First Person – narrator is a character and participates in ...
A Narrative Must Include….A Clearly Developed PlotExposition – Provides background information, introduces main characters, conflict is established (What you need to know for the rest of the story to make sense.)Rising Action – Conflicts and challenges are faced by the characters and their responses help the story move forward.(Includes new events in the story and how the characters deal with them.)Climax –The turning point in the story – tension builds until the character has to make a decision or take action. (This is the major event.)Falling Action – What happens after the key decision is made or key action is performed. (This is often “the result” of the climax.)Resolution – All questions are answered, loose ends are tied up, and we receive a clear ending.(This is the “happily ever after” or “never heard from again” portion of the story.)Plot Example – CinderellaExposition – Once upon a time in a faraway land, there lived a very kind girl named Cinderella. After her father died, she lived with her evil stepmother and stepsisters where she was forced to be a servant in her own home.Rising Action – Cinderella is mistreated by her stepsisters and stepmother. After they all receive an invitation to the ball, her evil stepsisters destroy her dress so Cinderella cannot attend. Her fairy godmother appears and magically provides a dress and coach, so she is able to attend, dance with the prince and fall in love. At the stroke of 12, she runs away leaving behind a glass slipper. Climax –After her stepmother locks her in the tower, she escapes just in time for the grand duke to slide the glass slipper on her foot. Falling Action – Cinderella is taken to the palace where she marries the prince. Resolution – Cinderella and her prince live happily ever after. Characters and their InteractionsProtagonist – the main character (leading character, the hero)Antagonist – the character in opposition to the protagonist (enemy, adversary)*Other characters may also be present in the story as necessary. All characters will interact through dialogue. Dialogue – Includes conversation between two or more characters OR the thoughts of one character. Example of dialogue (from Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte):Now he is here,” I exclaimed.? “For Heaven’s sake, hurry down!? Do be quick; and stay among the trees till he is fairly in.”I must go, Cathy,” said Heathcliff, seeking to extricate himself from his companion’s arms.? I won’t stray five yards from your window…“For one hour,” he pleaded earnestly.“Not for one minute,” she replied.SettingA setting describes the environment, location and atmosphere of a story. It can be an integral part of establishing a story’s tone or mood. When establishing the setting, consider mood words to help the reader clearly picture the environment and its impact on the characters. Examples: "The walls were made of dark stone, dimly lit by torches. Empty benches rose on either side of him, but ahead, in the highest benches of all, were many shadowy figures. They had been talking in low voices, but as the heavy door swung closed behind Harry an ominous silence fell." – from Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by: J.K. Rowling"During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country; and at length found myself, as the shades of the evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher." – from The Fall of the House of Usher by: Edgar Allan PoePoint of ViewThe point of view describes who is narrating or telling the story. Keep in mind that perspective influences which details the reader will receive. Common Types of Point of View:First Person – narrator is a character and participates in the action (Pronouns - I, me, we)Ex. “I gazed–and gazed–but little thought/ What wealth the show to me had brought.” I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud – by: William WordsworthThird Person Objective – narrator is unidentified, detached observer (reports details – no conclusions)Ex. “As he entered the aisle between the rigid lines of soldiers he seemed slightly embarrassed, and grinned and nodded to a compadre here and there in the ranks.” The Rise of Pancho Villa from Insurgent Mexico by: John ReedThird Person Omniscient – narrator is all knowing and provides insight to all character’s thoughts and feelings (Pronouns – he, she, they)Ex. “Hansel walked ahead of Gretel; after all, he knew he belonged in the front because Gretel was just a girl. Gretel dropped breadcrumbs behind her as she went, knowing that her bumbling brother couldn’t be counted on to find his way home from the outhouse, let alone from the middle of the woods.” Hansel and GretelThird Person Limited Omniscient – narrator knows the thoughts, feelings and experiences of a single character – some details are still unknown (Pronouns – he, she, they) Ex. “Elizabeth allowed that he had given a very rational account of it, and they continued talking together, with mutual satisfaction till supper put an end to cards, and gave the rest of the ladies their share of Mr. Wickham's attentions. There could be no conversation in the noise of Mrs. Phillips's supper party, but his manners recommended him to everybody. Whatever he said, was said well; and whatever he did, done gracefully.” Pride and Prejudice by Jane AustenConflictA conflict is a struggle between opposing forces. In literature, characters face external conflicts (conflict between a character and an outside element) and internal conflicts (conflict a character experiences within himself).Common conflicts include:Character VS Character: A character is in conflict with another character in the story. Ex: In Edgar Allan Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado, Montressor vows revenge upon Fortunado and ultimately causes his death. Character VS Nature: A character faces a conflict with an element of nature (an animal, the weather, etc)Ex: In Homer’s The Odyssey, Odysseus faces a series of challenges on his voyage across the sea including a massive storm, a whirlpool, and wind that blows him off course. Character VS Society: A character faces a conflict with a group from the community or a strongly held belief in the community. Ex. In The Giver by Lois Lowry, Jonas is given the memories of his society and then realizes exactly what is going on in his society. He is then forced with a decision to continue or leave. Character VS Self: A character struggles internally with a decision, fear, stress, guilt or any other emotion. Ex. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet struggles throughout he play with making decisions. He wants to avenge his father’s death, but he cannot decide the right path to follow. ThemeA theme is a universal idea or concept being communicated in the work as a whole. It can be considered the “life lesson” a reader should gain as a result of reading the work. Common themes in literature include:Love conquers allTrue beauty lies within Friendship is importantNature provides comfortGood triumphs over evilCooperation is the key to success ................
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