Study Guide for A



Study Guide for A.P. ExamText: Campbell Biology (7th edition)A. Chemistry of LifeWater (this should be an easy review (Ch. 3) but be sure to go over properties like cohesion, heat of vaporization, etc. Look on the review section on page 56 – tie these concepts to why they are important for life in general. Look over the summary of this chapter. Go over pH and buffers if you are still uncertain about this….Organic molecules (from carbon to DNA) this is really a big area but you know a lot. Review the summary pages at the end of chapters 4 and 5. Review protein types and their functions on table 5.1 page 78You should be able to recognize major classes of molecules from a structural formula.B Cells (This should be easy, but review the details)Prokaryotic and eukaryotic (Eu know this!). Review the diagram of a prokaryotic cell on page 98. . Remember that they are in the domain bacteria. Compare/contrast plant and animal cells on pages 100-101(Fig. 6.9). Be able to describe the domain archaea. Relate the structure of organelle to their function. Understand the endosymbiotic theory.Membranes (structure diagram of mosaic model on page _127_) Remember the functional aspects of the membrane such as diffusion, passive and active transport on page 135 (Fig. 7.17), osmosis (pg. 132 Fig. 7.12) and water balance in living cells (pg. 133, Fig. 7.13). Review Na/K pump on page 135. Review page 138 (Fig. 138) on phagocytosis, pinocytosis and endocytosis. C. Cellular energetics –(Chapters 9-10) – Some of this will seem new because of the detail.Coupled reactions… don’t worry here…just think about free energy change and the fact that some reactions are easier than others….and they are coupled pg 148. Free energy change -definition on page 145. Review graph on pg. 152 (Fig. 8.15) and page 154 (Fig. 8.18). Know structure and function of ATP on page 148.Enzymes: Review inhibitors, and allosteric sites pages 155-156. Study chapter review on page 158. Fermentation and cellular respiration-(Chapter 9) - this is a big area…..glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, electron transport, ATP production. Look at the overall diagram of cell respiration on page 173. The diagram in your text is color coded: green is glycolysis, orange is Kreb’s and purple is hydrogen transport. Do NOT try to memorize all of the details, but focus on the end products like NADH, FADH and ATP. How is each step regulated. Review phosphofructokinase on pg 178 (Fig. 9.20), where is oxygen used? Where is carbon dioxide produced? Which has redox reactions? How do you get the 38 ATP? Why is fermentation less efficient (study figure 9.17, page 175)? Review the process of chemiosmosis on page 172 (Fig. 9.15). Study the process of fermentation as in figure 9.17.Photosynthesis (Chapter 10). Do the same kind of review as for Chapter 9. Start with the diagrams on page 183 (Fig. 10.3), 185 (Fig. 10.5), 187 (Fig. 10.9) and the light reaction on page 193 (Fig. 10.17) and the Calvin cycle on page 194 (10.18). Look at the end products of the light reaction (ATP, NADPH) as they drive the Calvin cycle. Why is this a redox process? How is this regulated? Where is the carbon dioxide used? Where is the oxygen produced? How is this regulated? Why are plants green? This is for all C3 plants…review the exceptions for the Calvin cycle in C4 and CAM plants pages 196-197). Finish this section by reviewing the overall process on page 198 (Fig. 10.21). D. Cell cycle and regulation This is a big area……mitosis in chapter 12. Look at the pie chart on pg. 221 (Fig. 12.5) and review the stages of mitosis on pages 222-223. Try to tie this to DNA replication and how this cycle is regulated by a molecular control system 228-231). Remember that cancer cells do not follow the rules (pages 232-233).E. HeredityMeiosis: This should be an easy review. Be able to tie this to crossing over and to the Sordaria experiment. Be able to compare to mitosis, page 246.Gametogenesis: Egg and sperm production. Gametes are haploid and involve meiosis in their production. Study Fig. 13.6 on sexual life cycles of animals, plants and fungi.(page 242). Eukaryotic chromosome duplication and distribution: Figure 12.4 on page 220. Cellular organization of eukaryotic genome on page 219.Inheritance patterns (monohybrid, dihybrid crosses, sex linked traits) such as 3:1 ratio in monohybrid crosses and 9:3:3:1 for dihybrid crosses. All problems will be simple and will not require a calculator.K. Ecology (most of this should be a review from 8th, 9th and 10th grade)Review ecosystems (Chapter 54). Focus on the following concepts: food chains and food webs, primary productivity, trophic layers, energy flow, and bio-geo chemical cycles on pages 1196-1197 - Fig. 54.17. Read the section on human impacts on ecosystems and the biosphere- pages 1200-1206.Review the key concepts for population ecology (Chapter 52). Know terms such as limiting factor, and carrying capacity (page 1145).Review key concepts for community interactions (Chapter 53) such as NICHE! Know types of species interactions (mutualism commensalisms, parasitism, predation, etc.), succession patterns. Tie adaptation to the environment of an organism. L. Animal behaviorLook through the pictures in chapter 51. Focus on the learning and behavior sections. Review pages 1114-1117. Figures 51.4, 51.5 and 51.7 should be reviewed briefly. ................
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