Dave Mundy, North Kitsap High School Science
Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.1 Introduction to Natural SelectionENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-1 Evolution is characterized by a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time and is supported by multiple lines of evidence.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-1.C Describe the causes of natural selection.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-1.C.1 Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution.?EVO-1.C.2 According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, competition for limited resources results in differential survival. Individuals with more favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to subsequent generations.LEARNING OBJECTIVEEVO-1.D Explain how natural selection affects populations.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-1.D.1 Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success.?EVO-1.D.2 Biotic and abiotic environments can be more or less stable/fluctuating, and this affects the rate and direction of evolution; different genetic variations can be selected in each generationEach population has natural variations in phenotype. What phenotype would of each pair would allow an organism to best survive each environment??Environment?Circle the phenotypeWhat limited resource might this phenotype help the organism get more of?How would this differential survival impact the next generation of these organisms?Shady forest:?Plant with large leaves or deep roots?Island with swampy marshes:?Mammal with webbed feet or thick fur?Snowy tundra:?Fox with sharp claws or a long tail?Consider two lizards. One lizard lived 5 years and had 25 surviving offspring and died of old age. The other lizard was eaten by a bird at 3 years old, and had 30 offspring. Which lizard was more fit? Why?Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.2 Natural SelectionENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-1 Evolution is characterized by a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time and is supported by multiple lines of evidence.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-1.E Describe the importance of phenotypic variation in a population.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-1.E.1 Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations.?EVO-1.E.2 Environments change and apply selective pressures to populations.?EVO-1.E.3 Some phenotypic variations significantly increase or decrease fitness of the organism in particular environments.?ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES?§ Flowering time in relation to global climate change § Peppered moth § Sickle cell anemia § DDT resistance in insectsPlant species A is stimulated to produce flowers in response to warming weather in the Spring. Plant species B is stimulated to produce flowers when hours of daylight become longer in the Spring. Which species would be most affected by the selective mechanism of Climate Change? Explain your reasoning.?A farmer uses DDT to kill insects in his field. The first year nearly all of the insects were killed. By the fourth year, however, nearly all of the insects survived the DDT treatment (see the chart on the next page).Explain the process of natural selection in this population of insects. Include these words - mutation, phenotype, variation, resistance, adaptation, and differential survival.?Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.3 Artificial Selection?ENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-1 Evolution is characterized by a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time and is supported by multiple lines of evidence.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-1.F Explain how humans can affect diversity within a population.?ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-1.F.1 Through artificial selection, humans affect variation in other species.LEARNING OBJECTIVEEVO-1.G Explain the relationship between changes in the environment and evolutionary changes in the population.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGEEVO-1.G.1 Convergent evolution occurs when similar selective pressures result in similar phenotypic adaptations in different populations or species.Artificial Selection - BBC Article about Domesticating Foxes hvnjbt9Describe the difference between attempting to tame a single wild fox, and breeding a population of domestic foxes.?List three examples of sets of organisms that display convergent evolution. What trait do they share?123Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.4 Population GeneticsENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-1 Evolution is characterized by a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time and is supported by multiple lines of evidence.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-1.H Explain how random occurrences affect the genetic makeup of a population.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-1.H.1 Evolution is also driven by random occurrences—?a. Mutation is a random process that contributes to evolution.?b. Genetic drift is a nonselective process occurring in small populations—?Bottlenecks.?Founder effect.?c. Migration/gene flow can drive evolution.LEARNING OBJECTIVEEVO-1.I Describe the role of random processes in the evolution of specific populations.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGEEVO-1.I.1 Reduction of genetic variation within a given population can increase the differences between populations of the same species.LEARNING OBJECTIVEEVO-1.J Describe the change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.?ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGEEVO-1.J.1 Mutation results in genetic variation, which provides phenotypes on which natural selection acts.Describe what ‘non selective process’ means. Provide an example of a selective process and a nonselective process.How does migration (gene flow) lead to evolution? Consider the definition of ‘evolution’!Make a simple drawing that represents the Bottleneck Effect. Show in your drawing how the bottleneck effect changes (by reducing) the genetic variation of the population.Research and briefly describe an actual example of a species that experienced the bottleneck effect. When did it happen? What caused the bottleneck to happen??Make a simple drawing of the Founder Effect. Show in your drawing how the founder effect changes (by reducing) the genetic variation of a population.Research and briefly describe an actual example of a species that experienced the founder effect.Where do all BRAND NEW traits come from? For example, a baby born with green skin?New traits may, or may not, be beneficial. It largely depends on the _______________________Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.5 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?ENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-1 Evolution is characterized by a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time and is supported by multiple lines of evidence.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-1.K Describe the conditions under which allele and genotype frequencies will change in populations.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-1.K.1 Hardy-Weinberg is a model for describing and predicting allele frequencies in a nonevolving population. Conditions for a population or an allele to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are—(1) a large population size, (2) absence of migration, (3) no net mutations, (4) random mating, and (5) absence of selection. These conditions are seldom met, but they provide a valuable null hypothesis.?.EVO-1.K.2 Allele frequencies in a population can be calculated from genotype frequencies.**See the Hardy Weinberg Equation on your formula sheetILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE?§ Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a populationLEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-1.L Explain the impacts on the population if any of the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg are not met.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-1.L.1 Changes in allele frequencies provide evidence for the occurrence of evolution in a population.?EVO-1.L.2 Small populations are more susceptible to random environmental impact than large populations.The Five Fingers of Evolution - a population that is NOT in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium IS evolving. There are five conditions that lead to evolution (the opposite of the Hardy Weinberg conditions). Watch TedEd’s Five Fingers of Evolution y6vjgpoq and fill in the fingers.Explain what each part of the Hardy Weinburg equation represents:q2p22pqpqOne out of 365 Americans from African descent are born each year with Sickle Cell disease (a recessive trait). Use the Hardy Weinburg equations to solve for each part of the equation.Use the space at the bottom of the page to show your workq2p22pqpq?In this population, what is the allele frequency of the sickle cell allele? _______How many individuals are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele? _______What would happen to the allele frequency if the incidence of malaria increased in the United States after several generations??‘Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.6 Evidence of EvolutionENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-1 Evolution is characterized by a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time and is supported by multiple lines of evidence.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-1.M Describe the types of data that provide evidence for evolution.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-1.M.1 Evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines (geographical, geological, physical, biochemical, and mathematical data).LEARNING OBJECTIVEEVO-1.N Explain how morphological, biochemical, and geological data provide evidence that organisms have changed over time.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGEEVO-1.N.1 Molecular, morphological, and genetic evidence from extant and extinct organisms adds to our understanding of evolution—?a. Fossils can be dated by a variety of methods. These include:?The age of the rocks where a fossil is found?The rate of decay of isotopes including carbon-14?Geographical data?b. Morphological homologies, including vestigial structures, represent features shared by common ancestry.?EVO-1.N.2 A comparison of DNA nucleotide sequences and/or protein amino acid sequences provides evidence for evolution and common ancestry.What is Biogeography? How does the evidence of Biogeography support the theory of Evolution?What morphological features does a while have that would suggest whales are more closely related to humans than fish? Name at least three.What morphological structures in a whale can be traced through the whale ancestors using fossil evidence? Name at least two (do some research if you don’t know!).Name two biochemicals that can be compared to further support the theory that whales are more closely related to humans than to fish.3246120-58420The diagram on the left shows the bone structure of five different species of mammals. Explain how these homologous structures support the theory that they all evolved from a common ancestor.00The diagram on the left shows the bone structure of five different species of mammals. Explain how these homologous structures support the theory that they all evolved from a common ancestor.381635037465What type of evidence is primarily used to make phylogenetic trees today?Circle the two organisms that are most closely related. How do scientists determine that they are more closely related to each other than they are to the other organisms here?00What type of evidence is primarily used to make phylogenetic trees today?Circle the two organisms that are most closely related. How do scientists determine that they are more closely related to each other than they are to the other organisms here?On the Phylogenetic tree, put a star beside the location of the common ancestor of the Papilionidae and the Pieridae. How do scientists estimate how far back a common ancestor must have been from two species?What does it mean that the Pieridae branch does not extend as far as the other branches?What does the arrow point towards on the far left of the tree?ENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-2 Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestryLEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-2.B Describe the fundamental molecular and cellular features shared across all domains of life, which provide evidence of common ancestry.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-2.B.1 Many fundamental molecular and cellular features and processes are conserved across organisms.?EVO-2.B.2 Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of organisms in all domains.?What does it mean to say that a process or feature is? “conserved” throughout evolutionary history??Write out the Central Dogma that is shared by all life.?So ALL Life speaks the ‘language’ of? _________What cell parts are common to all Eukaryotic cells and all Prokaryotic cells? List at least three!Metabolism: What is the “energy coinage” that all life uses: ____________All life uses the same/similar metabolic pathways. For example, all organisms perform ____________________ to make ATP (HINT - happens in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - in aerobic and anaerobic respirators, only makes 2 net ATP)?What do all these similarities mean? How can they be used to support the theory that all organisms share a common ancestor?Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.7 Common AncestryENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-2 Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestryLEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-2.C Describe structural and functional evidence on cellular and molecular levels that provides evidence for the common ancestry of all eukaryotes.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-2.C.1 Structural evidence indicates common ancestry of all eukaryotes—?a. Membrane-bound organelles?b. Linear chromosomes?c. Genes that contain introns?Sketch out three single cells, one from three different kingdoms. Highlight the cell parts that are the same between them.What is similar about the DNA of all Eukaryotic cells? (see the list on the left)Yes it is getting redundant - but one more time - what do all these similarities mean? How do they support the idea that all eukaryotes have a common ancestor?Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.8 Continuing EvolutionENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-3 Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-3.A Explain how evolution is an ongoing process in all living organisms.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-3.A.1 Populations of organisms continue to evolve.?EVO-3.A.2 All species have evolved and continue to evolve—?a. Genomic changes over time.?b. Continuous change in the fossil record.?c. Evolution of resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs.?d. Pathogens evolve and cause emergent diseasesEvolution is a change in the ____________ frequency in a gene pool?Natural Selection of Pesticide Resistance: Explain the process going on in each of these frames that causes the evolution of pesticide resistance in these bugs.Scientists have used Gene Sequencing to determine the nucleotide sequence of Gene A for five species of insect that are believed to be closely related. Based on the nucleotide evidence, which two groups of insects became new species most recently?Species 1: ATG GTC CCC AGGSpecies 2: AAG GTC CTT AGCSpecies 3: ATG GTC ACC AGGSpecies 4: ATG CTC AAC AGGSpecies 5: GAG CTC TCC AGCHow do changes in nucleotide sequences happen?Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.9 PhylogenyENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-3 Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-3.B Describe the types of evidence that can be used to infer an evolutionary relationshipESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-3.B.1 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms show evolutionary relationships among lineages—?a. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms both show relationships between lineages, but phylogenetic trees show the amount of change over time calibrated by fossils or a molecular clock.?b. Traits that are either gained or lost during evolution can be used to construct phylogenetic trees and cladograms—?Shared characters are present in more than one lineage.?Shared, derived characters indicate common ancestry and are informative for the construction of phylogenetic trees and cladograms.?The out-group represents the lineage that is least closely related to the remainder of the organisms in the phylogenetic tree or cladogram.?c. Molecular data typically provide more accurate and reliable evidence than morphological traits in the construction of phylogenetic trees or cladograms.LEARNING OBJECTIVE .EVO-3.C Explain how a phylogenetic tree and/or cladogram can be used to infer evolutionary relatedness.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-3.C.1 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be used to illustrate speciation that has occurred. The nodes on a tree represent the most recent common ancestor of any two groups or lineages.?EVO-3.C.2 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be constructed from morphological similarities of living or fossil species and from DNA and protein sequence similarities.?EVO-3.C.3 Phylogenetic trees and cladograms represent hypotheses and are constantly being revised, based on evidence.In your own words, the goal of a phylogenetic tree is...?Morphology example: Heart – tracing it through time:?In fish: there are ___ chambers, amphibians:have a? ____ chambered heart, and Reptiles have a __________-chambered heart. Birds/Mammals probably both evolved the _____-chambered hearts independently.?Draw a cladogram that shows the evolution of heart chambers in these five types of animalsPut a star at the location on the tree of the MOST RECENT speciation event.Which of these organism is the out-group? _______________________Besides morphology, what two other lines of evidence could researchers use to place these organisms into a cladogram, or phylogenetic tree?Cladograms - Define a clade:?Consider the cladogram below. Which groups can be considered a Clade? Explain why, and why not, for each case.?Group AGroup BGroup C????????You have discovered a new organism. Morphologically, it has more similarities to group A. But when you compare the amino acid sequences of its proteins, it is more similar to group C. Which group would you put it into, and why??Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.10 SpeciationENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-3 Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-3.D Describe the conditions under which new species may arise.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-3.D.1 Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other.?EVO-3.D.2 The biological species concept provides a commonly used definition of species for sexually reproducing organisms. It states that species can be defined as a group capable of interbreeding and exchanging genetic information to produce viable, fertile offspring.LEARNING OBJECTIVEEVO-3.E Describe the rate of evolution and speciation under different ecological conditions.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGEEVO-3.E.1 Punctuated equilibrium is when evolution occurs rapidly after a long period of stasis. Gradualism is when evolution occurs slowly over hundreds of thousands or millions of years.?EVO-3.E.2 Divergent evolution occurs when adaptation to new habitats results in phenotypic diversification. Speciation rates can be especially rapid during times of adaptive radiation as new habitats become available.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-3.F Explain the processes and mechanisms that drive speciation.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-3.F.1 Speciation results in diversity of life forms.?EVO-3.F.2 Speciation may be sympatric or allopatric.?EVO-3.F.3 Various prezygotic and postzygotic mechanisms can maintain reproductive isolation and prevent gene flow between populations.ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES?§ Hawaiian Drosophilia § Caribbean Anolis § Apple maggot RhagoletisThe first step to speciation is to stop gene flow. What does this mean? How does it lead to speciation?Horses and Donkeys are considered two different species, even though they can breed and birth a Mule. Why?On the graphs below, draw lines that represent Punctuated Equilibrium and Gradualism (do not take extinction into account)Punctuated EquilibriumGradualism.Name one real example of adaptive radiation that led to speciation.Create a drawing that represents each type of Speciation.Sympatric SpeciationAllopatric Speciation:?Pre means _____________.Post means _____________.?Describe three pre-zygotic forms of reproductive isolation.Describe three post-zygotic forms of reproductive isolation.Underline each isolation from above that is sympatric.?Circle each isolation mechanism that is allopatric.Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.11 ExtinctionENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-3 Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-3.G Describe factors that lead to the extinction of a population.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?EVO-3.G.1 Extinctions have occurred throughout Earth’s history.?EVO-3.G.2 Extinction rates can be rapid during times of ecological stress.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-3.H Explain how the risk of extinction is affected by changes in the environment.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGEEVO-3.H.1 Human activity can drive changes in ecosystems that cause extinctions.?LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-3.I Explain species diversity in an ecosystem as a function of speciation and extinction rates.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGEEVO-3.I.1 The amount of diversity in an ecosystem can be determined by the rate of speciation and the rate of extinction.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?EVO-3.J Explain how extinction can make new environments available for adaptive radiation.ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGEEVO-3.J.1 Extinction provides newly available niches that can then be exploited by different species.How many mass extinctions have happened over Earth’s history? ________ What is believed to have caused the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs??Explain how the extinction of the dinosaurs lead to an increase in the number of mammal species.What is the criteria for a ‘mass extinction’?Are we currently experiencing a mass extinction? Explain.What do you think? In one word, what is causing the current mass extinction? ______________ Do you think the conditions of this mass extinction will drive evolution of many new species, as the other extinctions have? Why or why not??Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.12 Variations in PopulationsENDURING UNDERSTANDING SYI-3 Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?SYI-3.D Explain how the genetic diversity of a species or population affects its ability to withstand environmental pressures.?ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?SYI-3.D.1 The level of variation in a population affects population dynamics—?a. Population ability to respond to changes in the environment is influenced by genetic diversity. Species and populations with little genetic diversity are at risk of decline or extinction.?b. Genetically diverse populations are more resilient to environmental perturbation because they are more likely to contain individuals who can withstand the environmental pressure.?c. Alleles that are adaptive in one environmental condition may be deleterious in another because of different selective pressures.ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES?§ California condors § Black-footed ferrets § Prairie chickens § Potato blight § Corn rust § Genetic diversity and selective pressures § Antibiotic resistance in bacteria. (Not all individuals in a diverse population are susceptible to a disease outbreak.)The Gros Michel (aka Big Mike) banana was once the primary banana export around the world. Because the banana is a seedless hybrid, every Big Mike plant was cultivated as a clone. In the 1950s a fungus began infecting farms and, spreading amazingly fast, it? nearly wiped out the industry. Today’s banana is a different variety (which they say does not taste as good!). Why was the entire Big Mike variety so susceptible to this fungus?What is monoculture? Why is reliance on agricultural monocultures a threat to food security?Name one time in history where monoculture led to problems for humans. Research if you need to! Describe the situation and the problems it led to.How would the situation have been different if there was a lot of genetic diversity in the population (if it was not a monoculture) you described above?What does it mean when a population goes through a ‘bottleneck’ event?Genetic Diversity and Extinction:?Explain what is shown in this graph (describe the graph in words).?Why is this population still in danger of extinction, even when the number of organisms in the population have increased?Unit 7: Natural SelectionTOPIC 7.13 Origins of Life on EarthENDURING UNDERSTANDING SYI-3 Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment.LEARNING OBJECTIVE?SYI-3.E Describe the scientific evidence that provides support for models of the origin of life on Earth.?ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE?SYI-3.E.1 Several hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth are supported with scientific evidence—?a. Geological evidence provides support for models of the origin of life on Earth.?Earth formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago (bya). The environment was too hostile for life until 3.9 bya, and the earliest fossil evidence for life dates to 3.5 bya. Taken together, this evidence provides a plausible range of dates when the origin of life could have occurred.?b. There are several models about the origin of life on Earth—?Primitive Earth provided inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have been synthesized because of the presence of available free energy and the absence of a significant quantity of atmospheric oxygen (O2).?Organic molecules could have been transported to Earth by a meteorite or other celestial event.c. Chemical experiments have shown that it is possible to form complex organic molecules from inorganic molecules in the absence of life—?Organic molecules/monomers served as building blocks for the formation of more complex molecules, including amino acids and nucleotides.?The joining of these monomers produced polymers with the ability to replicate, store, and transfer information.?SYI-3.E.2 The RNA World Hypothesis proposes that RNA could have been the earliest genetic material.How many years was the Earth in existence before the first form of life is thought to have?evolved? _____What now-important element was NOT present in Earth’s early atmosphere? _______What is a stromatolite? What role did they play in early Earth?A living cell needs...what? What are the qualities of a living cell vs. a pile of atoms??To get from no life to life, there had to be several steps. List the steps necessary to go from inorganic precursors to a living cell.??????Inorganic precursors →?Describe the set up of the Miller-Urey experiment. What was the purpose??What did the electricity represent in the Miller-Urey Experiment? ________________________What was the result of the experiment and its significance?If the first organic molecules did not form on Earth, where may they have come from?Circle the right words:?The very first life must then have been (eukaryote/prokaryote), (aerobic/anaerobic), and likely contained (DNA/RNA/proteins) as the heritable material.Describe the ‘chicken or the egg’ dilemma between DNA and proteins in the first cells - determining which came first.?Describe how and why RNA may be the answer to the dilemma. ................
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