Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States ...
Number 347 + October 27, 2004
Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960?2002
by Cynthia L. Ogden, Ph.D.; Cheryl D. Fryar, M.S.P.H.; Margaret D. Carroll, M.S.P.H.; and Katherine M. Flegal, Ph.D., Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Abstract
This report presents trends in national estimates of mean weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) from the National Health Examination and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 1960 and 2002. The tables included in this report present data for adults by sex, race/ethnicity, and age group and for children by sex and year of age. Mean weight and BMI have increased for both sexes, all race/ethnic groups, and all ages. Among adults, mean weight increased more than 24 pounds. Although not as dramatically, mean height has also increased for most ages and for both males and females.
Keywords: body weight c height c National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Introduction
During the last 2 decades the prevalence of obesity and overweight has increased in the United States (1?3). This is in part due to a shift in the distribution of BMI (BMI, weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of the entire population (4). This report presents the changes in mean body weight, height, and BMI for the entire U.S. population from 1960 to 2002.
Methods
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) program of the National Center for
Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, includes a series of cross-sectional nationally representative health examination surveys beginning in 1960. In each survey a nationally representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population was selected using a complex, stratified, multistage probability cluster sampling design. A home interview was followed by a physical examination in a mobile examination center.
Beginning in 1999, NHANES became a continuous survey. The procedures followed to select the sample and conduct the interview and examination were similar to those for
previous surveys. Public-use data from the continuous NHANES are released in 2-year groupings; however, the most stable and reliable estimates are obtained from more than 2 years of data. Previous national surveys include the first, second, and third National Health Examination Surveys (NHES I, 1960?62; NHES II, 1963?65; NHES III, 1966?70) and the first, second, and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I, 1971?74; NHANES II, 1976?80; NHANES III, 1988?94). A special study of Hispanic populations (the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES)) in three regions of the United States was conducted from 1982 to 1984. The Mexican-American subpopulation sampled in HHANES was located entirely in the southwestern United States (5).
Population means and standard errors of the mean are weighted to produce national estimates. The sample weights adjust for oversampling of certain populations, noncoverage, and nonresponse. Standard errors were estimated using SUDAAN by Taylor Series Linearization (6). A relative standard error (RSE) greater than 30 percent has been recommended to
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics
2
Advance Data No. 347 + October 27, 2004
define estimates that are not reliable. In these tables, all of the RSEs met this reliability criterion. Pregnant females were excluded from all the analyses.
Statistical tests on trends were modeled using PROC REGRESS. All models included interaction terms for age and survey because mean age within an age group (e.g., 20?29 years) may have varied by survey. Significance was determined using the WALD F test (7). Tests for trends on the total groups of adults (20?74 years of age) were done on age-adjusted values; consequently, no interaction terms were included. When only two surveys were available (i.e., 20 years and over, etc.), differences were evaluated using t-tests. Significance was determined at the 0.05 level.
Results
Tables 1 and 2 show the mean weights for children over time in English and Metric units. Among 6?11-year-old children, mean weight increased from approximately 65 pounds in 1963?5 to almost 74 pounds in 1999?2002. This represents almost a 9pound increase for both boys and girls 6?11 years of age. Among 12?17-yearold teens, the mean weight of boys increased more than 15 pounds from 125 to 141 pounds and the mean weight of girls increased approximately 12 pounds from 118 to 130 pounds between the 1960s and 2002. Mean heights for children are found in tables 3 and 4. Mean heights also increased between the 1960s and 2002 with the mean height of boys 6?11 years of age increasing 0.8 inches and the mean height of girls 6?11 years of age increasing 0.6 inches. Among 12?17-year-old teens, the mean height of boys increased 0.7 inches while that of girls increased 0.3 inches, although these findings were not statistically significant. Mean BMIs for children are found in table 5. Among both boys and girls 12?17 years of age mean BMI increased by more than 4 units between 1963?5 and 1999?2002.
Changes in adult weight and height are shown in tables 6?9 in both English and Metric units. On average, both men and women gained more than 24 pounds between the early 1960s and 2002. During the same time period, mean
height increased approximately 1 inch. In 1999?2002 mean weight of men 20 years and over was almost 190 pounds while among women the mean weight was approximately 163 pounds. Mean height for men in 1999?2002 was approximately 69 inches and for women was approximately 64 inches. Changes in mean BMI (table 10) have also occurred. Between the early 1960s and 1999?2002 mean BMI for men 20?74 years of age increased from just over 25 to almost 28. Similarly, for women mean BMI increased from almost 25 to just over 28.
Changes in average weight by race/ethnicity are shown in tables 11 and 12. Between NHANES III and NHANES 1999?2002 mean weight of non-Hispanic white adults increased approximately 10 pounds. Among non-Hispanic black or African American men the increase was approximately 8 pounds, but among black or African American men 60 years and over the increase was over 13 pounds. The average weight of non-Hispanic black or African American women increased approximately 13 pounds with the largest increase in the 20?39 year age group (more than 16 pounds). Among Mexican Americans the increase was 4?5 pounds. However, the increase in average weight among Mexican American men 60?74 years of age between HHANES in the early 1980s and NHANES 1999?2002 was over 19 pounds. Between NHANES III and NHANES 1999?2002 average height increased less than one-half an inch for non-Hispanic white persons, nonHispanic black or African American persons, and Mexican American persons (tables 13 and 14). Table 15 shows mean BMIs by race/ethnicity. Among non-Hispanic white persons, nonHispanic black or African American, and Mexican Americans mean BMI has increased. Among Mexican Americans 20?74 years of age mean BMI increased approximately 2 units for both men and women between 1982?4 and 1999? 2002. Non-Hispanic black or African American women 20 years and over
have seen a similar increase between 1988?94 and 1999?2002.
Conclusions
Average weight has increased dramatically in the last 40 years with the greatest increases seen in adults. Mean BMI has also increased. Although height has also increased this increase has been much more modest.
References
1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among U.S. adults, 1999?2000. JAMA 288:1723?7. 2002.
2. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among U.S. children and adolescents, 1999?2000. JAMA 288:1728?32. 2002.
3. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll, MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among U.S. children, adolescents, and adults, 1999?2002. JAMA 291:2847?50. 2004.
4. Flegal KM, Troiano RP. Changes in the distribution of body mass index of adults and children in the U.S. population. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(7):807?18. 2000.
5. More information on the NHANES survey design and data collection methods, as well as public-use microdata files, can be found at the NHANES Web site: http:// nchs/nhanes.htm.
6. Wolter KM. Introduction to variance estimation, New York: SpringerVerlag. 1990.
7. Skinner CJ, Holt D, Smith TMF. Analysis of complex surveys, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 1989.
Table 1. Mean weight (pounds) by survey, sex, and age; children: United States
NHES II, 1963?65
NHES III, 1966?70
NHANES I, 1971?74
NHANES II, 1976?80
NHANES III, 1988?94
NHANES 1999?2002
Sex and age
Sample size
Mean
Standard error of the mean
Sample size
Mean
Standard error of the mean
Sample size
Mean
Standard error of the mean
Sample size
Mean
Standard error of the mean
Sample size
Mean
Standard error of the mean
Sample size
Mean
Standard error of the mean
Advance Data No. 347 + October 27, 2004
Male
2 years . . . . . . . . . - - -
---
---
3 years . . . . . . . . . . - - -
---
---
4 years1 . . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
5 years1 . . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
6 years1 . . . . . . . . . 575
48.4
0.3
7 years1 . . . . . . . . . 632
54.3
0.4
8 years1 . . . . . . . . . 618
61.1
0.5
9 years1 . . . . . . . . . 603
68.5
0.9
10 years1 . . . . . . . . 576
74.2
0.6
11 years1. . . . . . . . . 595
84.1
0.7
12 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
13 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
14 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
15 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
16 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
17 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
18 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
19 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
Female
2 years1 . . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
3 years1 . . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
4 years1 . . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
5 years . . . . . . . . . . - - -
---
---
6 years . . . . . . . . . . 536
47.4
0.5
7 years1 . . . . . . . . . 609
53.2
0.4
8 years1 . . . . . . . . . 613
60.6
0.5
9 years1 . . . . . . . . . 581
69.1
0.8
10 years1 . . . . . . . . 584
77.4
0.9
11 years1. . . . . . . . . 525
87.6
1.0
12 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
13 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
14 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
15 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
16 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
17 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
18 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
19 years1 . . . . . . . .
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
643
94.4
0.8
626 110.0
1.0
618 124.6
1.4
613 135.5
0.8
556 142.6
1.2
458 149.8
1.0
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
547 102.5
0.8
582 111.0
1.0
586 119.2
0.9
503 124.2
1.1
536 127.7
1.5
442 126.7
1.4
---
---
---
---
---
---
298
29.8
0.4
308
34.3
0.3
304
39.0
0.3
273
44.4
0.4
179
48.5
0.7
164
54.8
0.9
152
58.1
0.7
169
69.5
1.7
184
75.3
1.2
178
85.4
1.8
200
96.8
1.8
174 109.9
2.1
174 123.8
2.1
171 132.6
2.7
169 147.2
2.8
176 151.0
2.4
124 163.4
2.8
136 159.7
2.8
272
28.5
0.3
292
33.1
0.4
281
37.0
0.4
314
43.3
0.6
176
47.5
0.7
169
53.4
0.9
152
60.5
1.1
171
70.3
1.2
197
74.4
1.3
166
90.7
1.8
177 102.8
2.3
198 113.9
2.3
184 120.2
2.2
167 124.6
2.0
171 124.9
2.3
150 130.8
3.6
141 128.1
2.4
130 131.0
3.2
370
29.5
0.2
421
34.2
0.3
405
38.8
0.3
393
43.4
0.3
146
50.2
0.8
150
54.8
0.8
145
61.6
1.4
141
67.6
1.4
165
79.7
1.6
153
87.4
2.0
147
96.9
2.2
165 108.9
2.6
188 124.0
1.9
180 134.7
2.2
180 146.3
2.6
183 146.6
1.7
156 156.4
2.6
150 158.0
1.9
330
28.2
0.1
367
32.5
0.2
388
37.0
0.3
369
42.7
0.6
150
48.1
0.8
154
54.2
1.0
125
60.6
0.9
154
69.7
1.6
128
78.6
1.4
143
91.1
1.9
146 101.3
2.0
155 112.0
2.6
181 119.5
2.3
144 121.1
1.9
167 126.9
1.9
134 131.1
2.1
156 129.9
2.2
158 131.5
2.1
644
29.9
0.2
516
34.7
0.4
549
38.8
0.4
497
44.1
0.4
283
51.1
1.2
269
57.8
1.0
266
66.5
1.9
281
75.7
2.1
297
82.1
1.9
281
93.5
2.0
203 108.0
2.4
187 118.8
2.2
188 141.0
7.9
187 147.2
4.2
194 151.2
3.6
196 160.3
2.9
176 156.8
3.7
168 160.6
4.7
624
29.0
0.2
587
33.9
0.3
537
39.3
0.8
554
44.3
0.5
272
49.7
1.3
274
58.1
1.7
248
65.7
1.4
280
75.6
2.7
258
83.4
2.7
275
97.1
2.4
236 107.8
2.6
220 122.8
3.5
218 128.6
3.0
191 127.8
2.3
208 134.9
3.0
201 137.3
2.6
175 134.6
4.1
177 138.9
4.2
262
30.2
0.2
216
35.0
0.4
179
40.8
0.5
147
46.9
1.1
182
51.7
0.9
185
59.8
1.0
214
72.0
2.1
174
79.2
1.5
187
84.9
1.8
182
96.2
2.4
299 110.9
2.8
298 118.6
4.1
266 140.5
3.6
283 150.3
2.5
306 163.7
3.0
313 166.3
3.0
284 166.4
2.5
270 172.1
2.8
248
29.2
0.3
178
33.4
0.5
191
39.5
0.7
186
45.3
1.3
171
49.2
1.1
196
56.9
1.0
184
70.1
2.6
183
78.0
1.6
164
87.9
2.3
194 105.4
2.9
316 114.3
2.3
321 127.0
3.0
324 131.7
2.2
266 134.4
3.7
273 138.5
2.6
256 135.8
2.7
243 143.5
3.3
225 149.3
2.7
? ? ? Data not available. 1Statistically significant trend or difference p ................
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