Introduction to Forensic Science Notes Pages



Defining Forensic ScienceForensic science is the application of science to _____________________and ______________laws that are enforced by the police in the criminal justice system. The first recorded case ever solved using forensic evidence took place in China during the 13th century. In this case, flies were attracted to traces of blood on a suspect’s sickle. The suspect confessed. Types of LawStatutory Law: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Common law/Case Law: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Precedents: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Precedents must be followed and become part of the law. Civil law: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Criminal law: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Equity law: _____________________________________________________________________________________An example of equity law would be issuing a restraining order or order of protectionAdministrative law: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Types of Charges Misdemeanor: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Felony: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Punishment (sentences): ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Rights as a Citizen of the United States Presumed to be innocent until proven guilty. Be Free from illegal search and seizure of property. (4th Amendment)Probable cause needed for arrest. (4th Amendment)Not incriminate or testify against him/her. (5th Amendment)Be fairly questioned by the authorities. Protection from physical harm throughout the judicial process (8th Amendment)Have an attorney present (6th Amendment)Trial by jury of peers (6th amendment)Know the charges being brought against youRight to cross examine witnesses and to present witnesses on your behalfNot be tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy) 5th AmendmentBe free from cruel and unusual punishment (8th amendment)Right to due process (5th Amendment)Right to a speedy trial (6th Amendment)Not require excessive bail or fines (8th Amendment)Treated fairly and the same as anyone else.The USA PATRIOT ACT: Acronym for: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Provided: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Expired: ______________________________________________________________________________How was the USA PATRIOT act applied to the Boston Marathon bombing case? _____________________________________________________________________________Categories of CrimeCategory Crime or wrongful actViolent crimeProperty crimeCrimes Against MoralityCrimes Against Public OrderCrimes against GovernmentHate CrimeOrganized CrimeWhite Collar CrimeOccupational CrimeVictimless CrimeHigh Tech CrimeMiranda Warning/Miranda RightsState the Miranda Warning: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In what situations are Miranda warnings not required: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Judicial ProcessBooking: _____________________________________________________________________________Arraignment:__________________________________________________________________________Bail: ________________________________________________________________________________Bondsman requires a fee of 10% of the bail amount to ensure the suspects appearance in court. Bounty hunter: _______________________________________________________________________Preliminary hearing: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Jury not required for this hearing. Prosecutor presents case against defendant. Accused can produce evidence or witnesses. Judge decides to dismiss, reduce charges, or set an arraignment date for trail. Grand Jury: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Indict: _______________________________________________________________________________Plea Bargain: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Probative: ____________________________________________________________________________Material: _____________________________________________________________________________Hearsay: _____________________________________________________________________________Expert witness: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1984 Comprehensive Crime Control Act: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Frye Standard: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Known as the general acceptance testDaubert Ruling: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Revised Frye standard and applies only to Federal CourtThe judge must determine the admissibility of evidence and testimony in court. He/she must also determine the validity of this information. What guidelines must the judge following regarding admissibility of evidence and testimony in court: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is junk science? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________There are many historical events that have shaped forensic science into the field of study it is today. Write the name of the person next to the description of their contribution in the following table. “Father of toxicology” ; Published paper on poisons; established toxicology as legit science. Developed a system of classification based on body measurementsFirst definitive study of fingerprints and developed the first system for classifying themDiscovered that blood can be classified into groups based on proteins present: A, B AB, ODeveloped a procedure to determine the blood group of a dried blood stainUsed comparison microscope to study bulletsDeveloped principles of document examinationCross transfer principle: when two pieces of evidence come in contact with each other, there is always an exchange of materialsCrime LaboratoriesFederal Level: State Level and Local level: DEA: NC. SBI: FBI: SC: SLEDATF: CMPD: USPS: Basic services of the Crime LabOptional services of the Crime Lab: a. b. c. d. e. Forensic science is a multifaceted discipline that integrates many subject areas. The career professionals must be able to draw from multiple areas of expertise and knowledge. Examples of careers: forensic nurse, forensic chemist, forensic toxicologist, forensic meteorologist, forensic accountant, forensic pathologist, forensic engineer, forensic computer analyst, forensic psychiatry, forensic odontology(Forensic Science: Advanced Investigations). ................
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