Henry County Schools



297180-25908000 Major Perspectives in Psychology (7 Contemporary, 2 pre-)When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different?schools/approaches/ perspectives of psychology?represent the major theories within psychology. In the past, psychologists often identified themselves exclusively with one single school of thought. Today, most psychologists have an eclectic outlook on psychology. They often draw on ideas and theories from different schools rather than holding to any singular outlook.Structuralism (1875-1925): No: appleYes: round, green object (break down into components)right4889500Structuralism?is generally thought of as the first school of thought in psychology. This outlook focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major thinkers associated with structuralism include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. The focus of structuralism was on reducing mental processes down into their most basic elements. The structuralists used techniques such as?introspection?to analyze the inner processes of the human mind. Functionalism (1900-1950):?Hand: each part performs its role to make a whole. (opening a bottle, writing)right1270000Formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of?William James. Unlike some of the other well-known schools of thought in psychology, functionalism is not associated with a single dominant theorist. Instead, there are a number of different functionalist thinkers associated with this outlook including?John Dewey, James Rowland Angell, and Harvey Carr. Instead of focusing on the mental processes themselves, functionalist thinkers were instead interested in the role that these processes play.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------right9525000Behaviorism (1910-2000…and today) Became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. Based upon the work of thinkers such as John B. Watson, Albert Bandura, Edward Thorndike, and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on?observable behavior. Theories of learning including?classical conditioning?and?operant conditioning?were the focus of a great deal of research. (Stimulus/response)The behavioral school of psychology had a major influence on the course of psychology and many of the ideas and techniques that emerged from this school of thought are still widely used today. Behavioral training, token economies, aversion therapy and other techniques are frequently used in psychotherapy and behavior modification programs.Psychodynamic (psychoanalysis) (1900-1980s): Freudian slip examples: "Nice to beat you," smiles a woman when she meets the girlfriend of her ex-husband. A dinner guest thanks his host "for the hostility." Soon after the adulterous Tiger Woods complained of a neck injury, a female reporter blurted that the golfer withdrew from the 2010 Players tournament due to "a bulging di**" in his back. 5391150top00"For seven and a half years, I've worked alongside President Reagan," President George H.W. Bush once declared. "We've had triumphs. Made some mistakes. We've had some?sex... uh...setbacks." Psychoanalysis?is a school of psychology founded by?Sigmund Freud. This school of thought emphasized the influence of the?unconscious mind?on behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements:?the id, the ego and the superego. The id is composed of primal urges, while the ego is the component of personality charged with dealing with reality. The superego is the part of personality that holds all of the ideals and values we internalize from our parents and culture. Freud believed that the interaction of these three elements was what led to all of the complex human behaviors. (inner conflict/childhood events/unfulfilled wishes)Freud's school of thought was enormously influential, but also generated a great deal of controversy. This controversy existed not only in his time, but also in modern discussions of Freud's theories. Other major psychoanalytic thinkers include Anna Freud, Carl Jung & Erik Erikson.Humanistic (1950s-1980s)54775101016000Humanistic psychology?developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of?self-actualization. While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on meeting needs and helping people achieve/fulfill their potential. Major humanist thinkers include Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers & Jean Piaget.Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has had a major influence on other areas of psychology including?positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives.Cognitive (1950s-today)Cognitive psychology?is the school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, process, store/retrieve information, remember and learn. Related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics.5886450608266500Cognitive psychology began to emerge during the 1950s, partly as a response to behaviorism. Critics of behaviorism noted that it failed to account for how internal processes impacted behavior. This period of time is sometimes referred to as the "cognitive revolution" as a wealth of research on topics such as information processing, language, memory and perception began to emerge. One of the most influential theories from this school of thought was the?stages of cognitive development?theory proposed by?Jean Piaget. George Miller, Noam Chomsky, Elizabeth Loftus, Hermann Ebbinghaus.My Very Educated Mother Served Us Nachos: mnemonic device for the planets in our solar system*Gestalt psychology (1925-1960)?is cognitive, based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes—how we perceive. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. (Kohler)18669001098730050292002540000336550064770001333503810000499110027114500Socio-cultural (1900-today): focuses on how thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation. Lev Vygotsky, one of the most well-known socio-cultural psychologists, suggested that learning is a process that occurs at any time in everyday life and isn’t just an external phenomenon. He said it was more useful to measure potential development under the guidance of adults rather than actual level like in common intelligence tests. This perspective says race, religion, social class, and culture, as examples, shape behavior as much as or more than any other factor(s). Lev Vygotsky, Stanley Milgram, Solomon Asch, Philip Zimbardo.Biological (1800s-today): attempts to understand behavior by understanding the underlying biological structures (body & brain) and processes behind the thought, emotion or behavior. How genes & environment combine to influence individual differences. Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga.3482975120650011334751079500right720026500Evolutionary (1800s-today): study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection; how natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes. Charles Darwin, Konrad Lorenz, Karl von Frisch. ................
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