Ancient Civilizations - Cornell Notes



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Ancient Civilizations - Cornell Notes

| |Dawn of History |

| |Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) |

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| |When - 2 million BCE to 10,000 BCE |

| |First people lived more than 2 million years ago in East Africa |

| |Hunters and Gatherers |

| |People lived nomadic lifestyles |

| |Men would hunt game animals and fish |

| |Women would collect fruits, berries and other edibles |

| |Adapting to their environment |

| |Tools |

|What are the |Simple tools - digging sticks, spears and axes out of stone, bone or wood. |

|characteristics of the |Clothing - skins of animals |

|Paleolithic Era? |Shelter – caves |

| |Fire - people learned to build fires for warmth and cooking. |

| |Paleolithic Societies |

| |Groups numbered between 20-30 people |

| |Developed spoken languages |

| |Allowed people to communicate during a hunt |

| |Early belief systems |

| |Polytheistic – early forms of animism |

| |People began burying the dead |

| |Burials suggest that people believed in an afterlife |

| |The dead were buried with their tools and weapons |

| |Migration |

| |People migrated from Africa to Asia, Europe and North America |

| |Led to cultural diffusion |

| |Also occurred through warfare and trade |

| |Scarce resources |

| |Hunting and gathering sustained human life for millions of years, but people barely survived. |

| |People moved from place to place because resources were scarce |

| |People needed a more reliable way of obtaining a supply of food |

| | |

| |Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution (New Stone Age) |

| |When - 10,000 BCE |

| |Important discoveries |

|How did people obtain |Farming |

|food during the Neolithic|People learned to plant seeds to grow food |

|Era? |Led to permanent settlements |

| |Sedentary agriculture – Farm in one place |

| |Domesticate animals |

| |Tamed animals they had been hunting |

| |Herded and penned the animals |

| |Used for food, clothing, labor and transportation |

| |Impact of Neolithic Revolution |

| |Farming led to a more reliable source of food |

| |As food supply increased, so did the population |

|Why was the Neolithic Era|Population of settlements numbered in the hundreds to thousands |

|considered a revolution? |Permanent communities formed |

| |New Technologies – people needed new tools in order to meet their new needs |

| |Calendars – helped determine when to plant and harvest crops |

| |Metal tools – built bronze and then iron plows that were pulled by animals |

| |Irrigation systems – brought water from rivers to farms |

| |Metal weapons – developed bronze and then iron weapons to defend their resources and villages |

| | |

| |Rise of Civilizations |

| |Rivers valleys - home to the first civilizations |

| |Fertile Land – the yearly floods provided arable land |

| |Fresh Water – gave people water source |

| |Transportation – Used the river as a means of transportation |

| |Trade – as the civilizations grew and expanded, more people came into contact with one another |

| |[pic] |

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|Why were rivers valleys |Characteristics of a Civilization |

|important to early |Cities – populations grew into the thousands due to increased food supplies |

|civilizations? |Central governments – provide order, organization and protection |

| |Traditional economy – based on farming and other skilled crafts such as pottery, clothing and other goods |

| |Organized religion – polytheistic, where priests would perform ceremonies to ensure plentiful crops and protection |

| | |

| |Specialization of labor - increased food supplies allowed people to perform different jobs in society |

| |Social classes emerge – based on one’s occupation |

| |Priests, warriors, craftsmen or artisan, and farmer |

| |Chiefs - emerged as leaders |

| |Women’s status declined as men took lead roles as warriors |

| |Warfare increased as resources became scarce |

| |Systems of writing – Used for record keeping. Early writing used pictures and then developed into symbols |

| |Art and architecture – Built temples and palaces to honor religious and political leaders. |

| |Public works – built infrastructure such as roads, bridges and walls for protection |

| | |

| |River Valley Civilizations - (4000 BCE - 1650 BCE) |

| | |

| |Nile River Valley – Egypt (North Africa) |

| |Geographic Setting |

| |Region – North Africa, Middle East |

| |Topography – Mostly Desert |

| |Natural barrier – provided protection from invasion |

| |Lack of arable land |

| |Nile River - River flows from South to North |

| |Silt from floods leaves a rich deposit of soil |

| |Used as a highway for travel and trade |

| |Villages merge to form cities along river becomes into one kingdoms: Upper Egypt (South) and Lower Egypt (North) |

| |Nile Delta - in Lower Egypt, where the Nile emptied into the Mediterranean Sea |

| |Government |

| |Pharaohs – ruler of Egypt that is believed to be both a God and a King |

| |Absolute power – claimed divine right |

| |Centralized Government – Strong central government/leaders |

| |Bureaucracy – Run by a Vizier to help run government business, such as collecting taxes |

| |Dynasty – Ruling family of Egypt; When the pharaoh died, power was passed onto the another family member |

| |Menes – Pharaoh (3100 BCE) - United Upper and Lower Egypt to create the first dynasty |

| |Used the Nile to link Upper and Lower Egypt |

| |Religion |

| |Polytheistic – Worshipped many gods |

| |Amon-Re – The Sun God and the Chief God |

| |Osirus – God of the Nile, controlled the Nile’s annual flood |

| |Afterlife – Egyptians prepared the dead for life after death |

| |Pyramids – Tombs and monuments used to store the remains of dead pharaohs as they await the afterlife |

| |Society |

| |Social Classes |

| |Upper Class – Pharaoh, Priests, Nobles |

| |Middle Class – Merchants and artisans (skilled workers) |

| |Lower Class – Peasants (Farmers) |

| |Slaves |

| |Role of Women: |

| |Legally own property |

| |Run business |

| |Divorce |

| |Contributions |

| |Papyrus – Paper making |

| |Hieroglyphics – Writing system that used pictures to represent words and ideas |

| |Rosetta Stone- Helped translate Egyptian writing |

| |Literature - poetry, songs, hymns and fiction |

| |Surgery and Medicine |

| |Mummification preserving the dead helped them diagnose illnesses and perform surgery |

| |Calendar – based on 365 days (solar) |

| |Number system - based on 10 (10, 100, 1000, etc) |

| | |

| |Tigris & Euphrates Rivers – Mesopotamia (Middle East) |

| |Geographic Setting |

|How did the Nile allow |Region – Middle East |

|Egypt to centralize its |The Fertile Crescent – a crescent shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that stretches |

|government? |from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea |

| |Mesopotamia – The land between the rivers |

| |Few natural barriers |

| |Cultural diffusion – exchange of goods and ideas |

| |Invasion – lack of barriers allowed for several invasions |

| |Sumerian Civilization – (3000 BCE) |

| |Government |

| |City- States – Sumer was divided into independent areas that included a city and the surrounding land |

| |Rulers – seen as the chief servant to the gods |

| |Role – Enforced laws, collected taxes, led armies into war, kept records, maintained city walls and irrigation systems |

| |Religion |

| |Polytheistic – Gods had human qualities and were tied to the forces of nature |

| |Each city-state had their own God or Goddess |

| |Ziggurats - Stone temples made out of sun-dried bricks that were used for religious purposes |

| |Social Classes |

| |Upper Class – Ruling family, officials and high priests |

| |Middle Class –Merchants and artisans (skilled workers) |

| |Lower Class – Peasants (Farmers) |

| |Contributions |

| |Inventions |

| |Sailboat |

| |Wheel |

| |Plow |

|What Egyptian |Walled cities |

|contribution would you |Architecture |

|consider the most |Ziggurats |

|important to today’s |Irrigation Systems – a network of canals that provided water for those away fro the river banks |

|society? |Cuneiform – Writing systems that used wedged shaped marks to keep records |

| |Math contributions |

| |Basic algebra |

| |Geometry |

| |Number system - based on 6 |

| |Literature - The Epic of Gilgamesh |

| |Babylonian Civilization |

| |Government |

| |Centralized government – strong central government |

| |Hammurabi – (1792-1750 BCE) God-like king |

| |Code of Hammurabi – 300 codified laws carved in stone |

| |Criminal Law – robbery, assault, murder |

| |Civil law – business contracts, property, taxes, marriage and divorce |

| |Specific punishments for specific laws |

| |Harsh punishments – “Eye for an Eye” |

| |Unequal enforcement – Lower social classes vs. nobles, men vs. women, adults vs. children – laws were harsher for lower |

| |classes, women and children) |

| |Contributions |

| |Contract - written agreement |

| |Astronomy – Study of universe |

| |a. Lunar calendar (12 months, 7 day week, 24 hr day) |

| |Number system - based on 60 (60 minute hour, 360 degree circle) |

| |Map makers – cartographer |

| | |

| |Indus River Valley – Indian Subcontinent (India and Pakistan) |

| |Geographic Setting |

| |Region - South Asia |

| |Mountain ranges |

| |Hindu Kush |

| |Himalayan |

| |Climate - Hot dry |

| |Monsoons – seasonal winds that brought rainfall to the Indian Subcontinent |

| |Indus River - Floods brought rich soil and destruction (unpredictable due to monsoon rains) |

| |Mystery |

| |Little is known about the Indus river valley because historians and archaeologists have not been able to decipher the |

| |writing system. |

| |All that is known comes from archaeological finds |

| |Government |

|Why were irrigation |Centralized government – strong central government |

|systems important to the |Well-Planned Cities – Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro |

|development of |Streets with grids |

|civilizations? |Uniformed Systems - weights and measures |

| |Religious buildings |

| |Buildings used to store grain |

| |Contributions |

| |Plumbing systems – baths, drains, sewers |

| |Buildings made of brick |

| |Irrigation ditches and flood barriers |

| |Wheel |

| | |

| |Yellow River Valley (Huang He) and the Yangzi River – China (3000-2500 BCE) |

| |Geographic Setting |

|What are the |Region – East Asia |

|characteristics of |Natural barriers – mountains, deserts, rainforest, ocean |

|Hammurabi’s Code? |Isolation |

| |River Valleys |

| |Huang He – Yellow River |

| |Loess - yellow matter in river that brings nutrients to soil |

| |Floods – given the nickname, “River of Sorrows” |

| |Yangzi River |

| |Government |

| |Decentralized government |

| |Shang Dynasty – 1650 BCE |

| |Dynasty – Ruling family of China; when the emperor died, another family member took over |

| |Kings controlled small areas of land |

| |City-states – ruled by groups of families |

| | |

| |Religion |

| |Polytheistic – worshipped many gods and nature spirits |

| |Early form of Daoism |

| |Yin and yang – opposing forces that held nature in balance |

| |Ancestor Worship – honored ancestors with sacrifices and shrines |

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| |Society |

| |Social Classes |

| |Upper Class - Royals family and nobles |

| |Merchants and artisans |

| |Peasants – farmers |

| | |

| |“Middle Kingdom” - Due to isolation, early Chinese thought of themselves as the center of the universe |

| | |

| |Contributions |

| |Writing system |

| |Thousands of characters made it hard to learn |

| |Pictographs – drawings of objects |

|Why are written records |Ideographs – Drawings of thoughts and ideas |

|important to | |

|understanding history? |Classical Civilizations |

| | |

| |Zhou Dynasty – China (1027 BCE-221 BCE) |

| |Government |

| |Overthrew the Shang Dynasty |

| |Mandate of heaven – Right to rule comes from heaven; used to explain the dynastic cycle |

| |Dynastic Cycle – cycle that explained the rise and fall of dynasties, based on the mandate of heaven |

| |[pic] |

| | |

| |Feudal government – Zhou emperors granted control of large areas of land to their supporters. The local lords controlled |

| |their own areas, but owed military service to the emperor |

| |Economy |

| |a. Trade – increased as a result of new roads and canals that were built (infrastructure) |

| |Money – Chinese copper coins as a form of currency |

| |Agriculture – expanded after the development of iron tools such as plows and axes |

| |3. Contributions |

| |a. Confucianism – Belief system that provided order and stability in China by creating rules of behaviors for individuals|

| |based on filial piety; Best government was educated |

|What are the positive |b. Daoism – Belief system that stressed harmony in nature, based on the Dao and concepts of the yin and yang; best |

|impacts of natural |government, governed least |

|barriers? | |

| |c. Literature – “Book of Songs” – poems that describe farming, government, ceremonies and love |

| |d. Astronomy – Studied planet movements and ellipses to create a 365 day calendar |

| |e. Silk – Fine clothing material that was China’s most valuable export |

| |f. Iron – used for weapons and tools |

| | |

| |Qin Dynasty – China (221 BCE – 206 BCE) |

|What are the negative |Government |

|impacts of natural |a. Overthrew the Zhou dynasty – Shi Huangdi claims to be China’s “First Emperor” |

|barriers? |b. Centralized government |

| |1. Abolished feudal states |

| |2. Created military districts with an official heading each area |

| |c. Legalism - strict set of laws that imposed harsh penalties. Used to jail, torture and kill those who imposed the |

| |emperor. Would target nobles and Confucian scholars. |

| |d. Burned books – ordered the destruction of all books of literature and philosophy |

| |2. Economy |

| |1. Standardized weights and measures |

| |2. Created national coins |

| |3. Repaired canals and roads |

| |3. Contributions |

| |a. Great Wall of China – Built to China’s civilized world from nomadic invaders from the north (Mongols) |

| |1. Thousands of workers died building the wall due to harsh conditions. |

| | |

| |Han Dynasty – China (206 BCE - 220 CE) |

| |Government |

|The belief that your |Dynastic Cycle - People despised the Qin’s dynasty’s harsh laws and heavy taxes; Led by peasants, the Han Dynasty would |

|culture is superior to |take control of China |

|others is known as? |Han Dynasty – Reduced taxes and repealed Legalism |

| |Civil Service Exams – Emperor Wudi improved China’s government by setting up exams based on Confucian principles; this |

| |would assure Chinese officials were given jobs based on merit, not their family influence |

| |Economy |

| |Infrastructure – improved roads and canals to improve trade |

| |Monopoly – set up an monopoly on iron and salt; this gave the government another source of income other than the taxes on |

| |peasants |

| |Silk Road – Wudi opened a trade route to the west that expanded from china to the Middle East and Eastern Europe. China |

| |would capitalize on its silk production ($$); New goods were introduced to China |

| | |

|What European theory is | |

|similar to the Mandate of|Society |

|Heaven? |Scholar gentry – Wealthy educated class emerged from the Civil Service Exams |

| |Women – Confucian principles had women subordinate to men; women were not allowed to take the exams and could not take a |

| |government job |

| |Contributions |

| |Technology |

| |Paper making from wood pulp |

| |Wheel barrow |

| |Fishing reel |

| |Rudder – device to help steer ships |

| |Suspension bridges |

| |Iron stirrups |

| |Science |

| |Acupuncture – needles are inserted under the skin to relieve pain and to treat illnesses |

| |Arts |

| |Temples and palaces |

| |Jade and Ivory carvings |

| |Bronze artworks |

| |Silk |

| |Literature – “Lessons for a Woman” – Roles for men and women |

|What was a positive |Fall of the Han Dynasty |

|impact that Confucianism |Political Causes – Weak rulers after the death of Wudi; unable to control powerful warlords |

|had on Chinese society? |Economic Causes – Did not maintain canals and roads which were vital for trade to prosper; Increased taxes on the peasants,|

| |led to a revolt |

| |Military Causes – Warlords overthrew the last Han emperor in 22 CE, the empire was split into several kingdoms; invaders |

| |overran the Great Wall and set up their own kingdoms |

| | |

| |Greece (1750 BCE – 133 BC) |

| |Geographic setting |

| |Located in southeast Europe, it consists of many mountains isolated valleys and small islands |

| |The Mediterranean and Aegean Seas were an important link to the outside world |

| |The Greeks became skilled sea traders allowed for cultural diffusion where they exchanged goods and ideas (technology) |

| |1. They adopted the Phoenician alphabet for their own use. |

| | |

| |[pic] |

| | |

| |Early civilizations |

| |Minoans – 1750 BCE the first Greek civilization was established. |

| |The Minoans traded with Egypt and Mesopotamia |

| |Government |

| |Due to the rugged mountains and isolated valleys, Greek civilizations revolved around the small city-state or polis. |

| |This geography prevented the Greeks from building a large empire like the Egyptians or Mesopotamians |

|What are the similarities|The Rise of City States |

|between the Qin’s |Greek culture – Greek city-states had independent government but shared many cultural characteristics such as: language, |

|Legalism and Hammurabi’s |religion, and sports. |

|Code? |Between 750 BCE and 500BCE the city states had several different types of government |

| |Monarchy – first form of government |

| |Aristocracy - landowning nobles gained power |

| |Sparta – A Totalitarian, Military Dictatorship |

| |At the age of seven boys moved into the military barracks |

| |They trained hard and faced rigid discipline |

| |Girls also trained hard to strengthen their bodies |

| |Healthy women produce healthy babies |

| |Sparta was an totalitarian state that produced an excellent military |

| |But they did not trade, create products, nor were they scholarly so they left no cultural achievements |

| |Spartan inability to change, would lead to its decline |

| |Athens – A Limited Democracy |

| |Under the leadership of Pericles (460BCE – 429 BCE |

| |Direct-Democracy - all “citizens” participated in government by debating all political actions. |

| |To be a citizen you must be: a male, over 30, who owns land |

|Why is it important to |Women were seen as needing male guidance and were not allowed to participate. |

|have an educated |Slaves and foreign born also did not participate |

|government? | |

| |Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic age |

| |Macedonia was a mountainous region in the kingdom of northern Greece. |

| |Alexander the Great built an empire that included the Egypt, Persia and parts of India |

| |Hellenistic culture - blended aspects of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian life. |

| |[pic] |

|How is the Silk Road |This culture gave more rights and opportunities to women. |

|similar to the internet? |Although the empire fell soon after his death, Hellenistic culture had a lasting impact in the regions he had ruled |

| |Greek and Hellenistic Contributions |

| |Philosophy |

| |Greek thinkers tried to use observation and reason to understand why things happened |

| |The word philosopher means “lover of wisdom” |

| |Socrates - Developed the scientific method: leaning about beliefs and ideas by asking questions; Government put him to |

| |death |

|Even though Civil Service|Plato - Believed government should control the lives of the people; Divided society into three classes; workers, |

|Exams helped provide |philosophers and soldiers |

|China with a stable |Aristotle - Believed on strong and good leader should rule; Believed people ruled through reason |

|government, how did they |Literature |

|also promote in unequal |Famous for plays - tragedies and comedies |

|society? |Famous poet: Homer |

| |Iliad - Set in the Trojan War - the ten-year siege of Ilium by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and |

| |events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles |

| |Odyssey – a sequel to the Iliad, The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Ulysses and his long journey home following the |

| |fall of Troy. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach home |

| |The first true historian: Herodotus |

| |a. Considered the “father of history” for his careful historical writing |

| |Art and Architecture |

| |Greeks believed in beauty, balance, and order in the universe |

| |Greek Statues - were life-like, and showed the human body in the perfect form |

| |[pic] |

| |The Discus Thrower |

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| |Parthenon - The most famous Greek building |

| |[pic] |

| |A modern copy of what the Parthenon looked like |

| | |

| |Use of columns |

| |Symmetry |

| |Science |

| |Aristarchus discovered that the earth rotated on its axis and moved around the sun |

| |Archimedes explored the principals of levels and pulleys |

| |Hippocrates, a Greek physician, studies the causes of illness and looked for cures |

| |Mathematics |

| |Pythagoras; the formula of a right triangle |

| |Euclid: wrote a book that became the basis fir modern geometry |

| | |

| |Rome (509 BCE – 476 CE) |

| |Geography |

| |Italy – located in the center of the Italian peninsula |

| |Mediterranean Sea – helped the Romans trade and expand into an empire that spanned three continents (Europe, North Africa |

| |and the Middle East) |

| |2. Government |

| |a. The Roman Republic – established a government where people had the power to elect representatives |

| |b. Senate – most powerful governing body of the republic |

| |c. Roman Law – Rome’s greatest achievement |

| |1. Twelve Tables – codified laws of Rome that guaranteed the right to all Roman citizens |

| |2. Basic principles – equality under the law, right of the accused to face the accuser and defend one’s self, idea of |

| |being innocent until proven guilty |

| |3. Males had authority over his wife and family |

| |3. Society |

| |a. Patricians – Upper class, landowning Roman citizens that made up the Senate |

| |b. Plebeians – Social class made up of farmers, merchants, artisans and traders who had little power |

| |c. Women – were subordinate to men, but gained right to hold a prominent public role and own businesses |

| |4. Roman Empire |

| |Conquering an Empire – By 270 BCE, Rome had conquered the Italian peninsula and then used the Mediterranean Sea to conquer |

| |an empire that spanned three continents: |

| |Europe (including present day England, France, Germany, and Greece) |

| |North Africa – Mediterranean Coast |

| |Southwest Asia (Middle East) - Asian Minor |

| | |

| |[pic] |

| | |

| |Civil War – Rome erupted into civil war as ambitious generals (including Julius Caesar) tried to conquer Rome for |

| |themselves. After the murder of Caesar, Octavian (Caesar’s Grandnephew) emerged the victor. |

| |Emperor – Octavian changed his name to Augustus and ruled Rome with absolute power and the age of the Roman Empire had |

| |begun. |

| |Strong Central Government |

| |Civil Service Exams – ensured a well educated government officials |

| |Reformed tax system |

| |Uniform coins – made trade easier |

| |Strong military – expanded and protected the empire |

| |Pax Romana – “Roman Peace” was a time of peace and prosperity or a golden age. |

| |Trade - Roman influence, through vast road networks and the Mediterranean Sea. People freely traded with others in the |

| |empire and with other parts of the world, such as China and India, via the Silk Road. |

| |Goods – grain from Nile River Valley, ivory and gold from Africa, spices and gems from India and silk from China |

| |Religion - 313 CE Emperor Constantine legalizes Christianity - Edict of Milan |

| |Engineering |

| |Roads – allowed for trade and military expansion |

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| |[pic] |

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| |Arches – engineering technique that allowed Rome to create large buildings |

| |Concrete – material used for large buildings |

| |Aqueducts – bridge-like structures that used the roman arch to carry water from the hills to the cities |

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| |[pic] |

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| | |

| |Dome – a half, sphere-like roof |

|What were the differences|[pic] |

|between Spartan society |The Pantheon – Temple to all Roman Gods |

|and Athenian society? | |

| |Coliseum – Stadium built in Rome that was used for Gladiator fights, chariot races and executions (Bread and circuses) |

| | |

| |[pic] |

| | |

| |5. Fall of the Roman Empire |

| |Political Causes |

| |Government becomes too strict |

| |People stop supporting the government |

| |Corrupt officials |

| |Divided empire becomes too weak |

| |Economic Causes |

|What is the blending of |Heavy taxes |

|ideas, goods and culture |Use too much slave labor |

|known as? |Military Causes |

| |Constant invasions |

| |Borders become too big to defend |

| |Forced to hire foreign soldiers to protect the borders |

| |Social Causes |

| |Gap between the rich and the poor widens |

| |People become selfish and lazy |

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|What buildings in the | |

|United States were | |

|influenced by the | |

|Parthenon? | |

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|Greece is often | |

|considered the father to | |

|Western Civilization. | |

|What contributions did | |

|the Greeks provide for | |

|Western Civilizations? | |

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|Why was Rome’s legal | |

|system often considered | |

|the greatest contribution| |

|to Western Civilization? | |

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|What geographic feature | |

|allowed Rome to trade | |

|with and conquer three | |

|continents? | |

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|Why must civilizations | |

|have a strong government | |

|in order to have a strong| |

|economy and vice versa? | |

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|Why were Rome’s roads | |

|important for a strong | |

|government and economy? | |

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|Why were aqueducts an | |

|important reason why Rome| |

|was the first city with | |

|over a million people? | |

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|What modern building have| |

|been influenced by Roman | |

|architecture and | |

|engineering? | |

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|Rome’s centralized | |

|government provided | |

|stability (provided | |

|trade, military | |

|protection) for nearly a | |

|thousand years. What | |

|effect do you think this | |

|has on society, when it | |

|is taken away? | |

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