Racial and Ethnic Groups - Pearson
[Pages:22]Racial and Ethnic Groups
FIFTEENTH EDITION
Richard T. Schaefer
DePaul University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Schaefer, Richard T., author. Title: Racial and ethnic groups / Richard T. Schaefer. Description: 15th edition. | Hoboken, N.J. : Pearson Higher Education, 2019.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017029686 (print) | LCCN 2017030879 (ebook) | ISBN 9780134736525 (Revel) | ISBN 9780134732855 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780134736730 (softcover) Subjects: LCSH: Minorities--United States. | United States--Ethnic relations. | United States--Race relations. | Prejudices--United States. Classification: LCC E184.A1 (ebook) | LCC E184.A1 S3 2019 (print) | DDC 305.800973--dc23 LC record available at
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Student Edition: ISBN 10: 0-134-73285-5 ISBN 13: 978-0-134-73285-5
Books ? la Carte Edition: ISBN 10: 0-134-73662-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-134-73662-4
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To my grandchildren, Matilda and Reuben, may they grow to flourish in our multicultural society
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Brief Contents
1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity
1
2 Prejudice31
3 Discrimination55
4 Immigration78
5 Ethnicity, Whiteness, and Religion 103
6 Native Americans:
The First Americans
132
7 African Americans
160
8 African Americans Today
181
9 Latinos: Growth and Diversity
200
10 Mexican Americans and
Puerto Ricans
219
11 Muslim and Arab Americans:
Diverse Minorities
238
12 Asian Pacific Americans:
An Array of Nationalities
258
13 Chinese Americans and Japanese
Americans282
14 Jewish Americans: The Quest
to Maintain Identity
301
15 Women: The Oppressed Majority 322
16 Beyond the United States:
The Comparative Perspective
344
17 Overcoming Exclusion
364
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Contents
Featuresxiii
Prefacexv
About the Author
xxi
Part I Perspectives on Racial and
Ethnic Groups
1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity
1
How Are We Grouped?
4
Types of Minority Groups
6
RACIAL GROUPS 6?ETHNIC GROUPS 6
Speaking Out The Problem of the Color Line
7
RELIGIOUS GROUPS 7?GENDER GROUPS 8?OTHER SUBORDINATE GROUPS 8
The Social Construction of Race
8
Biological Meaning
8
ABSENCE OF PURE RACES 8?INTELLIGENCE TESTS 9
Race as a Social Construction
10
Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I?
11
Research Focus Multiracial Identity
12
Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity
13
Stratification by Class and Gender
13
Theoretical Perspectives
14
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE 14?CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE15?LABELING THEORY 15
The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status
17
Migration17
Annexation18
Colonialism18
The Spectrum of Intergroup Status
19
The Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status
19
Extermination19
Expulsion20
Secession20 Segregation21
Fusion23
Assimilation24
The Pluralist Perspective
25
Resistance and Change
25
Intersectionality27
Conclusion28
Summary of Learning Objectives29?Key Terms30? Review Questions30?Critical Thinking30
2 Prejudice31
Prejudice and Discrimination
33
Merton's Typology
34
Research Focus Virtual Prejudice and Anti-Prejudice
34
White Privilege
35
Theories of Prejudice
36
Scapegoating Theory
36
Authoritarian Personality Theory
37
Exploitation Theory
37
Normative Approach
38
Stereotypes38
What Are Stereotypes?
38
Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling
39
Color-Blind Racism
40
The Mood of the Oppressed
41
Intergroup Hostility
43
Reducing Prejudice
45
Education45
Mass Media
46
Intergroup Contact: Avoidance Versus Friendship
47
THE SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE 47?EQUAL STATUS CONTACT 48?AVOIDANCE VIA THE INTERNET 48
Corporate Response: Diversity Training
49
Speaking Out What Can I Do at Work?
50
Conclusion52
Summary: Prejudice53?Key Terms54? Review Questions54?Critical Thinking54
3 Discrimination55
Relative versus Absolute Deprivation
56
A Global View The Roma: A Thousand Years
of Discrimination
57
Hate Crimes
57
What Are Hate Crimes?
58
Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties?
59
Institutional Discrimination
59
Discrimination Today
61
Discrimination Hits the Wallet
61
Eliminating Discrimination
63
Research Focus The Sharing Economy--Another Way
to Discriminate
65
Wealth Inequality: Discrimination's Legacy
66
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viiiContents
Environmental Justice
67
Affirmative Action
68
Affirmative Action Explained
69
The Legal Debate
69
Reverse Discrimination
71
Speaking Out The Conversation We're Not Having When
We Talk About Affirmative Action
72
The Glass Ceiling
73
Conclusion75
Summary of Learning Objectives76?Key Terms77? Review Questions77?Critical Thinking77
Part II Ethnic and Religious Sources
of Conflict
4 Immigration78
Patterns of Immigration to the United States
79
The Early Immigrants
81
The Anti-Chinese Movement
82
Restrictionist Sentiment Increases
83
The National Origin System
83
The Immigration and Nationality Act
84
Contemporary Social Concerns
86
The Brain Drain
86
Population Growth
87
Mixed-Status Families
88
Language Barriers
88
Speaking Out My Parents Were Deported
89
The Economic Impact
91
Research Focus The Hispanic Dairyland
92
Illegal Immigration
93
Naturalization: The Path to Citizenship
95
A Global View Immigration and South Africa
96
The Global Economy and Immigration
97
Refugees98
Policies98
Concerns About the Refugee Program
99
Conclusion100
Summary of Learning Objectives101?Key Terms102? Review Questions102?Critical Thinking102
5 Ethnicity, Whiteness, and Religion 103
Unpacking Ethnicity
104
Studying Whiteness
105
Rediscovering Ethnicity
106
THE PRINCIPLE OF THIRD-GENERATION INTEREST 107 ? THE ETHNIC PARADOX 107 ? SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY 107
Speaking Out The Next Americans
108
The German Americans
109
Settlement Patterns
109
German Americans in the Twenty-First Century
110
The Irish Americans
111
Irish Immigration
111
Becoming White
112
The Contemporary Picture
113
The Italian Americans
114
Early Immigration
114
Constructing Identity
115
Research Focus Immigrants: Yesterday and Today
116
The Contemporary Picture
117
The Polish Americans
117
Early Immigration
118
Polonia118
The Contemporary Picture
119
Religious Pluralism
120
Diversity Among Roman Catholics
124
Diversity Among Protestants
124
Religion and the Courts
126
Company Exemptions
126
School Prayer
126
Secessionist Minorities
127
Creationism and Intelligent Design
128
Public Displays
128
Conclusion128
Summary of Learning Objectives130?Key Terms130? Review Questions131?Critical Thinking131
Part III Major Racial and Ethnic
Minority Groups in the United States
6 Native Americans:
The First Americans
132
European Contacts
134
Treaties and Warfare
136
THE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830) 137?THE ALLOTMENT ACT (1887) 137?THE INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT (1934)137
A Global View Australia's Aboriginal People
138
Reservation Life and Federal Policies
139
Relations Across Boundaries The Hopi and Navajo Peoples140
Legal Claims
140
The Termination Act (1953)
141
The Employment Assistance Program
141
Collective Action
143
Protest Efforts
143
Solidarity and Powwows
144
American Indian Identity
146
Sovereignty146
Individual Identity
146
Speaking Out Kinship in Modern Times
147
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