Nasdanika - Nasdanika
chapter 1
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. The word philosophy means ________.
|a. |knowledge of the truth |
|b. |wisdom and virtue |
|c. |inner sight |
|d. |the love of wisdom |
|e. |enlightenment |
____ 2. In philosophy, we examine our religious, political, and moral beliefs in order to ________.
|a. |justify them |
|b. |reject them |
|c. |ask whether we should continue to hold them |
|d. |learn how to persuade other people to accept them |
|e. |realize that they are only opinions |
____ 3. By philosophically examining our basic beliefs about reality and life, we ________.
|a. |make them our own |
|b. |learn how to teach them to others |
|c. |learn to understand our society better |
|d. |draw closer to one another as a community |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 4. The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning ability is ________.
|a. |religion |
|b. |philosophy |
|c. |autonomy |
|d. |acculturation |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 5. Philosophy seeks to understand ________.
|a. |what it means to be a human being |
|b. |the fundamental nature of God and reality |
|c. |the sources and limits of knowledge |
|d. |what is good and right in our lives and in our societies |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 6. Plato's Myth of the Cave illustrates how ________.
|a. |philosophy is difficult |
|b. |philosophy is an activity |
|c. |philosophy deals with basic issues of human existence |
|d. |the aim of philosophy is freedom |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 7. For the prisoners in Plato's Myth of the Cave, reality would consist of nothing but ________.
|a. |mathematical propositions |
|b. |theatrical performances |
|c. |shadows |
|d. |religious beliefs |
|e. |clear and distinct ideas |
____ 8. Plato's Myth of the Cave is part of ________.
|a. |The Republic |
|b. |Euthyphro |
|c. |The Apology |
|d. |Crito |
|e. |Man's Search for Meaning |
____ 9. Groupthink is the tendency of cohesive groups to ________.
|a. |gradually lose touch with reality |
|b. |split over divisive issues |
|c. |become increasingly extreme in their doctrines |
|d. |fixate on one or two hot-button topics |
|e. |follow a strong, charismatic leader |
____ 10. According to the Greek philosopher Perictione, while other subjects study a particular aspect of the world, philosophy is different because it ________.
|a. |serves no practical purpose |
|b. |is vague and abstract |
|c. |is concerned with the universe as a whole |
|d. |studies "extra-worldly" things |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 11. Western culture is the cultural tradition that began in ________.
|a. |North and South America |
|b. |ancient Greece and Rome |
|c. |Western Europe and Northern Africa |
|d. |Medieval England |
|e. |the Middle East |
____ 12. The three traditional fields of philosophy are ________.
|a. |metaphysics, epistemology, and logic |
|b. |religion, ethics, and logic |
|c. |metaphysics, logic, and ethics |
|d. |epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics |
|e. |ethics, metaphysics, and religion |
____ 13. Epistemology is the study of ________.
|a. |the origins of language |
|b. |knowledge and related concepts |
|c. |the nature and structure of reality |
|d. |the foundations of human behavior |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 14. Epistemology is concerned with ________.
|a. |the structure, reliability, extent, and kinds of knowledge |
|b. |the meaning of truth |
|c. |logic and a variety of strictly linguistic concerns |
|d. |the possibility and foundations of all knowledge |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 15. According to the feminist philosopher Gail Stenstad, male thinking assumes that there is only one true view of reality and that any contrary views must be rejected as ________.
|a. |false |
|b. |patriarchal |
|c. |heresy |
|d. |feminist |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 16. Metaphysics is the study of ________.
|a. |the origins of language |
|b. |the meaning of truth |
|c. |the nature and structure of reality |
|d. |knowledge and related concepts |
|e. |logic and a variety of strictly linguistic concerns |
____ 17. Metaphysics is concerned with ________.
|a. |the place of humans within the universe |
|b. |the nature of mind, self, and consciousness |
|c. |the purpose and nature of reality |
|d. |the existence of God |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 18. The deterministic thesis is defended by ________.
|a. |Viktor Frankl |
|b. |Baron d'Holbach |
|c. |Mahatma Gandhi |
|d. |Harry Browne |
|e. |James Rachels |
____ 19. Hindu philosophers such as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan appeal to the idea of karma in order to ________.
|a. |show that human beings are completely determined |
|b. |show that human beings are completely free |
|c. |show that all suffering is deserved |
|d. |combine both determinism and freedom |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 20. Viktor Frankl believes in human freedom because of his experiences ________.
|a. |in prison camps |
|b. |conducting medical research |
|c. |working with drug addicts |
|d. |working with violent criminals |
|e. |gained from studying animals in the wild |
____ 21. Ethics is the study of ________.
|a. |knowledge and related concepts |
|b. |the origins of language |
|c. |values and moral principles |
|d. |the nature and structure of reality |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 22. Ethics is concerned with ________.
|a. |the purpose and nature of reality |
|b. |the destiny of the universe |
|c. |the immortality of the soul |
|d. |the nature of moral obligation |
|e. |logic and a variety of strictly linguistic concerns |
____ 23. ________ held that we should love and serve our enemies.
|a. |Harry Browne |
|b. |Mahatma Gandhi |
|c. |James Rachels |
|d. |Gail Stenstad |
|e. |Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |
____ 24. The position that morality is a sham because ultimately humans are selfish is known as ________.
|a. |ethics |
|b. |egoism |
|c. |metaphysics |
|d. |logic |
|e. |altruism |
____ 25. Egoism is presented and defended in a selection by ________.
|a. |Viktor Frankl |
|b. |Baron d'Holbach |
|c. |Mahatma Gandhi |
|d. |Harry Browne |
|e. |James Rachels |
____ 26. A selection by ________ argues against egoism, claiming that "if we speak slowly, and pay attention to what we are saying, it sounds plain silly."
|a. |Viktor Frankl |
|b. |Baron d'Holbach |
|c. |Mahatma Gandhi |
|d. |Harry Browne |
|e. |James Rachels |
____ 27. The pre-Socratic philosophers questioned ________.
|a. |conventional morality |
|b. |existing political structures |
|c. |the value of human wisdom |
|d. |religious authority |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 28. ________ shows Socrates questioning traditional religious beliefs and the nature of religious duty.
|a. |The Republic |
|b. |Euthyphro |
|c. |Crito |
|d. |The Apology |
|e. |Theaetetus |
____ 29. ________ is a dialogue written by Plato.
|a. |The Republic |
|b. |Euthyphro |
|c. |Crito |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 30. ________ is a dialogue written by Socrates.
|a. |The Republic |
|b. |Euthyphro |
|c. |Crito |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 31. ________ shows Socrates at his trial, defending his life-long commitment to philosophy and interpreting the Delphic oracle regarding the nature of wisdom.
|a. |The Republic |
|b. |Euthyphro |
|c. |Crito |
|d. |The Apology |
|e. |Theaetetus |
____ 32. ________ shows Socrates awaiting execution, refusing escape, and arguing that people are obliged to obey the laws of the society in which they live.
|a. |The Republic |
|b. |Euthyphro |
|c. |Crito |
|d. |The Apology |
|e. |Theaetetus |
____ 33. Socrates asks Euthyphro to ________.
|a. |provide examples of holiness |
|b. |identify the characteristic that makes all holy things holy |
|c. |drop the charges against his father |
|d. |provide refuge for Socrates against his own accusers |
|e. |testify at his trial |
____ 34. In the dialogue of the same name, Euthyphro defines holiness as ________.
|a. |prosecuting anyone who is guilty of murder, sacrilege, or similar crime |
|b. |doing what is loved by the gods |
|c. |that part of justice that involves service to the gods |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 35. In the dialogue of the same name, Euthyphro is represented as charging his father with ________.
|a. |impiety |
|b. |corrupting the youth |
|c. |drunkenness |
|d. |murder |
|e. |sexual misconduct |
____ 36. In The Apology, Socrates argues that ________.
|a. |the unexamined life is not worth living |
|b. |wealth does not make you good within, but from inner goodness comes wealth |
|c. |a good man should not calculate his chances of living or dying, but should ask only whether he is doing right or wrong |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 37. In Crito, Socrates argues that we should obey the laws of society because ________.
|a. |laws are established by God and it would therefore be unholy to disobey them |
|b. |we have no other choice |
|c. |we entered into a contract to obey the laws simply by living in the society |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 38. ________ was Socrates' disciple.
|a. |Plato |
|b. |Aristotle |
|c. |Parmenides |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 39. Civil disobedience consists of ________.
|a. |peaceful protest against national policy |
|b. |theft or vandalism for political reasons |
|c. |breaking the law for reasons of conscience |
|d. |the promotion of anarchy by nonviolent means |
|e. |mass protests against racial injustice |
____ 40. According to Buddhism, philosophical wisdom will free us from ________.
|a. |mundane tasks and activities |
|b. |the time and effort of study |
|c. |the cycle of birth, suffering, death and rebirth |
|d. |deciding for ourselves what to believe |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 41. Maintenance needs are needs associated with ________.
|a. |securing one's position in society |
|b. |achieving one's full potential |
|c. |developing one's mind and emotions |
|d. |living as a human being |
|e. |having a life that is comfortable |
____ 42. A self-actualized or fully functioning person is characterized by ________.
|a. |profound self-awareness |
|b. |flexibility |
|c. |creativity |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 43. The term actualizing needs is associated with the psychologist ________.
|a. |Albert Ellis |
|b. |Viktor Frankl |
|c. |C. G. Jung |
|d. |Carl Rogers |
|e. |Abraham Maslow |
____ 44. Philosophy can help satisfy actualizing needs by ________.
|a. |promoting autonomous beliefs |
|b. |equipping us to deal with uncertainty |
|c. |eliciting creativity |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 45. Philosophy can ________.
|a. |contribute to satisfaction of maintenance as well as actualizing needs |
|b. |make us less biased and provincial |
|c. |prepare us for life's uncertainties |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 46. Actualizing needs include ________.
|a. |self-fulfillment |
|b. |self-expression |
|c. |being all that one can be |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 47. In Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, one learns to reject the irrational belief that ________.
|a. |feelings are important |
|b. |there is a God who loves us |
|c. |every person has value |
|d. |life must be fair, or else it's awful |
|e. |people are responsible for the bad things that happen to them |
____ 48. According to feminist philosopher Janice Moulton, the "adversarial method" ________.
|a. |is used by most philosophers |
|b. |uses counterexamples |
|c. |is rooted in male aggression |
|d. |is used to attack others' views |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 49. According to Genevieve Lloyd, philosophy has historically valued ________ over ________.
|a. |cooperation, competition |
|b. |seeking wisdom, finding answers |
|c. |emotion, reason |
|d. |playing games, serious pursuits |
|e. |aggression, nurturing |
____ 50. Progress through philosophy ________.
|a. |involves intellectual suffering for some people |
|b. |generally produces tangible, material benefits |
|c. |makes people happier |
|d. |benefits societies, not just individuals |
|e. |a and d |
____ 51. ________ is usually considered the first Western philosopher.
|a. |Socrates |
|b. |Plato |
|c. |Thales |
|d. |Heraclitus |
|e. |Parmenides |
____ 52. ________ believed everything is composed of water.
|a. |Socrates |
|b. |Plato |
|c. |Thales |
|d. |Heraclitus |
|e. |Parmenides |
____ 53. ________ is known for his argument that seeks to prove that "a runner cannot move from one point to another."
|a. |Socrates |
|b. |Hesiod |
|c. |Zeno |
|d. |Aristotle |
|e. |Heraclitus |
____ 54. The thesis that all is water is significant because it ________.
|a. |demonstrated the possibility of explaining a complex reality in terms of a few basic elements |
|b. |initiated a preference for natural versus supernatural explanation |
|c. |rejected the authority of the past, especially unprovable religious myths |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 55. ________ proposed that change is the fundamental reality.
|a. |Socrates |
|b. |Hesiod |
|c. |Thales |
|d. |Heraclitus |
|e. |Parmenides |
____ 56. ________ argued that change is but an illusion.
|a. |Socrates |
|b. |Plato |
|c. |Thales |
|d. |Heraclitus |
|e. |Parmenides |
____ 57. ________ is known for his argument that nothingness or "nonbeing" cannot be real.
|a. |Socrates |
|b. |Plato |
|c. |Thales |
|d. |Heraclitus |
|e. |Parmenides |
____ 58. The contributions of the pre-Socratics include ________.
|a. |teaching us to rely on reason |
|b. |teaching us to search for new ways of looking at reality |
|c. |introducing the problem of "the one and the many" |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 59. ________ was the great idea contained in the Vedas.
|a. |All reality is changing |
|b. |Change cannot exist |
|c. |Reality must be explained in terms of nature |
|d. |All reality is made of water |
|e. |There is a fundamental reality underlying everything in the universe |
____ 60. Brahman is ________.
|a. |a poetical hymn |
|b. |ultimate reality |
|c. |one's past actions |
|d. |one's deepest self |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 61. Indian philosophers held that ultimate reality can only be understood if one understands ________.
|a. |nature |
|b. |God |
|c. |the ultimate constituent(s) of the universe |
|d. |one's deepest self |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 62. The foundational idea of Indian philosophy is that ________ and ________ are actually the same.
|a. |deepest self, God |
|b. |God, ultimate reality |
|c. |deepest self, ultimate reality |
|d. |nature, God |
|e. |nature, change |
____ 63. In Voltaire's "Story of a Good Brahman", the Brahman is unhappy because ________.
|a. |he is poor |
|b. |he is ignorant |
|c. |he lives alone |
|d. |no one listens to him |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 64. In "Story of a Good Brahman", the narrator concludes that we would rather be ________ than happy.
|a. |miserable |
|b. |wise |
|c. |rich |
|d. |virtuous |
|e. |free |
____ 65. Jiddu Krishnamurti thinks that the function of education is to ________.
|a. |to give each person a clearer vision of his or her personal goals |
|b. |to bring the realization that life is ultimately meaningless |
|c. |to improve one's career possibilities |
|d. |to help people be truer to their faith communities |
|e. |to help each person to live freely and without fear |
____ 66. According to Jiddu Krishnamurti, the only way to discover the truth is to ________.
|a. |conform to tradition |
|b. |be in constant revolt |
|c. |study great thinkers |
|d. |not believe anything |
|e. |a and c |
____ 67. Groupthink tends to be caused by ________.
|a. |a desire to preserve friendly intra-group relations |
|b. |an "us-versus-them" mentality |
|c. |an illusion of the group's invulnerability |
|d. |self-censorship |
|e. |Gail Stenstad |
____ 68. Socrates was brought to trial on charges made by ________.
|a. |Plato |
|b. |Euthyphro |
|c. |Chaerephon |
|d. |Meletus |
|e. |Crito |
____ 69. ________ was told by the Delphic oracle that no one was wiser than Socrates.
|a. |Plato |
|b. |Euthyphro |
|c. |Chaerephon |
|d. |Meletus |
|e. |Crito |
____ 70. Euthyphro takes place at ________.
|a. |a synagogue |
|b. |the court of the king |
|c. |the marketplace |
|d. |a religious sacrifice |
|e. |the trial of Socrates |
____ 71. The term fully functioning person is associated with ________.
|a. |Abraham Maslow |
|b. |Carl Rogers |
|c. |Bertrand Russell |
|d. |Viktor Frankl |
|e. |Mahatma Gandhi |
____ 72. Twentieth-century process philosophers hold views similar to those of ________.
|a. |Parmenides |
|b. |Zeno |
|c. |Heraclitus |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 73. ________ is the proud young man in the parable from the Upanishads.
|a. |Sarvepalli |
|b. |Mahatma |
|c. |Chandogya |
|d. |Svetaketu |
|e. |Brahman |
Chapter 2
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Our views about human nature affect ________.
|a. |our relationship to other people |
|b. |our relationship to the universe |
|c. |what we do with our lives |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and c only |
____ 2. Thomas Hobbes believed ________.
|a. |humans are basically selfish |
|b. |humans desire power over others |
|c. |humans are basically machines |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 3. Psychological egoism is the belief that ________.
|a. |beings act only from self-interest |
|b. |it is psychologically beneficial to act only from self-interest |
|c. |it is psychologically harmful to act only from self-interest |
|d. |psychology cannot be taken seriously because psychologists cannot separate their selves from their studies |
|e. |ultimately there is only one ego |
____ 4. Desmond Morris suggests that apparently unselfish behavior is actually a kind of selfish activity, aimed at ________.
|a. |satisfying a desire to feel virtuous |
|b. |building a reputation for kindness |
|c. |intimidating others |
|d. |preserving one's genes |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 5. Plato believed the self consisted of ________.
|a. |reason, appetite, and desire |
|b. |reason, spirit, and appetite |
|c. |mind, body, and soul |
|d. |reason, spirit, and soul |
|e. |id, ego, and psyche |
____ 6. According to a rationalist view like Plato's, the ________ part of a human being should rule over the ________.
|a. |material, immaterial aspects |
|b. |emotional, aggressive impulses |
|c. |physical, emotions |
|d. |reasoning, appetites |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 7. One possible danger of a rationalist view of human nature is that ________.
|a. |human beings who are less than fully rational may be considered subhuman |
|b. |it may mislead people into thinking they can control their aggressions |
|c. |some people may stop believing in immaterial souls |
|d. |it encourages people to deny the existence of free will |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 8. According to Max Baezerman, people regularly overestimate the risk of dying from something like ________.
|a. |an auto accident |
|b. |smoking |
|c. |eating fatty foods |
|d. |being attacked by a bear |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 9. In the Judeo-Christian view, ________.
|a. |humans have both intellect and will |
|b. |the level of intelligence is unimportant |
|c. |life's ultimate purpose is love and service to God |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 10. According to Aquinas, the ultimate purpose of human beings is ________.
|a. |to overcome desire through reason |
|b. |to obtain pleasure |
|c. |to know God |
|d. |to know good and evil |
|e. |none of the above |
____ 11. According to Darwin, ________.
|a. |man is just a higher animal |
|b. |evolution produces purposeful behavior |
|c. |God does not exist |
|d. |a giraffe with a longer neck is likely to have more offspring |
|e. |a and d only |
____ 12. The starting point of existentialism, for Sartre is the idea that ________.
|a. |we spend most of our lives trying to escape anguish |
|b. |the ultimate meaning of the universe is beyond our understanding |
|c. |human beings are "condemned to be free" |
|d. |a human being is defined by rationality |
|e. |humanism is better than religion |
____ 13. The ________ view holds that the human self creates its own nature.
|a. |Eastern |
|b. |existential |
|c. |essentialist |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 14. Sartre believed ________.
|a. |there is no God |
|b. |there can be no external justification for our values |
|c. |we are responsible for all our behavior, except that which results from unconscious mental states |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 15. According to Sartre, because there is no God, ________.
|a. |traditional religions are dangerous |
|b. |we are each responsible for creating our own nature and purpose |
|c. |we cannot know where we came from |
|d. |all human beings are one family, not separated by religion |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 16. ________ wrote: "Existence precedes essence."
|a. |Aquinas |
|b. |Jean-Paul Sartre |
|c. |Albert Einstein |
|d. |Aristotle |
|e. |Plato |
____ 17. The concept of "bad faith" is associated with ________.
|a. |Aquinas |
|b. |Jean-Paul Sartre |
|c. |Aristotle |
|d. |St. Augustine |
|e. |Konrad Lorenz |
____ 18. Existentialism deals with concepts such as ________.
|a. |freedom |
|b. |responsibility |
|c. |anguish |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 19. Plato and Sartre disagreed as regards ________.
|a. |human nature |
|b. |reason |
|c. |morality |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 20. Existentialism views freedom as ________.
|a. |a socially conferred condition |
|b. |a divinely conferred condition |
|c. |a state of being |
|d. |an illusion |
|e. |a prescientific concept |
____ 21. Feminists object that the rationalist view of human nature ________.
|a. |is biased against women |
|b. |values reason above emotion |
|c. |associates women with emotion |
|d. |associates men with reason |
|e. |all of the above |
____ 22. Genevieve Lloyd argues that the rationalist view of human nature can only be changed if we acknowledge that ________.
|a. |women are just as rational as men |
|b. |emotion is just as valuable as reason |
|c. |the concepts of "emotion" and "reason" are biased |
|d. |the emotions should rule over reason |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 23. Aristotle believes that men should rule over women because ________.
|a. |women are physically weaker than men |
|b. |women are less intelligent than men |
|c. |women bear children |
|d. |women are less rational than men |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 24. According to René Descartes, ________.
|a. |all human selves are essentially the same |
|b. |the essence of a human self is conscious |
|c. |the essence of a human self is immaterial |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 25. The defining characteristic that makes something what it is is its ________.
|a. |essence |
|b. |definition |
|c. |existence |
|d. |freedom |
|e. |determining factor |
____ 26. Thomas Hobbes denied the existence of an immaterial mind partly because ________.
|a. |he did not want to be forced to use strictly quantitative methods to describe the mind |
|b. |he disagreed with Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler |
|c. |he did not see how an immaterial mind could affect a material body |
|d. |the mind is not the same thing as the soul |
|e. |the immaterial mind was a religious concept, and he considered all religion to be false |
____ 27. The idea that one kind of reality can be completely understood in terms of another kind is called ________.
|a. |scientific |
|b. |reductionism |
|c. |realism |
|d. |explanationism |
|e. |physicalism |
____ 28. According to J. J. C. Smart, ________.
|a. |"brain state" is part of the meaning of the term "sensation" |
|b. |there is a contingent identity between sensations and brain states |
|c. |there is an analytic connection between "brain state" and "sensation" |
|d. |a and b only |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 29. The difference between behaviorism and functionalism lies in the different things they say about ________.
|a. |what behavior an intelligent organism is capable of |
|b. |the relation between mind and matter |
|c. |private mental states |
|d. |the relation between thought and emotion |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 30. Eliminative materialism says that in an adequate theory of human nature, all reference to ________ will have to be given up.
|a. |feelings |
|b. |beliefs |
|c. |desires |
|d. |consciousness |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 31. The ________ view denies the reality of the self.
|a. |Eastern |
|b. |traditional |
|c. |rational |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and c only |
____ 32. ________ teaches that the self is an illusion.
|a. |Judaism |
|b. |Christianity |
|c. |Buddhism |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 33. Buddhism is characterized by ________.
|a. |extreme asceticism |
|b. |the view that humans have no self |
|c. |the view that all reality is in a constant state of flux |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 34. ________ was a Western philosopher whose commitments to empiricism led him to conclude the self was but a fiction.
|a. |René Descartes |
|b. |Thomas Hobbes |
|c. |David Hume |
|d. |Immanuel Kant |
|e. |C. J. Ducasse |
____ 35. Nirvana means ________.
|a. |eternal life |
|b. |no self |
|c. |all is suffering |
|d. |blowing out |
|e. |sleep |
____ 36. Descartes and Kant both see the self as ________.
|a. |illusory |
|b. |socially defined |
|c. |independent and self-sufficient |
|d. |infinite |
|e. |none of the above |
____ 37. According to Hegel, each person depends on other people to provide ________.
|a. |spiritual community |
|b. |information about the world |
|c. |emotional support |
|d. |recognition as a free being |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 38. Plato believed his forms ________.
|a. |must be real |
|b. |must exist outside the mind |
|c. |must exist in a transcendent realm |
|d. |are inaccessible to human senses |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 39. For Plato, all true knowledge ________.
|a. |depends on the senses |
|b. |is a recollection from a prior existence |
|c. |is knowledge of geometry |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 40. Plato believed the forms ________.
|a. |are more real than their replicas |
|b. |are abstractions of the human mind that exist only in the mind |
|c. |are abstractions of the human mind that exist in spatio-temporal objects |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 41. Plato's forms ________.
|a. |are unchanging |
|b. |depend for their existence on physical objects |
|c. |include truth, justice, and horse |
|d. |a and b only |
|e. |a and c only |
____ 42. Plato's story about Leontis is used to demonstrate that ________.
|a. |reason is separate from appetite |
|b. |reason is separate from spirit |
|c. |spirit is separate from appetite |
|d. |reason is superior to spirit |
|e. |spirit is superior to appetite |
____ 43. Plato held that personal happiness and virtue ________.
|a. |depend on properly subordinating the parts of the soul so that the whole is harmonious |
|b. |are possible only in an afterlife |
|c. |require great wealth |
|d. |a and b only |
|e. |a and c only |
____ 44. Plato held that the best political ruler would be a ________.
|a. |Greek |
|b. |philosopher |
|c. |lawyer |
|d. |man |
|e. |god |
____ 45. In the chariot analogy in Plato's Phaedrus, the horses represent ________.
|a. |the two ruling classes in the ideal state |
|b. |the two parts of the soul that obey reason |
|c. |the male and female elements in the human spirit |
|d. |virtue and vice |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 46. Plato argues that a man is just when ________.
|a. |each part within him does what is proper for it to do |
|b. |he does not take unfair advantage of anyone else |
|c. |he obeys the laws of the society |
|d. |he does not criticize others |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 47. Aristotle founded a school called ________.
|a. |the Academy |
|b. |the Lyceum |
|c. |Plato's Heaven |
|d. |the Peripatetic |
|e. |the University |
____ 48. Aristotle's students included ________.
|a. |Socrates |
|b. |Plato |
|c. |Alexander the Great |
|d. |a and b only |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 49. Aristotle believed that Plato's forms ________.
|a. |do not exist |
|b. |exist in a transcendent realm |
|c. |exist in physical objects |
|d. |b and c only |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 50. Aristotle believed there were ________ different kinds of causes.
|a. |two |
|b. |three |
|c. |four |
|d. |five |
|e. |six |
____ 51. The substance of which something is composed is called its ________.
|a. |substantial cause |
|b. |formal cause |
|c. |efficient cause |
|d. |material cause |
|e. |esse |
____ 52. The reason or purpose of something is called its ________.
|a. |first cause |
|b. |final cause |
|c. |rational cause |
|d. |real cause |
|e. |formal cause |
____ 53. For Aristotle, to say that something has a soul is to say that ________.
|a. |it is human |
|b. |it is alive |
|c. |it is immortal |
|d. |it is rational |
|e. |it is conscious |
____ 54. For Aristotle, knowledge of forms depends on ________.
|a. |knowledge of mathematics |
|b. |experiences in a prior life |
|c. |experiences in this life |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 55. For Aristotle, happiness is ________.
|a. |to be found in this world |
|b. |an end that is never a means to anything else |
|c. |best achieved by regulating one's life according to the dictates of reason |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 56. For Aristotle, the natural function of a human being is the exercise of ________.
|a. |spirit |
|b. |appetite |
|c. |reason |
|d. |dominion over nature |
|e. |artistic talent |
____ 57. For Aristotle, aiming at the mean ________.
|a. |means avoiding both excess and deficiency |
|b. |will promote happiness |
|c. |will promote moral virtue |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 58. The cornerstone of Confucius's philosophy is jen, a word which means ________.
|a. |virtue |
|b. |discipline |
|c. |reason |
|d. |prudence |
|e. |courage |
____ 59. According to Confucius, virtue ________.
|a. |is the foundation of a well-ordered society |
|b. |is love for all humanity |
|c. |is the basis of all morality |
|d. |requires self-control |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 60. For Confucius, the heart of virtue is ________.
|a. |honesty |
|b. |reciprocity |
|c. |bravery |
|d. |obedience |
|e. |intelligence |
____ 61. According to Confucius, in order to ensure social harmony it is of particular importance that ________ practice virtue.
|a. |women |
|b. |rulers |
|c. |subjects |
|d. |children |
|e. |teachers |
____ 62. Confucius held that the best way for a ruler to instill virtue in his subjects is to ________.
|a. |have severe penalties for wrongdoing |
|b. |establish a democracy |
|c. |practice virtue |
|d. |educate them |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 63. According to Confucius, ________ is the ultimate value.
|a. |knowledge |
|b. |virtue |
|c. |reason |
|d. |power |
|e. |beauty |
____ 64. The ethics of Confucius is based on ________.
|a. |reason |
|b. |equality |
|c. |self-sacrifice |
|d. |individualism |
|e. |human nature |
____ 65. In "Warm," the protagonist discovers that ________.
|a. |he has no voice |
|b. |he likes being in love |
|c. |other people do not really exist |
|d. |he really exists |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 66. C. E. M. Joad argues that mind is distinct from brain because ________.
|a. |the spirit survives after death |
|b. |the mind is a computer program |
|c. |brains cannot pass the Turing Test |
|d. |minds understand nonmaterial meanings |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 67. E. V. Spelman argues that ________.
|a. |the mind is distinct from the body |
|b. |mind simply is the brain |
|c. |the mind/body distinction must be rethought |
|d. |women need to develop their minds more |
|e. |mind is like a computer program |
____ 68. William James decided to believe in free will, ________.
|a. |because he rejected determinism |
|b. |in order to be able to look at life more realistically |
|c. |after he had abandoned his studies in engineering |
|d. |after he had been through a period of emotional struggle |
|e. |because this fit with his socialist political views |
____ 69. ________ once wrote: "Reason and routine kept people in a straitjacket which made their living flesh rot beneath it."
|a. |Arthur Koestler |
|b. |Georg Hegel |
|c. |Jean-Paul Sartre |
|d. |William James |
|e. |St. Augustine |
____ 70. In the Christian tradition, ________ was influenced by ________.
|a. |Plato, Plotinus |
|b. |Aristotle, Plotinus |
|c. |Augustine, Plato |
|d. |Zeno, Plotinus |
|e. |Plotinus, Augustine |
____ 71. René Descartes argued that body and soul must be separate because ________.
|a. |if they were the same we could not survive the death of the body |
|b. |we are created in the image of God |
|c. |we can conceive of one without the other |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 72. The Buddha's followers ________.
|a. |were wealthy businessmen |
|b. |were ascetics |
|c. |practiced a middle way between asceticism and worldly indulgence |
|d. |did as they pleased since the Buddha refused to recognize their existence |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 73. ________ believed that all reality is in a constant state of flux.
|a. |Heraclitus |
|b. |The Buddha |
|c. |Twentieth-century process philosophers |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 74. Following the Buddha's death, the core doctrines of Buddhism were passed down through the generations by the ________ school of Buddhism.
|a. |Theravada |
|b. |Mahayana |
|c. |Mahasanghika |
|d. |Vajrayana |
|e. |Soka-Gakkai |
____ 75. ________ wrote: "Even if there were a perfect Good that existed apart from the many things in our world which are good, . . . this good would not be anything that we humans can realize or attain."
|a. |Plato |
|b. |Aristotle |
|c. |Jean-Paul Sartre |
|d. |Aquinas |
|e. |Jesus of Nazareth |
____ 76. ________ asked: "While you do not know about life, how can you know about death?"
|a. |Confucius |
|b. |Aristotle |
|c. |Plato |
|d. |The Buddha |
|e. |Arthur Koestler |
____ 77. According to David Chalmers, mind-body dualism is true in the sense that ________.
|a. |either a mind or a body can pass the Turing Test |
|b. |mind is a different substance from matter |
|c. |mental properties are not physical properties |
|d. |one can conceptualize the world as either entirely mental or entirely physical |
|e. |None of the above |
chapter3
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Metaphysics is ________.
|a. |the study of the nature of ultimate values |
|b. |the critical study of the nature of reality |
|c. |the scientific study of traditional beliefs |
|d. |the study of subjects that are not related to the physical sciences |
|e. |the analytical study of human consciousness |
____ 2. Saint Augustine ________.
|a. |was an idealist |
|b. |was a materialist |
|c. |was a pragmatist |
|d. |thought of reality as an illusion |
|e. |thought of reality as a continuum with humans somewhere in the middle |
____ 3. ________ is the view that matter is the ultimate constituent of reality.
|a. |Idealism |
|b. |Materialism |
|c. |Pragmatism |
|d. |Existentialism |
|e. |Phenomenology |
____ 4. ________ and ________ were materialists.
|a. |Thomas Hobbes, Pierre Laplace |
|b. |George Berkeley, Isaac Newton |
|c. |Jean-Paul Sartre, Thomas Hobbes |
|d. |Pierre Laplace, Norman Malcolm |
|e. |Goethe, Pythagoras |
____ 5. Materialists ________.
|a. |embrace the scientific method |
|b. |embrace determinism |
|c. |are reductionistic |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 6. ________ is a term used to express the fact that the objects of consciousness need not exist.
|a. |Idealism |
|b. |Awareness |
|c. |Intensionality |
|d. |Phenomenology |
|e. |Reductionism |
____ 7. According to Werner Heisenberg, modern physics seems to show that ________.
|a. |idealism is false |
|b. |materialism is true |
|c. |reality is ultimately unknowable |
|d. |reality depends on the mind |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 8. ________ and ________ were idealists.
|a. |Arthur Eddington, Plato |
|b. |Pythagoras, Pierre Laplace |
|c. |Thomas Hobbes, Plato |
|d. |Augustine, George Berkeley |
|e. |Jean-Paul Sartre, Søren Kierkegaard |
____ 9. ________ is the belief that reality is essentially idea, thought, or mind.
|a. |Idealism |
|b. |Materialism |
|c. |Pragmatism |
|d. |Essentialism |
|e. |Existentialism |
____ 10. ________ is the position that the world consists of my own mind and things that are dependent on it.
|a. |Subjective idealism |
|b. |Objective idealism |
|c. |Pragmatic idealism |
|d. |Phenomenology |
|e. |Egoism |
____ 11. According to Vasubandhu, the way to realize that the external world is only a dream is ________.
|a. |to study and to have faith |
|b. |to shut out all sense experience |
|c. |to realize that our dreams seem real when we are having them |
|d. |to practice meditation and to live ethically |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 12. Voltaire's Candide ________.
|a. |argues in favor of materialism |
|b. |argues in favor of idealism |
|c. |argues in favor of existentialism |
|d. |rejects the choice between materialism and idealism as a false dichotomy |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 13. Pragmatism is ________.
|a. |not concerned with traditional philosophical problems |
|b. |defined by the range of topics it handles, not by its method |
|c. |rationalistic and pessimistic |
|d. |humanistic and scientific |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 14. For ________ pragmatism was a tool for understanding the function of ideas in fostering reasoned consensus.
|a. |C. S. Peirce |
|b. |John Dewey |
|c. |William James |
|d. |Herbert Spencer |
|e. |Edmund Husserl |
____ 15. For ________ pragmatism was a tool for social criticism and reassessment of the functions of education, the arts, etc.
|a. |C. S. Peirce |
|b. |John Dewey |
|c. |William James |
|d. |Herbert Spencer |
|e. |Edmund Husserl |
____ 16. For ________ pragmatism was a tool for understanding the function of ideas in personal experience as instruments of will and desire.
|a. |C. S. Peirce |
|b. |John Dewey |
|c. |William James |
|d. |Herbert Spencer |
|e. |Edmund Husserl |
____ 17. According to John Dewey, philosophy arises from ________.
|a. |wonder |
|b. |boredom |
|c. |struggle with social or moral problems |
|d. |confusion |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 18. Logical Positivists ________.
|a. |try to understand the world by understanding language |
|b. |object that neither idealism nor materialism has paid sufficient attention to their use of language |
|c. |invented the process of bracketing to set aside language that fails to satisfy the criterion of verifiability |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 19. According to A. J. Ayer, metaphysical claims are ________.
|a. |relations of ideas |
|b. |matters of fact |
|c. |tautologies |
|d. |empirical claims |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 20. According to A. J. Ayer, ________.
|a. |propositions are never significant |
|b. |there is one type of significant proposition |
|c. |there are two types of significant proposition |
|d. |there are three types of significant proposition |
|e. |there is an indefinite number of types of significant proposition |
____ 21. Critics object that ________ have tried to define away the genuine problems underlying metaphysical speculation.
|a. |idealists |
|b. |pragmatists |
|c. |phenomenologists |
|d. |existentialists |
|e. |logical positivists |
____ 22. Critics charge that if we apply the criterion of verifiability to itself it turns out to be ________.
|a. |circular |
|b. |a tautology |
|c. |false |
|d. |true, but trivially so |
|e. |meaningless |
____ 23. According to Rudolf Carnap, metaphysical claims ________.
|a. |have an expressive function only |
|b. |have a representative function only |
|c. |have both representative and expressive functions |
|d. |have neither representative nor expressive functions |
|e. |may have either representative or expressive functions, but not both |
____ 24. Realism is the view that there exists a real world with features that are independent of ________.
|a. |our language |
|b. |our perceptions |
|c. |our beliefs |
|d. |our thoughts |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 25. The new idealists think that reality is dependent on ________.
|a. |our ideas |
|b. |our language |
|c. |our perceptions |
|d. |our system of concepts |
|e. |b and d |
____ 26. According to ______, the number of objects in the world depends on the counting system we use.
|a. |Jean Grimshaw |
|b. |Dale Spender |
|c. |John Searle |
|d. |John Gribbin |
|e. |Hilary Putnam |
____ 27. According to _______, we make realities by drawing boundaries around things with language.
|a. |John Searle |
|b. |Nelson Goodman |
|c. |A. A. Luce |
|d. |Jean Grimshaw |
|e. |V. S. Pritchett |
____ 28. Max Tegmark argues that other parts of the universe must be just like the part we see, because the visible universe is ________ and the overall universe is ________.
|a. |composed of matter, composed of energy |
|b. |orderly, chaotic |
|c. |non-self-sustaining, self-sustaining |
|d. |finite, infinite |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 29. According to Dale Spender, a "multidimensional framework" would ________.
|a. |give the one true picture of reality |
|b. |do away with all limiting classification systems |
|c. |not privilege some experiences over others |
|d. |not give an adequate account of oppression |
|e. |a and b |
____ 30. Jean Grimshaw objects to the new idealism on the grounds that ________.
|a. |many different languages describe the same reality |
|b. |the world consists of objects, not ideas |
|c. |its truth depends on what classification system you use |
|d. |it does not give an adequate account of oppression |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 31. According to John Searle, our linguistic practices presuppose ________.
|a. |a classification system |
|b. |metaphysical realism |
|c. |idealism |
|d. |a language |
|e. |a multidimensional framework |
____ 32. John Searle objects to antirealism on the grounds that it ________.
|a. |confuses language-dependent descriptions with language-independent reality |
|b. |confuses classifications systems with language |
|c. |claims that description depends on language |
|d. |is language dependent |
|e. |privileges one language system over others |
____ 33. ________ is the study of what appears to consciousness.
|a. |Idealism |
|b. |Existentialism |
|c. |Pragmatism |
|d. |Phenomenology |
|e. |Solipsism |
____ 34. According to what Edmund Husserl calls the natural standpoint, the fact-world ________.
|a. |exists outside time |
|b. |does not include the perceiving self |
|c. |is the same as the phenomenal world |
|d. |is an illusion |
|e. |is "out there" |
____ 35. Phenomenology and existentialism both ________.
|a. |are unsympathetic to science as a cognitive enterprise |
|b. |stress contemplation of truth |
|c. |are critical of abstractions |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and c only |
____ 36. One important theme in the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard is ________.
|a. |the victory of reason over passion |
|b. |overcoming the sense of a need for God |
|c. |objectivity in the sense of getting outside the subjective self |
|d. |an understanding of the self as a thinking being |
|e. |clarity about what a person is to do |
____ 37. ________ and ________ were existentialists.
|a. |Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus |
|b. |Martin Heidegger, Paul Tillich |
|c. |Martin Heidegger, Martin Buber |
|d. |Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty |
|e. |George Berkeley, Edmund Husserl |
____ 38. ________ divides reality into being-for-itself and being-in-itself.
|a. |Edmund Husserl |
|b. |Martin Heidegger |
|c. |Martin Buber |
|d. |Friedrich Nietzsche |
|e. |Jean-Paul Sartre |
____ 39. Critics of ________ have objected that what appears as self-given may be relative to the bracketing process.
|a. |Edmund Husserl |
|b. |Martin Heidegger |
|c. |Martin Buber |
|d. |Friedrich Nietzsche |
|e. |Jean-Paul Sartre |
____ 40. The determinist view of reality holds that ________.
|a. |causal determinism does not rule out human freedom and personal responsibility |
|b. |humans are not free nor are they personally responsible for what they do |
|c. |some events are not causally determined by previous events and the laws of nature |
|d. |only the determined person can succeed in life |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 41. The libertarian view of reality holds that ________.
|a. |humans are not personally responsible for what they do |
|b. |human freedom and causal determinism are both true |
|c. |political liberty is the key to prosperity |
|d. |human actions are not causally determined by previous events and the laws of nature |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 42. The compatibilist holds that ________.
|a. |Freedom is compatible with indeterminism (or randomness) |
|b. |Freedom is compatible with obedience to duty |
|c. |Freedom simply means an absence of prior causes for one's actions |
|d. |Freedom simply means an absence of external restraints or confinements |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 43. According to Immanuel Kant, determinism and libertarianism ________.
|a. |are both false |
|b. |do not really conflict |
|c. |can be reconciled by a compatibilist approach |
|d. |are each correct, depending on one's point of view |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 44. ________ said "If no one asks me, I know what time is; if someone asks and I want to explain it, I do not know."
|a. |J. M. E. McTaggart |
|b. |J. J. C. Smart |
|c. |Saint Augustine |
|d. |Immanuel Kant |
|e. |Henri Bergson |
____ 45. The subjective view of time as we experience it, is a view ________.
|a. |that all philosophers reject as an illusion |
|b. |that sees time as flowing from future, through present, and into the past |
|c. |that McTaggart says makes sense and is not contradictory |
|d. |that J. J. C. argues is not an illusion |
|e. |that Henri Bergson argues is an illusion |
____ 46. ________ construes the self as part of the matter that composes the universe, subject to deterministic laws.
|a. |Pragmatism |
|b. |Idealism |
|c. |Phenomenology |
|d. |Existentialism |
|e. |Materialism |
____ 47. ________ rejects absolutes, thus creating a picture of the self as a multidimensional entity that both influences and is influenced by its environment.
|a. |Pragmatism |
|b. |Idealism |
|c. |Phenomenology |
|d. |Existentialism |
|e. |Materialism |
____ 48. ________ construes the self as an entity whose perceptions are the basis for the reality of physical objects.
|a. |Pragmatism |
|b. |Idealism |
|c. |Phenomenology |
|d. |Existentialism |
|e. |Materialism |
____ 49. For the ________, the self is whatever we choose to make it.
|a. |pragmatist |
|b. |idealist |
|c. |phenomenologist |
|d. |existentialist |
|e. |materialist |
____ 50. For the ________, the self is pure being.
|a. |pragmatist |
|b. |idealist |
|c. |phenomenologist |
|d. |existentialist |
|e. |materialist |
____ 51. According to Thomas Hobbes, ________ is the origin of all thought.
|a. |reason |
|b. |sensation |
|c. |anamnesis |
|d. |imagination |
|e. |instinct |
____ 52. For Hobbes, decaying sense can be either ________ or ________.
|a. |imagination, reason |
|b. |imagination, memory |
|c. |unguided, regulated |
|d. |random, guided |
|e. |reason, memory |
____ 53. For Hobbes, mental discourse can be either ________ or ________.
|a. |imagination, reason |
|b. |imagination, memory |
|c. |unguided, regulated |
|d. |random, guided |
|e. |reason, memory |
____ 54. According to Hobbes, a desire is ________.
|a. |different from an appetite |
|b. |the result of deliberation |
|c. |not important to how one acts |
|d. |an impulse to move toward something |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 55. As Hobbes uses the term, a Leviathan is ________.
|a. |a sea monster |
|b. |a government |
|c. |an irrational desire |
|d. |a political despot |
|e. |a religious myth |
____ 56. The phrase esse est percipi means ________.
|a. |I think therefore I am |
|b. |the unexamined life is not worth living |
|c. |know thyself |
|d. |to exist is to be perceived |
|e. |existence precedes essence |
____ 57. The phrase esse est percipi is associated with ________.
|a. |David Hume |
|b. |René Descartes |
|c. |Thomas Hobbes |
|d. |George Berkeley |
|e. |Thomas Aquinas |
____ 58. According to George Berkeley, experience reveals ________.
|a. |only one sort of existent |
|b. |two sorts of existents |
|c. |three sorts of existents |
|d. |a rich diversity of many different types of existents |
|e. |no existents of any type |
____ 59. According to George Berkeley, when a tree is not being perceived by any human being or animal, ________.
|a. |the tree does not exist |
|b. |God still perceives the tree |
|c. |the tree still exists as a material object |
|d. |the tree still exists as a collection of unperceived sensations |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 60. In V. S. Pritchett's short story "The Saint," the narrator ________.
|a. |meets a religious leader |
|b. |has religious doubts |
|c. |at first believes that disease is only in the mind |
|d. |loses his religious faith |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 61. According to A. A. Luce, the basic constituent of reality is ________.
|a. |language |
|b. |ideas |
|c. |sense data |
|d. |matter |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 62. A. A. Luce claims that we only directly experience ________.
|a. |sense data |
|b. |matter |
|c. |ideas |
|d. |concepts |
|e. |c and d |
____ 63. In the "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment, the cat ends up being ________.
|a. |dead |
|b. |alive |
|c. |neither dead nor alive |
|d. |nearly dead but not quite |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 64. According to John Gribbin, quantum mechanics shows that ________.
|a. |there is an underlying reality to the world |
|b. |there are infinitesimally small particles |
|c. |Schrödinger's cat is dead |
|d. |we can predict the behavior of all particles with exactitude |
|e. |there may be no underlying reality to the world |
____ 65. ________ believed that this is the best of all possible worlds.
|a. |Voltaire |
|b. |Candide |
|c. |Leibniz |
|d. |Sartre |
|e. |Camus |
____ 66. Anthropomorphism is the fallacy of ________.
|a. |ascribing human characteristics to something nonhuman |
|b. |ascribing nonhuman characteristics to human beings |
|c. |making human opinion the measure of all things |
|d. |giving a false account of the human form |
|e. |trying to change human beings into something else |
____ 67. ________ and ________ were logical positivists.
|a. |G. E. Moore, A. J. Ayer |
|b. |Edmund Husserl, Rudolf Carnap |
|c. |Rudolf Carnap, A. J. Ayer |
|d. |Gilbert Ryle, G. E. Moore |
|e. |Rudolf Carnap, Gilbert Ryle |
____ 68. According to Thomas Hobbes, memory is like ________.
|a. |a sculpture being eroded by wind |
|b. |heat given off by a fire |
|c. |water being frozen into ice |
|d. |water moving after the wind stops |
|e. |ice being melted by a fire |
____ 69. George Berkeley wrote ________.
|a. |Leviathan |
|b. |A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge |
|c. |Candide |
|d. |Critique of Pure Reason |
|e. |An Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
____ 70. ________ wrote that "the meaningfulness of our public utterances already presupposes an independently existing reality to that expressions in those utterances can refer."
|a. |George Berkeley |
|b. |Thomas Hobbes |
|c. |William James |
|d. |John Searle |
|e. |Edmund Husserl |
| | |
chapter 4
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. ________ is the rational study of religious beliefs by scholars committed to those beliefs.
|a. |Philosophy |
|b. |Theology |
|c. |Religion |
|d. |Theism |
|e. |Dogma |
____ 2. Religion ________.
|a. |stresses personal commitment |
|b. |is generally founded on belief |
|c. |frequently finds expression through institutionalized ritual |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 3. ________ is belief in a personal God who is creator of the world and with whom we may come into intimate contact.
|a. |Monotheism |
|b. |Theism |
|c. |Pantheism |
|d. |Panentheism |
|e. |Animism |
____ 4. ________ was the first to present the ontological argument in a formal, self-conscious manner.
|a. |Saint Augustine |
|b. |Saint Aquinas |
|c. |Saint Anselm |
|d. |Saint Francis |
|e. |René Descartes |
____ 5. ________ is belief that there is only one God.
|a. |Monotheism |
|b. |Theism |
|c. |Pantheism |
|d. |Panentheism |
|e. |Polytheism |
____ 6. The ________ argues for the existence of God from the nature of God's being.
|a. |ontological argument |
|b. |cosmological argument |
|c. |design argument |
|d. |existential argument |
|e. |natural argument |
____ 7. The ________ argues that since an infinite causal chain is impossible, God must be an uncaused cause.
|a. |ontological argument |
|b. |cosmological argument |
|c. |design argument |
|d. |atheist |
|e. |pantheist |
____ 8. In Wilbur Daniel Steele's "The Man Who Saw Through Heaven," Herbert Diana responds to the discoveries of science by ________.
|a. |giving up his religious belief |
|b. |rejecting the teachings of science |
|c. |realizing how religion and science can work together |
|d. |sinking into despair |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 9. By "God," Anselm meant ________.
|a. |nature |
|b. |the greatest being imaginable |
|c. |an uncaused cause |
|d. |an unmoved mover |
|e. |nothing: he left the term undefined. |
____ 10. Against the ontological argument, ________ reasoned that existence is not a property but a relationship between the thing conceived and the world.
|a. |Saint Anselm |
|b. |Thomas Aquinas |
|c. |René Descartes |
|d. |Immanuel Kant |
|e. |Baruch Spinoza |
____ 11. Some critics of the cosmological argument say that it contradicts itself, because ________.
|a. |the idea of an omnipotent being is not self-consistent |
|b. |the idea of an uncaused cause is not self-consistent |
|c. |there may in fact be an infinite regress of causal sequences |
|d. |if everything must have a cause, God must have a cause |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 12. The ________ argues that the order and purpose manifest in the working of things demand a God.
|a. |ontological argument |
|b. |cosmological argument |
|c. |design argument |
|d. |pantheist |
|e. |panentheist |
____ 13. William Paley's example of finding a watch in the heath is used to illustrate ________.
|a. |the ontological argument |
|b. |the cosmological argument |
|c. |the design argument |
|d. |atheism |
|e. |pantheism |
____ 14. Pantheism is the belief that ________.
|a. |God is limited |
|b. |God and the universe are identical |
|c. |God is transcendent, beyond experience |
|d. |everything is in God |
|e. |everything that happens is necessary |
____ 15. Panentheism tries to merge ________.
|a. |theism and atheism |
|b. |theism and pantheism |
|c. |pantheism and atheism |
|d. |pantheism and monotheism |
|e. |atheism and agnosticism |
____ 16. According to Étienne Gilson, the most basic questions asked by modern science are ________.
|a. |unanswerable |
|b. |answered by traditional religion |
|c. |fundamentally different from religious questions |
|d. |fundamentally nonscientific |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 17. The problem of ________ is the problem of reconciling the apparent existence of evil with the presumed existence of an all-knowing, all-powerful, all-good God.
|a. |evil |
|b. |theism |
|c. |God |
|d. |omniscience |
|e. |numinous experience |
____ 18. Arguments against the problem of evil include: ________.
|a. |evil is only the absence of good |
|b. |evil is caused by humans |
|c. |a world without evil would be ill-suited to the purpose of moral and spiritual development |
|d. |evil is necessary for good |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 19. ________ claim that the existence of God can neither be proved nor disproved, and thus that we should neither accept nor reject the proposition.
|a. |Atheists |
|b. |Agnostics |
|c. |Pantheists |
|d. |Panentheists |
|e. |Animists |
____ 20. Sigmund Freud's proposal that the image of God as Father is based a religious person's recollection of his or her human father ________.
|a. |is part of Freud's theories about adolescence |
|b. |is offered without much support |
|c. |is today widely rejected |
|d. |has been borne out by psychoanalytic research |
|e. |has been shown to be false |
____ 21. As James uses the terms, a genuine option is not ________.
|a. |living |
|b. |momentous |
|c. |forced |
|d. |avoidable |
|e. |both forced and living |
____ 22. James's three pairs of hypothetical options are ________.
|a. |living/dead, good/bad, momentous/trivial |
|b. |momentous/insignificant, living/dead, forced/genuine |
|c. |genuine/forced, living/dead, momentous/avoidable |
|d. |living/dead, forced/trivial, momentous/avoidable |
|e. |forced/avoidable, momentous/trivial, living/dead |
____ 23. A numinous experience is often characterized by feelings of ________.
|a. |terror |
|b. |infinite dependence |
|c. |mystery |
|d. |bliss |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 24. ________ is the experience of a reality we can truly know only when we surrender our individual selves and sense a union with the divine ground of all existence.
|a. |Agnosticism |
|b. |Mysticism |
|c. |A momentous option |
|d. |A living option |
|e. |Animism |
____ 25. For most Americans, the proposal "Believe in the gods of the Vikings or those of the Greeks" would probably be a ________ option.
|a. |living |
|b. |dead |
|c. |trivial |
|d. |momentous |
|e. |forced |
____ 26. According to physicist John Polkinghorne, the real point of the question "Can a scientist pray?" is whether ________.
|a. |a sense of wonder is a kind of prayer |
|b. |we can ask God for something |
|c. |God cares what we think |
|d. |a scientist can believe in a Creator |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 27. What Kierkegaard calls objective thinking is, in his view ________.
|a. |the goal of philosophical speculation |
|b. |irrelevant to anything important |
|c. |limited in what it can accomplish |
|d. |easy for the person who is determined |
|e. |impossible |
____ 28. According to Kierkegaard, religious faith ________.
|a. |involves subjective thinking |
|b. |involves an encounter with the unknown |
|c. |defies objective analysis |
|d. |involves a leap of faith |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 29. Kierkegaard believes that ________.
|a. |faith can be based on direct observation of God |
|b. |faith can be based on rational inferences from the nature of the world |
|c. |we should not be dissuaded from believing in God by doubts arising at the level of objective reason |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 30. According to Paul Tillich, God is ________.
|a. |the supreme being |
|b. |being itself |
|c. |not a being at all |
|d. |a and b only |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 31. According to Paul Tillich, only ________ can seriously say, "Life has no depth. Life is shallow. Being is surface only."
|a. |mystics |
|b. |animists |
|c. |pantheists |
|d. |agnostics |
|e. |atheists |
____ 32. A tautology is ________.
|a. |a blind leap of faith |
|b. |a mystical experience |
|c. |a statement in which the predicate repeats the subject |
|d. |a statement in which the predicate is undefined |
|e. |a scientific law |
____ 33. According to Mary Daly, Christianity and Judaism present God as our "Father in heaven" in order to ________.
|a. |justify the domination of men over women |
|b. |reassure people that someone is watching over them |
|c. |justify the association of "up" with good things and "down" with bad things. |
|d. |explain the role of rain in the rhythms of nature |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 34. Daly believes that traditional conceptions of God are oppressive to women and should be ________.
|a. |revised, because God isn't really male |
|b. |replaced by worship of "The Goddess" |
|c. |replaced by atheism |
|d. |abandoned, because "maleness" is essential to our conception of God |
|e. |b and d |
____ 35. Worship of "The Goddess" will differ from traditional Judeo-Christian worship because it will ________.
|a. |be for women only |
|b. |be nonhierarchical |
|c. |be matriarchal |
|d. |not value men |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 36. Pamela Dickey Young shares Daly's goal of moving away from a conception of God as male, but differs with Daly ________.
|a. |over how crucial the issue of God's gender is |
|b. |over how widespread the image of God as male is |
|c. |in wanting to picture God as neither male nor female |
|d. |in preferring a non-personal God to a personal one |
|e. |in believing that maleness is not essential to the Judeo-Christian God |
____ 37. Hinduism is characterized by ________.
|a. |belief in the fundamental oneness of reality |
|b. |a hierarchical, tiered system of values |
|c. |belief in the law of karma |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and c only |
____ 38. The Four Noble Truths do not include ________.
|a. |the existence of suffering |
|b. |the cause of suffering |
|c. |the Noble Eightfold Path |
|d. |the possibility of release from suffering |
|e. |the merging of the five streams |
____ 39. In Buddhism, our ignorance and lack of awareness is ________.
|a. |avidya |
|b. |samsara |
|c. |nirvana |
|d. |karma |
|e. |dharma |
____ 40. In Buddhism, the reincarnative pattern of life-death-rebirth is ________.
|a. |avidya |
|b. |samsara |
|c. |nirvana |
|d. |karma |
|e. |dharma |
____ 41. Tillich's "existential despair" is similar to ________.
|a. |the First Noble Truth |
|b. |the Second Noble Truth |
|c. |samsara |
|d. |nirvana |
|e. |karma |
____ 42. The Bhagavad-Gita is a sacred scripture of ________.
|a. |Hinduism |
|b. |Buddhism |
|c. |Taoism |
|d. |Christianity |
|e. |Islam |
____ 43. The Hindu law of sowing and reaping is the law of ________.
|a. |brahman |
|b. |atman |
|c. |karma |
|d. |nirvana |
|e. |avidya |
____ 44. Tillich's "experiencing the depth" is similar to ________.
|a. |the First Noble Truth |
|b. |the Second Noble Truth |
|c. |samsara |
|d. |nirvana |
|e. |karma |
____ 45. In Buddhism, the teaching of the Buddha is ________.
|a. |avidya |
|b. |samsara |
|c. |nirvana |
|d. |karma |
|e. |dharma |
____ 46. Zen Buddhism emphasizes ________.
|a. |the inadequacy of language |
|b. |reliance on direct experience |
|c. |the oneness of Mind and Nature |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |a and b only |
____ 47. Eastern religions are less concerned with ________ than Western religions are.
|a. |religious ritual |
|b. |reliance on mystical experience |
|c. |the question of God's existence |
|d. |one's relationship with the divine |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 48. ________ is not an Eastern religious movement or practice that has found increasing appeal in the United States.
|a. |Unitarianism |
|b. |Zen |
|c. |Yoga |
|d. |transcendental mediation |
|e. |Krishna Consciousness |
____ 49. ________ religions speak of personal commitment and experience and our need to find our place in the cosmos.
|a. |All |
|b. |A few |
|c. |Western but not Eastern |
|d. |Eastern but not Western |
|e. |No |
____ 50. ________ offered five ways of proving the existence of God.
|a. |Saint Augustine |
|b. |Saint Anselm |
|c. |Saint Aquinas |
|d. |The Buddha |
|e. |Immanuel Kant |
____ 51. Aquinas's proofs do not include an argument from ________.
|a. |motion |
|b. |causality |
|c. |conceivability |
|d. |imperfection |
|e. |order |
____ 52. Aquinas's proofs do not ________.
|a. |begin with experience |
|b. |provide positive knowledge of God |
|c. |argue that God's existence is required to account for some feature of the world |
|d. |require the existence of something utterly different from the objects of our experience |
|e. |b and d only |
____ 53. Aquinas's via negativa is ________.
|a. |a refutation of atheism |
|b. |his third way |
|c. |a path that requires us to remove certain ideas from our concept of God |
|d. |the cosmological argument |
|e. |the knowledge of God that results when we remove doubt |
____ 54. When a word like "good" is applied both to human beings and to God, says Aquinas, the meanings involved are ________.
|a. |univocal |
|b. |contradictory |
|c. |analogical |
|d. |equivocal |
|e. |identical |
____ 55. By "natural law," Aquinas means ________.
|a. |the laws of physics |
|b. |the inclinations of our nature |
|c. |the law that the stronger rules the weaker |
|d. |the law that everything in nature is good |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 56. Descartes's rules of method do not include: ________.
|a. |doubt everything that is not clear and distinct |
|b. |analyze difficulties into as many parts as possible |
|c. |proceed in an orderly fashion, from the simple to the complex |
|d. |review often |
|e. |rely on God |
____ 57. Descartes inferred his existence from ________.
|a. |the goodness of God |
|b. |his sense experience |
|c. |his cognitive experience |
|d. |his parents' existence |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 58. From the fact that he could conceive of the nonexistence of his body without thereby conceiving of the nonexistence of his mind, Descartes concluded ________.
|a. |God exists |
|b. |God is a deceiver |
|c. |the physical world is an illusion |
|d. |mind and body are distinct entities |
|e. |our thoughts sometimes lead us astray |
____ 59. Conway attempts to ________.
|a. |prove the existence of God |
|b. |argue that God is not male |
|c. |deduce the nature of the world from the nature of God |
|d. |argue that God is not completely perfect |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 60. According to Conway, since God is purely spiritual ________.
|a. |he creates only purely spiritual beings |
|b. |he is perfect |
|c. |all things created by God have spirit |
|d. |he cannot create anything material |
|e. |he is infinitely good |
____ 61. Conway holds that there are an infinite number of creatures because ________.
|a. |all creatures reproduce themselves |
|b. |creativity is an essential attribute of God |
|c. |God is infinite |
|d. |all creatures have a material component |
|e. |b and c |
____ 62. The "eternity" in which God exists, according to Conway, is ________.
|a. |the infinite future |
|b. |the infinite span that includes the past, present, and future |
|c. |a timeless state |
|d. |a changeless instant in the flow of earthly time |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 63. Many of Conway's ideas were adopted by ________.
|a. |Descartes |
|b. |Leibnitz |
|c. |Aristotle |
|d. |Hobbes |
|e. |Augustine |
____ 64. Conway proposed that body and spirit are ________.
|a. |two aspects of the same thing |
|b. |interdependent |
|c. |both illusions |
|d. |both mortal |
|e. |b and c |
____ 65. The title character in "The Death of Ivan Ilyitch" is ________.
|a. |suffering from an intestinal disorder |
|b. |suffering from failing kidneys |
|c. |religious |
|d. |afraid to die |
|e. |All of the above |
____ 66. In "The Death of Ivan Ilyitch," the title character ________.
|a. |moves from forgiveness to happiness |
|b. |moves from happiness to sadness |
|c. |moves from bitterness to forgiveness |
|d. |moves from happiness to bitterness |
|e. |b and c |
____ 67. Flew's parable of the jungle clearing (taken from John Wisdom) is meant to show that ________.
|a. |God is at work even though He is invisible |
|b. |an untestable claim is vacuous |
|c. |not all proof is empirical |
|d. |theists and atheists do not really disagree |
|e. |None of the above |
____ 68. Mitchell claims that one ought to treat the proposition "God loves us" as ________.
|a. |a provisional hypothesis |
|b. |a significant article of faith |
|c. |a vacuous formula |
|d. |false |
|e. |intuitively obvious |
____ 69. Panentheists include ________.
|a. |G. T. Fechner |
|b. |Friedrich von Schelling |
|c. |Charles Peirce |
|d. |All of the above |
|e. |b and c only |
____ 70. Paul Tillich has been accused of ________.
|a. |denying that God exists |
|b. |defining God into existence |
|c. |relying too heavily on modern science |
|d. |failing to make room in his theory for religious experience |
|e. |being too uncomfortable with mystery |
____ 71. ________ wrote that "although God's re-presentation of Godself to Christians takes a male form, this can in no way be used to argue that God could never be represented in a female form."
|a. |Pamela Dickey Young |
|b. |Mary Daly |
|c. |Thomas Aquinas |
|d. |Anne Conway |
|e. |Carol P. Christ |
____ 72. What Abraham Maslow calls "peak experiences" do not necessarily include a feeling of ________.
|a. |everything falling into place |
|b. |clarity of mental vision |
|c. |meaningfulness in one's life |
|d. |certainty of one's place in the order of things |
|e. |oneness with all humanity |
____ 73. ________ wrote The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy.
|a. |René Descartes |
|b. |Thomas Aquinas |
|c. |D. T. Suzuki |
|d. |Saint Anselm |
|e. |Anne Conway |
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