ruidosonoisier - más ruidosothe noisiest- el más ruidoso25E-2. LONG ADJECTIVESexpensive - caromore expensivethe most expensive- el más caromodern - modernomore modernthe most modernbeautiful - hermosomore beautifulthe most beautifulelegant - elegantemore elegantthe most elegantinteresting - interesantemore interestingthe most interestingdangerous - peligrosomore dangerousthe most dangerous25E-3. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVEVERBADJECTIVEVERBAlive - vivoTo live- vivirEmpty - vacíoTo empty - vaciarAsleep - dormidoTo sleep - dormirHard - duroTo harden - endurecerBeauty- hermosoTo beautify - embellecerSoft - blandoTo soften - ablandarSweet - dulceTo sweeten - endulzarSick - enfermoTo Sicken - enfermarBlack - negroTo blacken - ennegrecerLow - bajoTo lower - bajarWhite - blancoTo whiten - blanquearHot - calienteTo heat - calentarDark - oscuroTo darken - oscurecerLong - largoTo lengthen - alargarDead - muertoTo die - morirShort - cortoTo shorten - acortarDeep - profundoTo deepen - profundizarRich - ricoTo enrich - enriquecerDifficult - difícilTo complicate - dificultarPoor - pobreTo impoverish – empobrecerDirty - sucioTo dirty - ensuciarSimple - simpleTo simplify - simplificarClean - limpioTo clean - limpiarStraight - derechoTo straighten - enderezarFat - gordoTo fatten - engordarb - fuerteTo strenghen - débilFull - llenoTo fill - llenarWide - anchoTo widen - ensanchar25E-4. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADJECTIVEADVERBADJECTIVEADVERBCareful - ciudadosoCarefully - cuidadosoClear - claroClearly - claramenteSlow - lentoSlowly - lentamentePossible - posiblePossibly - posiblementeStrong - fuerteStrongly - fuertementeProbable - probableProbably - probablementeSimple - simpleSimply - simplementeDeep - profundoDeeply - profundamenteBad - malBadly - malamenteQuick - rápidoQuickly - rápidamenteFrecuent - frecuenteFrecuently - frecuentementeNormal - normalNormally - normalmenteGood - buenoWell - bienFast - rápidoFast - rápidamenteHard - duroHard - duramente25E-5. ADJECTIVES AND NOUNSADJECTIVESNOUNSADJECTIVESNOUNSLong - largo Short - cortoLength – longitudDifficult - difícilDifficulty - dificultadBig - grande / Small - peque?oSize – tama?oSad - tristeSadness – tristezaHeavy - pesado / Light - livianoWeight – pesoBeautiful - hermosoBeauty – bellezaDeep - profundo / Shallow - poco profundoDepth - profundidadStrong - fuerteStrength – fuerzaWide - ancho / Narrow - angostoWidth – anchuraWeak - débilWeakness - debilidadFast - rápido / Slow - lentoSpeed – velocidadDirty - sucioDirt – suciedadTall - alto / Short - bajoHeight – alturaClean - limpioCleanliness - limpiezaWhite - blanco / Black - negroColor – colorSafe - seguroSafety - seguridadFar - lejano / Near - cercanoDistance - distanciaDangerous - peligrosoDanger – peligroBitter - amargo / Sweet - dulceTaste – saborTrue - verdaderoTruth – verdadCareful - cuidadoso / Careless - descuidadoCare – cuidado ................
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