TIMELINE: Renaissance & Reformation
STUDY GUIDE (Timeline format)
Renaissance & Reformation
1240 Mongols held Russia
1309-78 “The Babylonian Captivity” : Papacy in Avignon
1337-1453 Hundred Years’ War. Instilled patriotism in England, bad for France.
1348-50 The Black Death
c. 1330-1500 RENAISSANCE. Concept of modern vs. ancient. Purely secular-converged on Italy, the cultural hotspot. MEDICI’S. virtu. Wordliness. Ancient writings considered relevant. HUMANISM the birth of literature. SECULAR conceptions. COURTIER.
1358 Jacqueries (rev’ns and revolts)
**Clergy Taxation-currencies debased**
Schism of the RCC: popes in Avignon and Rome. Papacy questioned-Christians subjugated. Bankers rose(money changing hands
1374 Mysticism and Lay Religion ( foundation for the protestant reformation
1381 Wat Tyler’s Rebellion
1409 Council at Pisa
1414 Council at Contance ( Martin V
1438 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. Popes no longer have france.
1452 Hapsburgs’ HRE(created by marriage etc by Maximilian I, comes to a head when the entity is inherited by Charles V, Katharine of Aragon’s nephew.
1453 Constantinople under siege by Mongols
1454 Johann Gutenburg prints books with movable type. ESSENTIAL to reformation and the spreading of doctrine.
1461 Valois Louis XI in France concept of absolutism.
1466-1536 Erasmus of Rotterdam. HUMANIST. Never called in to question the principle of the RCC, only ridiculed the corruption etc.
1469 Castile + Aragon
1485-1603 Henry VII (Tudor) gains English throne. Laws against “livery and maintenance”
1492 Jews (and Moors!) expelled from Spain
1494 French invade Italy: city states destroyed
1513 Machiavelli: The Prince. An attempt to tell how it IS done, what is useful.
1516 Concordat of Bologna
**Factors setting the scene for the Protestant reformation: decline of the church, growth of secular, spread of lay religion outside official clergy, new monarchs who wanted to control everything, including church, resistance of feudal elements to them, lassitude of popes (fear of councils,) division of Germany, Turkish in central Europe, the zeal of Spain, the HRE of Charles V, and the consequent fear of absorption of everyone else.**
1517 Luther’s 95 Theses Wittenburg (university.) JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH. You can’t earn grace by being good, you did good because you were graced. INNER GRACE. AGAINST INDULGENCES (Tetzel.) 7 sacraments ( 2. Find salvation in the bible only. DIET OF WORMS. Luther was all for religious revolution but against SOCIAL revn.
1519 Charles V Hapsburg HRE Threat to rest of Europe of UNIVERSAL MONARCHY. Later this will be called BALANCE OF POWER.
1521 St. Ignatius Loyola: Jesuits
1524 German peasant rebellion
1527 Spanish and German mercenaries attack Italy. Italian city states vulnerable against absolutist powers.
1534 Anabaptists converge on Munster
Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy (Oath of Supremacy.) Seized all clergy land, disregarded Pope and became head of the English church himself. Is a paradox-used to be titled “defender of the faith”
1535 Court of High Commission
1536 Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion. Drew on St. Augustine and some of Luther’s justification by faith etc. “THE ELECT.” Broke monopoly of priesthood. Ruled GENEVA. Spread more internationally than Lutheranism.
1537 Pope Paul III authorizes a Council to reform church
1540 Authorizes Jesuits
1542 Roman Inquisition
1545-1563 Council of Trent: Redefining Catholic doctrines
1546 Schmalkaldic League goes to war against Charles V
1555 Peace of Augsburg: Protestant + Catholic states in Germany (NO CALVINSIM)
1558 Elizabeth I
1560 Strong Catholic powers, looks bad for the Protestants. A crusade from them could have wiped out Protestantism, but it never happened. CONSOLODATION of Protestantism, well developed doctrines etc.
**SUZERAINTY vs. SOVEREIGNTY**
**The Protestan Reformation was a political(POWER), economic(CHURCH LAND), social(MARRIAGE) cultural(PATRIOTISM), technological(PRINTING PRESS) and religious movement**
Exploration
**Discoveries, price revolution, population boom**
c. 1430 Henry the Navigator “sagresh” school. Gil Eannes - Cape Bojador.
1492 Columbus discovers America
1498 Vasco da Gama rounds the tip of Africa
1502 21 ship flotilla goes to Asia
1504 4 ships/year leave Lisbon for the east
1519-1522 Magellan circumnavigates globe
1519-1533 Spanish conquer native Americans
1545 Potosi silver mines in Peru
1551 University of Lima
St. Francis Xavier baptizing in East
1533 “White Sea” Spanish and Portugese divide globe between them
University of Mexico
1560 Slave trade established
1565 “Manilla galleons” Spanish trade in Asia & America
GOLD, GOD, AND GLORY
The Commercial Revolution & Economic Renewal
CAPITAL and LABOR. MERCANTILISM and CAPITALISM. Changing social structures - aristocracy, middle, urban, poor, peasantry CLERGY in all classes. F.E. More demand for EDUCATION (became status symbol.) ENTREPRENEUR.
14th c-19th c 1560-1648
1368 Johann Fugger (banker)
1496 Rouen peasants worked cloth
1544 Printing press invented
1550 Oxoford and Cambridge
1560-1650 92 colleges established in france
1563 Statue of Artificers (Guild lose power)
1601 Poor Law
1636 Harvard
**In the east the peasants were ( and there wasn’t too unequal a distribution. In the west the peasants were serfs ( slaves, v. unhappy, unequal distribution of wealth (eventually cause of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS (первая русская револуция и.т.д.)
The Wars of Catholic Spain
1556-1598 Reign of King Phillip II (ambitious)
1566 Netherlands move against Spanish Influence
1567 Duke of Alva ( Netherlands
1569 Moriscos revolt
[Duke of Norfolk revolts]
[1570 Elizabeth excommunicated - good Catholics should try and overthrow her]
1571 Spanish and Venetians vs. Turks
[1572 St. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre]
1576 Netherlands fully rebel
1576-1578 Don Juan vs. Netherlands and England
1578 Succeeded by Parma
[England allies with the Netherlands]
1579 Union of Utrecht - 7 Northern Provinces
1581 Holland officially separated
1585 6,000 English troops ( Netherlands
1588 The Spanish Armada
1608 Moriscos rebellion
-1611 Moriscos expelled
1621 Olivares tries to centralize spain
1640 Portugal breaks off
1640-1660 Catalan Wars
Disintegration and Reconstruction of France
1530-1596 Jean Bodin
1559 Henry II dies ( Civil war ( Henry III (others Henry of Guise and Henry of Navarre)
1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre of Huguenots orchestrated by Catherine de Medici
1589 Henry III and Henry of Guise assassinated
Henry IV (Huguenot) takes throne
1593 Henry IV converts to Catholicism
1598 Edict of Nantes, toleration of Huguenots, gave them rights to fortified towns etc.
1610 Henry IV assassinated
1613-1615 Estates General meets and is then dismissed by Cardinal Richeliu to make way for an absolutist government.
1627 Richeliu suppresses Huguenot rebellion
1629 Peace of Alais (amends Edict of Nantes, Huguenots lose their fortification rights)
England & The Netherlands
1566 Netherlands move against Spanish influence
1569 Duke of Norfolk revolts
1570 Elizabeth I excommunicated
1576 Netherlands fully rebel
Don Juan threat ( Mary Queen of Scots
1578 England openly Protestant, allies with Netherlands
1579 Union of Utrecht - 7 Northern Provinces
1581 Holland officially separated
1585 6,000 English troops ( Netherlands
1588 The Spanish Armada “Protestant Wind”
1600 England United - Spanish decline = Sea freedom
East India Company
1602 Dutch East India Company
1607 English settle Virgina
1609 Twelve Years’ Truce
1612 Dutch Settle Manhattan “New Amsterdam”
1618-1648 30 Years War
1619 Dutch settle Batavia, Java
1621 Dutch West India Company
Brazil - Pernambuco, Bahia Caribbean - Caracas, Curacao, Guiana
1648 Peace of Westphalia (CALVINISM ADDED)
1652 Dutch capture Cape of Good Hope
Germany
1618 Defenestration of Prague, catalyst
1618-1648 The Thirty Years’ War
1618-1625 The Bohemian War : Frederick V vs. Emperor Ferdinand
1620 The Battle of White Man CVictory
1625-1629 The Danish War : King of Denmark vs. Albert Wallenstein
Danish peninsula, bohemia, and northern Lutheran lands invaded.
1629 Edict of Restitution (nullifies Peace of Augsburg toleration policies)
1630-1635 The Swedish War : Gustavus Adolphus vs. Wallenstein
1631 Breitenfield Battle Pvictory
1632 Lutzen Battle Pvictory
1635 (Saxony and German Protestants) Peace of Prague
Swedes left hanging when Gustavus dies-Richeliu intervenes, subsidizing Dutch and hiring a new captain for the troops. Spain retaliates to France’s involvement by invading France, but it weakened by the independence of Portugal and Catalonia. WAR when France strikes back.
1635-1648 The Swedish/French War : Prince Bernard of Saxe Weimar. BECOMES an INTERNATIONAL war fought on GERMAN soil.
1648 The Peace of Westphalia (Peace of Augsburg + Calvinists) PROTESTANT VICTORY
Stuarts vs. Parliaments (British Civil Wars)
1603-1625 James I
1625-1649 Charles I
1626 Charles calls Parliament to beg for money, granted the traditional “tunnage and poundage” for only one year. Resorts to ‘devious means’ such as SHIP MONEY and PREROGATIVE COURTS.
1628 Petition of Rights
1629 Three Resolutions
1640 England vs. Scotland ( Parliament called. SHORT and LONG Parliament (11 years)
1649-1660 Cromwell’s Puritan Republic
1660-1685 Charles II
1670 Secret Treaty of Dover with France
1672 Declaration of Indulgence - secret catholic sympathizer
1673 Test Act; no catholic can ever be King, no rights etc.
1685-1688 James II; when he baptizes his child catholic it is the final straw.
1688 The Glorious Revolution : William of Orange
1689-1701 Revolution Settlement
TIMELINE: The Second Hundred Years’ War
1667-1763 The 2nd Hundred Years’ War
1667-1668 The War of Devolution. Disputed inheritance, Louis invades Spanish Netherlands. France vs. Holland, England, Sweden. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle limits France to borders.
1672-1678 The Dutch War; France defeats Dutch THREATENS BoP, so William of Orange rectifies. Treaty of Nimwegen Louis gets no part of Holland, but receives Franche-Comte from Spain.
1688-1697 War of the League of Augsburg (King William’s War) Protestant states angered by revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Treaty of Ryswick restores status quo ante bellum.
1701-1713 War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War) Charles II of Spain dies, Louis wants throne. France vs. “Grand Alliance” of England, Holland, HRE and smaller states. Peace of Utrecht (1713) and Rasdadt (1714.) France retains Franche-Comte and relinquishes all hopes of territory in Spanish Netherlands. England receives French territory in N.A. as well as Gibraltar and the asiento from Spain. France recognizes Protestant rulers in England, and Dutch receive guarantee of security vs. France. ENGLAND all set to become NEXT BIG POWER.
1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession (King George’s War) 1st and 2nd Silesian Wars. dispute of Austrian succession. (Spain) France + Prussia vs. Britain + Austria (Holland.) Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle same for British and French, Prussia keeps coveted territory of SILESIA.
1756-1763 Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War) 3rd Silesian War, SILESIA, hegemony of central Europe, French intrusion of Netherlands, and N.A rivalry etc. (Spain) France + Austria vs. Britain + Prussia (Holland) [Diplomatic Revolution] Treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg. Prussia retains SILESIA. Britain becomes dominant in INDIA. France gives up more territories in N.A. retains Caribbean Islands, and is kept out of Belgium.
The Enlightenment
1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci (skeptic)
1473-1543 Copernicus: Sun center of the universe
1543 Vesalius “Structure of the Human Body”
Copernicus “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Orbs”
1546-1601 Tycho Brahe: Kepler’s teacher
1561-1626 Francis Bacon DEDUCTIVE METHOD
1564-1642 Galileo: telescope, dropping objects from buildings, moon has a surface, other planets have moons and satellites. Movement of bodies on earth.
1571-1630 Johann Kepler: Planet ellipses
1588-1679 Thomas Hobbes: absolutism “life is nasty, brutish and short”
1596-1650 Rene Descartes “cogito ergo sum”
1609 Telescope invented by Galileo
1614 Logarithms Scot John Napier
1620 Bacon’s “Part I Instauration Magna” (great renewal)
“Novuum Organum”
1623 Bacon’s English trans. “The Advancement of Learning”
1627 Bacon’s “The New Atlantis”
1628 William Harvey “On the Movement of Heart and Blood”
1632-1677 Baruch Spinoza: Jewish skeptic
1632-1704 John Locke: constitutionalism
1637 Descartes’ “Discourse on Method”
1642-1727 Isaac Newton: Gravity
1647-1706 Pierre Bayle: notable skeptic DEMAND FOR EVIDENCE
1651 Hobbes “The Leviathan”
1662 Royal Society of London
1666 Sciences in France
1678 Ducange Dictionary on Medieval Latin
Richard Simon biblical scholarship + criticism demand for EVIDENCE
1687 Newton’s “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”
1690 Locke “Essay Concerning Human Understnding”
“Two Treatises on Government”
1697 Bayle “Historical Critical Dictionary”
1751-1772 Diderot’s Encyclopedia
The Philosophes
1689-1755 Montesquieu: Landed aristocrat. Government varies according to climate and circumstances, and democracy would work only in small city-states. NO ABSOLUTISM, believes in sharing of power (parlements)
1694-1778 Voltaire: bourgeois - Freedom of thought, admirer of England, anti-religion, simply toleration ( SECULAR world historu
1712-1778 Rousseau-psychologically DERANGED
1733 V. “Philosophical Letters on the English”
1738 V. Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
1748 M. “The Spirit of Laws”
1750 R. “Arts and Sciences”
1751 V. “Age of Louis XIV” Praises Sun King for splendor of art and literature
1753 R. “Origin of Inequality Among Men”
1760 R. Nouvelle Heloise
1762 R. “The Social Contract”
R. Emile
1776 Adam Smith “The Wealth of Nations” PHYSIOCRATS “let them do as they see fit”
Enlightened Despotism
**SECULAR OUTLOOK**
1715-1774 Louis XV
1740-1780 Maria Theresa
1740-1786 Frederick II “The Great”
1762-1796 Catherine II “The Great” **overrated**
1769 Reform movement in British Parliament
1772 Prussia, Austria, Russia: 1st Partition of Poland
1773 Pugachev’s Rebellion (револуция пугачева)
1774-1792 Louis XVI
1776-1783 The American Revolution
1780-1790 Joseph II
1784 Britain’s “India Office”
1787 USA Constitution
1793 Prussia and Russia: 2nd Partition of Poland
1795 Prussia and Russia 3rd Partition of Poland
The French Revolution
THE ARISTOCRATIC REVOLUTION
1788
Aug. 8 Louis XVI promises to call Estates General
Sept. 25 Parlement of Paris rules for traditional voting. Louis XVI doubles number of delegates in third estate, with no effect.
1789
Jan. Sieyes’ “What is the Third Estate?”
Feb.-May Elections
May 5 Estates General meets at Versailles
June 13 Seven priests sit with the third estate
June 17 3rd Estate ( National Assembly
June 20 Tennis Court Oath
June 22 King Louis XVI conducts Séance Royale and orders the estates to seperate
June 27 Mobilizes troops and orders 1st and 2nd estate to sit with the 3rd as the National Assembly
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
July 11 Popular Finance Minister Necker dismissed for trying to tax nobles and clergy
July 14 The Storming of the Bastille
Aug. 4 Nobles vote to end feudal privileges END
Aug. 27 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen BEGINNING
Sept. National Assembly becomes Constituent Assembly, starts work on Constitution
Oct. 5 March on Versailles led by sans culottes
Nov. Confiscation of Church lands, assignats issued
1790
Assembly works on new constitution; divisions between “conservatives” and “patriots”
June Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1791
June Le Chapelier Laws v. compagnonnages (labor unions)
June 20-25 Flight to Varennes
Aug. 27 Declaration of Pillnitz (Leopold II of Austria)
Sept. 30 Constituent Assembly dissolves ( Legislative Assembly
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
Oct. 1 Convenes
1792
Feb. 7 Alliance of Austria & Prussia vs. France
Apr. 20 France declares war vs. Austria
June 20 Parisian mob attacks Tuileries
July 11 Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick
Aug. 10 Storming of the Tuileries
Sept. 2-7 September Massacres
Sept. 20 Battle of Valmy; first victory for French armies.
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION
Sept. 21 National Convention convenes; France declared a republic
Sept. 22 First day of Year One
Nov. 6 General Dumouries victorious at Jemappes, Belgium
Nov. 19 Convention issues proclamation offering assistance to all peoples wishing to change their govn
Dec. Trial of Louis XVI begins
1793
Jan. 15 Louis XVI declared guilty of treason
Jan. 16 Sentence of death voted 361-360 (regicide)
Jan. 21 Louis XVI executed
Feb. 1 War declared vs. Britain, Holland and Spain
Mar. Royalist revolts in the Vendee begin
Mar. 18 General Dumouriez defeated ( defects
Apr. 6 Committee of Public Safety formed
June 2 Arrest of 31 Girondin deputies
TERROR begins
June 22 Constitution of 1793 produced by the Convention but never ratified.
July 13 Radical rabblerouser Marat stabbed by Charlotte Corday
Aug. 23 Levee en masse
Sept. 17 Establishment of maximum laws
Oct. 16 Execution of Marie Antoinette
Nov. 10 Abolition of the Worship of God ( Cult of Reason
1794
Mar. 24 Robespierre crushes Herbertists
Apr. 6 Robespierre crushes Dantonists
June 8 Festival of the Supreme Being
June 10 Law of 22 Prairial: Juries can convict without a trial
June 26 Battle of Fleurus, Belgium. Big French victory.
June 27 Fall of Robespierre. Thermidorian Reaction
END of TERROR
1795
Apr. 1 Bread riots in Paris
May 20 Prairial Riots, more serious
Aug. 22 Constitution of 1795
Oct. 26 National Convention dissolved
THE DIRECTORY 1795-1799
1796-97 Bonaparte’s Italian Campaign
1797
Sept. 4 Coup d’etat of Fructudor: Victory of Republicans over reactionaries.
Oct. 17 Treaty of Campo Formio
1799
Nov. 9 Coup d’etat of Brumaire: Bonaparte overthrows the Directory and establishes the Consultate.
1799-1804 Bonaparte is “First Consul” Laws are codified in Napoleonic Code
1801 Napoleon’s Concordat with the RCC
1804 France becomes an Empire under Emperor Napoleon I.
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