Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science
The University of the State of New York ? THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ? Albany, New York 12234 ?
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Radioactive Decay Data
RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE
ISOTOPE
(years)
Carbon-14
14C 14N
5.7 ? 103
Potassium-40 Uranium-238
40K 238U
40Ar 40Ca
206Pb
1.3 ? 109 4.5 ? 109
Rubidium-87
87Rb 87Sr
4.9 ? 1010
Equations
Specific Heats of Common Materials
MATERIAL
Liquid water Solid water (ice) Water vapor Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead
SPECIFIC HEAT
(Joules/gram ? ?C) 4.18 2.11 2.00 1.01 0.84 0.79 0.45 0.38 0.13
Eccentricity =
distance between foci length of major axis
change in field value
Gradient =
distance
Rate
of change =
change in value time
Density
=
mass volume
Properties of Water
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98?C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
Average Chemical Composition of Earth's Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
ELEMENT (symbol)
Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Other
CRUST
Percent by mass Percent by volume
46.10
94.04
28.20
0.88
8.23
0.48
5.63
0.49
4.15
1.18
2.36
1.11
2.33
0.33
2.09
1.42
HYDROSPHERE
Percent by volume
33.0
66.0
0.91
0.07
1.0
TROPOSPHERE
Percent by volume
21.0
78.0 1.0
2011 EDITION
This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2011?12 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science.
Eurypterus remipes New York State Fossil
Champlain Lowlands
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State
Grenville Province (Highlands)
Interior LowlaStn. Ldawsrence
Lowlands
Interior Lowlands
Adirondack Mountains
Lake Ontario
Tug Hill Plateau
Lake Erie
Erie-Ontario Lowlands (Plains)
Allegheny Plateau
Hudson-TMaochoaniwckMLoouwlntaainndss
New (HiEgnhgllaanndds)Province
Appalachian P
The Catskills
lateau
(Uplands)
Key
Major geographic province boundary Landscape region boundary State boundary International boundary
LoNwleawnadrsk
HMuadnshoanttHanigPhlraonndgs
Atlantic Coastal Plain
Miles
N
0 10 20 30 40 50
W
E
0 20 40 60 80
Kilometers
S
2
LAKE CHAMPLAIN VERMONT
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State
modified from
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
76?
1989
St. Lawrence River
75? 45?
MASSENA
74?
73? 45?
PLATTSBURGH
44?
WATERTOWN
elevation 75 m
LAKE ONTARIO
79?
78?
77?
OLD FORGE
OSWEGO
iagara River Genesee River
43?
elevation 175 m
LAKE ERIE
N
NIAGARA FALLS BUFFALO
ROCHESTER
SYRACUSE
FINGER LAKES
ITHACA
UTICA Mohawk
River
MT. MARCY
River ALBANY
Hudson
44? 43?
L CONNECTICUT MASSACHUSETTS
River
River
JAMESTOWN
42? 79?
ELMIRA
BINGHAMTON Susquehanna
78?
77?
76?
P E N N S Y LVA N I A
Hudson
SLIDE MT. KINGSTON
42?
Delaware River
GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK
} } CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays
LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill)
PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales
DEVONIAN SILURIAN
limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite.
75?
Dominantly sedimentary origin
} ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones
NEW JERSEY
41?
NEW YORK CITY
CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River
CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex
TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends.
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks
} Dominantly metamorphosed rocks
74?
} Intensely metamorphosed rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.)
ONG IS7L3A4?N1D? SOUND
RIVERHEAD
41? 72?
LONG ISLAND
ATLANTIC OCEAN
73?30'
40?30' 73?
Miles
Miles
N
0 100 20103200 4030 5400 50
0 20 40 60 8W0
E
0 20 40 60 80
KilomeKtielorsmeters
S
3
Surface Ocean Currents
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
4
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables -- 2011 Edition
Tectonic Plates
East African Rif
Eurasian Plate
Aleutian Trench Juan de
Fuca Plate
North American Plate
Yellowstone Hot Spot
Iceland Hot Spot
Eurasian Plate
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
AraPblaiatne
-Indian Ridge
t
Mid
Philippine Plate
M
Fiji Plate
SouthweRsidt gInedian outheast
S
Indian Ridge
Indian-Australian Plate
Tasman Hot Spot
Antarctic Plate
Traerinacnha
To n ga Tre n c
h
San Andreas Fault
Hawaii Hot Spot
Pacific Plate
Cocos Plate
Easter Island Hot Spot
CarPiblabteean
Canary Islands Hot Spot
Galapagos Hot Spot
Per
Nazca Plate
South American
Plate
African Plate
St. Helena Hot Spot
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
u-Chile Trench
Pacific Ridge
East
Antarctic Plate
Scotia Plate
Sandwich Plate
Bouvet Hot Spot
Key
Relative motion at plate boundary
Transform plate boundary (transform fault)
NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and boundaries are shown.
Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges)
overriding plate
subducting plate
Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone)
Complex or uncertain plate boundary
Mantle hot spot
5
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