INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS - KSU

[Pages:245]INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

MADE EASY

SECOND EDITION

Prof. Dr. Hamid Al-Oklah Dr. Said Titi Mr. Tareq Alodat

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CONTENTs

Introduction

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Statistics

1.1

Statistical Concepts

2

1.2

Variables and Type of Data

5

1.3

Sampling Techniques

12

1.4

Observational and Experimental Studies

17

Chapter 2 Organizing and Graphing Data

2.1

Raw Data

32

2.2

Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data

33

2.3

Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data

47

Chapter 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures

3.1

Measures of Central Tendency

72

3.2

Measures of Variation

89

3.3

Measures of Position

103

3.4

Box-and-Whisker Plot

112

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts in Probability and Counting Rule

4.1

Experiment, Outcome, and Sample Space

122

4.2

Calculating Probability

133

4.3

Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability

146

4.4

Bayes` Rule

160

4.5

Counting Rules

165

4.6

Probability and Counting Rules

172

Chapter 5 Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions

5.1

Random variables

178

5.2

Probability Distribution of Discrete random variable

181

5.3

The Mean and Standard Deviation for Discrete random Variable

186

5.4

Application to the Random Variable

194

References (211) /Appendix A - Statistical Tables (213) /Dictionary (231).

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Introduction

The First Edition

The main objective of this book is to provide students of Preparatory Year Deanship, at King Saud University in Saudi Arabia, a textbook in statistics.

In fact, we found that most of the university statistics books are almost too much pages long, contain more material than can reasonably be covered in one term, and they are not readable for most of our students. In addition, part of the material covered in these books is redundant and unnecessary.

One of the most important features of this book is its readability, even for students who have weak reading statistical concepts. The book is written in a way that induces students to read and understand. The sentences used are short and clear. The concepts are presented in a student-friendly manner using an intuitive approach, and the examples are carefully chosen to reinforce understanding.

Each chapter opens with a list of objectives so that an instructor can tell at a glance what topics are covered in the chapter. In addition, students get an idea about the type of skills they should have acquired after studying the chapter.

In each section, there are a number of examples that have been worked out in a step-by-step detailed manner.

At the end of each section, there is a very carefully chosen set of exercises which cover all skills discussed in the section, and get the students thinking more deeply about the mathematics involved. . The exercises vary in difficulty and purpose. The reader will notice that the sets of exercises are much shorter than the traditional sets of exhaustive "drill and skill" questions, which build skill devoid of understanding. In other hand the first three chapters are supported by statistical package"SPSS" that helps the students to analyze and find the concepts in such chapters.

The topics in this book are organized in five chapters. In Chapter one, we introduce the basic concepts in statistics. Chapter two is devoted for organizing and graphing data set, and Chapter three is about numerical descriptive measure. Chapter four is concerned with basic concepts of probability and counting rule, and Chapter five is about random variables and their probability distributions.

Finally, we would like to thank his Excellency Dr. Nami Al Juhani, Dean of Prepa-

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ratory Year at King Saud University, Dr. Abdulmajeed Al-Jeriwi, Vice Dean for Academic Affairs, Dr. Obaid Al Qahtani Chair of Basic Science Department for their continued support and encouragement. Many thanks go to all other faculty members, who helped us during the writing process; their input made this a much better book. Last, but definitely not least, we would like to thank our families for understanding and patience while writing this book.

Finally, it is pleasure to thanks and regards the co-authors of this book for their non-stopped efforts to reach the point of publishing the book. So, many thanks and respects to Prof. Mohammed Subhi Abu-Saleh, Dr. Sharhabeel Alaidi and Mrs. Dareen Omari for their unlimited useful feedback and for the remarkable touches. We also take this opportunity to express a warm gratitude to Mr. Anas S. Alakhras and Mr. Fadi Hassan for their help in publishing this book.

The Authors

March 10, 2014

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Introduction

The Second Edition

Based on the directives of the Department of Basic Sciences at the Deanship of the preparatory year in to develop some of the decisions of the books studied by the students of the preparatory year at King Saud University, it has included the development of the book Introduction to Statistics for authors Dr. Said Titi, Khaled Khashan and Mr. Tareq Alodat. To this aim, it formed a committee composed of Prof. Dr. Hamid Owaid Al-Oklah, Dr. Said Titi and Mr. Tareq Alodat , so that the committee review the contants of the book and is interested in developing. In addition to that the design process is Assigned by Alodat. The book has been reviewing in question above by Prof. Dr. Al-Oklah and author Dr. Titi where corrected most of the typos that have been monitored, and corrected some of the concepts, and then added several paragraphs, examples and exercises necessary for the book, and delete others for lack of necessity, and moreover has been included Dictionary (English - Arabic) for most of the scientific terms contained in this book. At last we draw thanks to the Deanship of the preparatory year and also to the presidency of the Department of Basic Sciences specially for Dr. Obaid Al Qahtani Chair of Basic Science Department for their trust in us in the development of this book. We hope from God that we have been successful in our work and God Crown success.

Prof. Dr. Hamid Al-Oklah Dr. Said Titi June 22, 2015

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PREFACE

Statistics book covers many statistical fields. Our life is full of events and phenomena that enhance us to study either natural or artificial phenomena could be studied using different fields of science like physics, chemistry, and mathematics. The goal of this book is to connect those concepts with the advanced statistical problems. Statistics is used in a variety fields like business and engineering and science. We can sea there are many applications of statistics in those fields, the applications of statistics are many and varied; people encounter them in everyday life, such as in reading newspapers or magazines, listening to the radio, or watching television. Since statistics is used in almost every field of endeavor, the educated individual should be knowledgeable about the vocabulary, concepts, and procedures of statistics.

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BEaqsuicaCtioonnsceapntdsInIneSqutaatlitisietiscs CCHCHAHAPPATTPEETRRE11R

Basic Concepts in Statistics

Objectives OBJECTIVES

1 Understand the role of statistics in real life. 2 Understand the definition of basic Statistical concepts. 3 Distinguish between descriptive and inferential statistics. 4 Obtain types of Variables. 5 Determine the measurement level for each variable. 6 Obtain the basic sample techniques. 7 Explain the difference between an observational and experimental study. 8 Take an overview about applications using statistical software (SPSS).

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