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Science

Grade 7

Spectrum? An imprint of Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC

Greensboro, North Carolina

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Photo Credit: Page 120. NOAA Photo Library. At The Ends of The Earth Collection. Hut Point Shelter at McMurdo Station. Antarctica.

Spectrum An imprint of Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC P.O. Box 35665 Greensboro, NC 27425 USA

? 2015 Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or distributed in any form or by any means (mechanically, electronically, recording, etc.) without the prior written consent of Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC. Spectrum is an imprint of Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC.

Printed in the USA ? All rights reserved.

ISBN 978-1-4838-1171-0

01-227147811

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Spectrum Science Grade 7

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Science as Inquiry Lesson 1.1 Keys to Unlocking the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lesson 1.2 The Human Hobbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Lesson 1.3 Searching for Our Ancestors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lesson 1.4 Vanishing Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Lesson 1.5 Lab Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Lesson 1.6 Squeaky Clean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Lesson 1.7 Older Than Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lesson 1.8 Measuring the Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lesson 1.9 Changing with the Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Review Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Chapter 2 Physical Science Lesson 2.1 Everything Must Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lesson 2.2 A Common Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Lesson 2.3 Testing the Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Lesson 2.4 Malleable Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Lesson 2.5 A Force to Be Reckoned With . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Lesson 2.6 The Science of Vacuums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Lesson 2.7 Sports Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Lesson 2.8 The Spectrum: The Long and the Short of It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Lesson 2.9 The Smallest of the Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Review Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chapter 3 Life Science Lesson 3.1 Anatomy of a Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Lesson 3.2 Homeostasis: The Balance of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Lesson 3.3 The Great Debate: Nature Versus Nurture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lesson 3.4 The Ankle Bone's Connected to the Leg Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

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Lesson 3.5 Antibiotics: Life Killing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Lesson 3.6 Nature's Talented Weavers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Lesson 3.7 Journey for Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Lesson 3.8 Animal IQs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Lesson 3.9 Standing Tall and Strong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Review Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Mid-Test Chapters 1?3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Chapter 4 Earth and Space Science Lesson 4.1 Frozen in Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Lesson 4.2 El Ni?o: Stirring Up Trouble Around the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Lesson 4.3 Mountain Mayhem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Lesson 4.4 Flowing Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Lesson 4.5 Everything Falls Apart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Lesson 4.6 Crystal Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Lesson 4.7 It Begins with a Bang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Lesson 4.8 Earth's Closest Neighbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Lesson 4.9 The Martian Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Review Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Chapter 5 Science and Technology Lesson 5.1 Copycats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Lesson 5.2 Where Art and Science Meet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Lesson 5.3 Buildings in the Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Lesson 5.4 Focusing on the History of Eyeglasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Lesson 5.5 The Instruments of Weather Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Lesson 5.6 The Power of Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Lesson 5.7 The Future's Calling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Lesson 5.8 Riding the Information Superhighway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

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Lesson 5.9 Fission versus Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Review Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Chapter 6 Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Lesson 6.1 Say Cheese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Lesson 6.2 Brain Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Lesson 6.3 Looking for Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Lesson 6.4 A Safe Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Lesson 6.5 Learning to Coexist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Lesson 6.6 Fire Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Lesson 6.7 Living Way, Way Down Under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Lesson 6.8 Acid in the Sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Lesson 6.9 From Zero to Six Billion in the Blink of an Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Review Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Chapter 7 History and Nature of Science Lesson 7.1 Full of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Lesson 7.2 The Ever-Expanding Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Lesson 7.3 Renaissance Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Lesson 7.4 Medical Moments that Made History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Lesson 7.5 Woman of the Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Lesson 7.6 Watson and Crick: Unlocking the Secrets of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Lesson 7.7 Lighter Than Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Lesson 7.8 Exploring the Top of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Lesson 7.9 Science's Modern Mysteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Review Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Final Test Chapters 1?7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

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Chapter 1 Science as Inquiry

Lesson 1.1 Keys to Unlocking the World

discipline: an area of knowledge or study

unreliable: can't be trusted or depended on

formulas: mathematical equations expressed in symbols

velocity: speed, or the distance traveled in a set amount of time

statistics: math that deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of numerical facts

Like other areas of modern life, computers have become one of the most widely used tools in every scientific discipline. A good scientist must know how to use a word processing program, the Internet, and any software that helps his or her research.

The scientific method: 1. Ask a question. 2. Form a hypothesis. 3. Design and conduct

an experiment. 4. Draw conclusions

based on the results. 5. Share the details and results of the experiment with other scientists.

What skills do you need to be a good scientist?

Science begins with curiosity. Taking an interest in the world around you and asking questions about how and why things happen is just the first step, though. Scientists depend on a wide range of skills and tools to help them investigate and discover the answers.

As a scientist, you'll need to know how to use certain tools. Whether it's a scale, a microscope, a laser, or a Bunsen burner, you need to be familiar with each tool's function and how it's used safely. Laboratories can be places for discovery, but they can also be places of danger. Being careful, precise, and safe are a scientist's top priorities in the lab.

The specific tools scientists use each day depend on which scientific discipline they're involved in and the kind of research they're doing. However, certain skills are used nearly every day in every kind of science.

One of the most basic skills is careful observation. Observation is the key to all good scientific research. Whether you're conducting experiments, studying animals in the wild, or digging through the ground in search of ancient bones, you need to observe everything closely and take detailed notes. An event that seems minor or unimportant when it happens may turn out to be the reason an experiment fails or succeeds. If you don't bother to record the event--or even notice it--then your research will be incomplete and your results will be unreliable.

Another important skill used by all scientists is math. Physicists and chemists, for example, need to be familiar with a wide variety of mathematical formulas. Sometimes, they're easy--velocity is distance divided by time, or v = d/t. Sometimes, they're more complex--the surface area of a sphere is four times pi times the radius squared, or s = 4 r2.

Other scientists, like biologists and ecologists, commonly use statistics to study and compare the data they recorded while making observations.

A scientist must be skilled in language and communication, as well. Remember, science is an ongoing process that depends on sharing research and results. Each new discovery builds on the discoveries made by scientists in the past and adds to the collective body of scientific knowledge. If you can't communicate well, how will you be able to explain to other scientists the amazing discoveries you've made?

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Chapter 1 Lesson 1

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NAME ________________________________

Circle the letter of the best answer to the question below. 1. Certain skills are important to every scientist. Which of the following is not one of them? a. typing on a keyboard b. performing mathematical calculations c. using a microscope d. communicating

Write your answers on the lines below. 2. Why is careful observation such an important part of being a scientist? _________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Imagine that you develop a hypothesis and design an experiment, but your experiment shows that your hypothesis is incorrect. Should you still publish the results of your experiment? Why or why not? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The word interdisciplinary means "involving more than one field of knowledge or study." Explain why a good scientist needs to have interdisciplinary skills. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

What's Next? The latest and most up-to-date scientific research isn't usually found in books. Scientific magazines, called journals, are often the first place scientists publish their research and results. This way, other scientists around the world can review the methods that were used and draw conclusions about how reliable the results are. Though you probably will not find scientific journals at your local bookstore, you will find magazines that describe some of the latest scientific discoveries and news.

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Chapter 1 Lesson 1

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