Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science

The University of the State of New York ? THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ? Albany, New York 12234 ?

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Radioactive Decay Data

RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE

ISOTOPE

(years)

Carbon-14

14C 14N

5.7 ? 103

Potassium-40 Uranium-238

40K 238U

40Ar 40Ca

206Pb

1.3 ? 109 4.5 ? 109

Rubidium-87

87Rb 87Sr

4.9 ? 1010

Equations

Specific Heats of Common Materials

MATERIAL

Liquid water Solid water (ice) Water vapor Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead

SPECIFIC HEAT

(Joules/gram ? ?C) 4.18 2.11 2.00 1.01 0.84 0.79 0.45 0.38 0.13

Eccentricity =

distance between foci length of major axis

change in field value

Gradient =

distance

Rate

of change =

change in value time

Density

=

mass volume

Properties of Water

Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98?C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

Average Chemical Composition of Earth's Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

ELEMENT (symbol)

Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Other

CRUST

Percent by mass Percent by volume

46.10

94.04

28.20

0.88

8.23

0.48

5.63

0.49

4.15

1.18

2.36

1.11

2.33

0.33

2.09

1.42

HYDROSPHERE

Percent by volume

33.0

66.0

0.91

0.07

1.0

TROPOSPHERE

Percent by volume

21.0

78.0 1.0

2011 EDITION

This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2011?12 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.

Eurypterus remipes New York State Fossil

Champlain Lowlands

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State

Grenville Province (Highlands)

Interior LowlaStn. Ldawsrence

Lowlands

Interior Lowlands

Adirondack Mountains

Lake Ontario

Tug Hill Plateau

Lake Erie

Erie-Ontario Lowlands (Plains)

Allegheny Plateau

Hudson-TMaochoaniwckMLoouwlntaainndss

New (HiEgnhgllaanndds)Province

Appalachian P

The Catskills

lateau

(Uplands)

Key

Major geographic province boundary Landscape region boundary State boundary International boundary

LoNwleawnadrsk

HMuadnshoanttHanigPhlraonndgs

Atlantic Coastal Plain

Miles

N

0 10 20 30 40 50

W

E

0 20 40 60 80

Kilometers

S

2

LAKE CHAMPLAIN VERMONT

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State

modified from

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

76?

1989

St. Lawrence River

75? 45?

MASSENA

74?

73? 45?

PLATTSBURGH

44?

WATERTOWN

elevation 75 m

LAKE ONTARIO

79?

78?

77?

OLD FORGE

OSWEGO

iagara River Genesee River

43?

elevation 175 m

LAKE ERIE

N

NIAGARA FALLS BUFFALO

ROCHESTER

SYRACUSE

FINGER LAKES

ITHACA

UTICA Mohawk

River

MT. MARCY

River ALBANY

Hudson

44? 43?

L CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS

River

River

JAMESTOWN

42? 79?

ELMIRA

BINGHAMTON Susquehanna

78?

77?

76?

P E N N S Y LVA N I A

Hudson

SLIDE MT. KINGSTON

42?

Delaware River

GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK

} } CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays

LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill)

PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales

DEVONIAN SILURIAN

limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite.

75?

Dominantly sedimentary origin

} ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones

NEW JERSEY

41?

NEW YORK CITY

CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River

CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex

TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages

MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends.

MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks

} Dominantly metamorphosed rocks

74?

} Intensely metamorphosed rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.)

ONG IS7L3A4?N1D? SOUND

RIVERHEAD

41? 72?

LONG ISLAND

ATLANTIC OCEAN

73?30'

40?30' 73?

Miles

Miles

N

0 100 20103200 4030 5400 50

0 20 40 60 8W0

E

0 20 40 60 80

KilomeKtielorsmeters

S

3

Surface Ocean Currents

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

4

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition

Tectonic Plates

East African Rif

Eurasian Plate

Aleutian Trench Juan de

Fuca Plate

North American Plate

Yellowstone Hot Spot

Iceland Hot Spot

Eurasian Plate

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

AraPblaiatne

-Indian Ridge

t

Mid

Philippine Plate

M

Fiji Plate

SouthweRsidt gInedian outheast

S

Indian Ridge

Indian-Australian Plate

Tasman Hot Spot

Antarctic Plate

Traerinacnha

To n ga Tre n c

h

San Andreas Fault

Hawaii Hot Spot

Pacific Plate

Cocos Plate

Easter Island Hot Spot

CarPiblabteean

Canary Islands Hot Spot

Galapagos Hot Spot

Per

Nazca Plate

South American

Plate

African Plate

St. Helena Hot Spot

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

u-Chile Trench

Pacific Ridge

East

Antarctic Plate

Scotia Plate

Sandwich Plate

Bouvet Hot Spot

Key

Relative motion at plate boundary

Transform plate boundary (transform fault)

NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and boundaries are shown.

Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges)

overriding plate

subducting plate

Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone)

Complex or uncertain plate boundary

Mantle hot spot

5

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