Bio Guided Notes: Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life



Anatomy Guided Notes: Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

Matter:_______________ that occupies ____________________________________________

Energy: __________________________________

Four types: 1. ________________ 2. _________________ 3. _________________ 4. ___________

Composition of Matter: _________________- fundamental unites of matter

-96% of the atoms in the human body are either:_________________________________________

Atom: ____________________________________________

- Basic unit of matter

-Nucleus contains _________________ (charge ____) and ___________________ (charge _____)

-Outside of the nucleus are _____________________ (charge ______)

Atomic Number: equals the # of ________________________________

Atomic Mass:__________________________________________

Isotope: have the same # of ________________________, but vary in the # of ______________________

Why does the atomic weight have a decimal? _______________________________________________

Radioisotope tends to be _____________________

Radioactivity: _____________________________________________________________________

Molecule: 2 or more _________________________________________________________

Compound: 2 or more _________________________________________________________

Atoms are united to each other by ______________________________

Electrons and bonding

___________ occupy energy levels called ______________________

___________________________________________ are most strongly attracted.

Outer electron shell is called: _________________________

What makes electrons inert or stable? _______________________________________

-1st level: ____________________

-2nd level: ____________________ (2 + 8= )

-3rd level: _________________________ (2+ 8+ 8= )

Reactive elements are _____________________________________________

They tend to (3 things)________________________________________________

Ionic Bonds: form when electrons are ________________________________________________________

-Ions are _____________________

-Anion _________________

-Cation ________________

- Electrons are ______________________________

Covalent Bonds: stability formed when ____________________________________

Nonpolar: ____________________ (_____________ like water!!)

Polar: _______________________ (____________ water!!)

Hydrogen Bonds: ________________ chemical bonds

Hydrogen is attracted to ______________________________________________

1. ______________________: A+B( AB 2. _________________________: AB(A+ B 3._______________________: AB+C( AC +B involves both ______________ and ____________________

Characteristics of:

Organic compounds:

Inorganic compounds:

Inorganic Compounds

What are the 4 vital properties of water?

1. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________

2. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________

-Cohesion: ________________________________________________________

-Adhesion: __________________________________________________________________

Salts: dissociates into ___________ and includes electrolytes which _______________________________

Acids release ________________ when dissolved in water. Bases are ___________________ (-OH).

When you mix an acid and a base, you get ________________ and a _________________.

___________________ pH is Neutral

___________________ pH is acidic

___________________ pH is basic

Organic Compounds:

Carbohydrates contain _____________________________________________ in a ______________ ratio

-3 Categories of carbohydrates:

1. __________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

-Living things use carbohydrates for ____________________________________________

The process that connects 2 monosaccharides is called ______________________________________

-Disaccharide example: _________________

-Polysaccharide example: __________________________________

1. Starch: used as food storage ________________________________________________.

Contains highly branched chains of glucose subunits.

2. Glycogen: Food storage molecule _________________________________.

Similar to starch, but more highly branched.

3. Cellulose: Forms ______________________________________, used for support.

Glucose subunits hooked together like a chain-linked fence.

Lipids: contain the elements ________________________________________ but very low #s of ________

-______________________________ in water because they are _________________________

List 3 types of lipids in the body:

1. - stored energy, composed of ___________________________

2. - form cell membranes

3. - comprise cholesterol, bile, hormones

Cholesterol is the basis for all ____________________________

-Saturated Fats: No ______________________________________ (all single bonds) between the carbons of the fatty acid chain.

-Saturated with _________________________

Ex. Steak fat, butter fat, usually solid.

-Unsaturated Fats: Contain ____________________________between the carbons of the fatty acid chain.

-Doesn’t have as many hydrogen b/c of double bonds = _________________________________!

-Ex. Vegetable oil, peanut fat, usually liquid.

Proteins: made of __________________________________

Contain the elements: _______________________________________________________________

Account for most of the body’s organic matter

-Provides materials for __________________________________________

-Acts as ______________________________________________________

Enzymes are biological_____________________. They __________________rate of chemical reactions.

-How Enzymes Work: Enzymes and substrates behave as a “_____________________________”

Lock = ___________________________________

Key = ____________________________________

-To Make an Enzyme Not Work

-An enzyme’s ___________________ can be changed (called denatured)

-Causes change in an enzyme: ___________________ or ____________________

Nucleic Acid: provides the ___________________________________

-Stores cellular info. in the form of a code

Contains the elements: __________________________________________________________

-Made up of smaller subunits called ___________________________________

What are the 4 nucleic bases for DNA and which pair up?

1. 3.

2. 4.

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (_________)

-Provides ______________________ for every ___________________ in the body.

-Exists as a _______________________

- RiboNucleic Acid (____________).

-Not a double helix.

-Contains the base _________________

Adenosine Triphosphate: aka ________________ is the chemical ____________________________

-Energy is released by _____________________________________________________

- How does it get replenished? ____________________________________________________

________________________

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